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This project investigates the question of why local governments cooperate with one another for service provision and coordinated policies. It proposes that the selection of interlocal cooperation among local leaders in the Unites States can be best understood as a diffusion process by which local elites learn from the cooperative experiments of neighboring jurisdictions and reproduce them in order to realize similar gains when it makes sense to do so. This process, I argue, is driven by the mechanisms of learning, development of networks of trust, and interlocal competition. The project presents theory, methods, and results in three manuscripts. The first uses a newly constructed longitudinal dataset of financial transfers by local governments to show that localities are more likely to cooperate when larger shares of their neighbors were cooperating in the past. This process is amplified in regions with more intense interlocal competition. The second manuscript demonstrates that the diffusion of cooperation is most intense within particular types of local service provision, namely those that involve capital-intensive and system-maintenance functions of government, such as highways, sewers, and water delivery. Finally, the third paper presents results from an original, national survey of mayors and councilors that involved embedded experiments to tease out the hypothesized mechanisms of diffusion. Findings provide strong support for the role of development of trust and learning in the spread of interlocal cooperation. / Political Science

The City of Stockholm has undergone a curious process of considering whether to launch a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympic Games. That Stockholm has contemplated launching a bid is not surprising from a regional perspective—the Olympic Games have not been held in a Scandinavian country since Lillehammer, Norway played host in 1994 and Sweden has never hosted the Winter Olympics. A potential bid from Stockholm would also be consistent with Sweden's self-identification and embracement of being a 'sportive nation'. Failed applications by the Swedish cities of Gothenburg, Falun, and Östersund to host the Winter Olympic Games confirm the long-standing interest of the Swedish Olympic Committee to secure the Games, although it should be noted that the Swedish Olympic Committee did not submit a bid for the 2006, 2010, 2014 or 2018 Winter Olympic Games competitions. Although recent reports indicate that Stockholm will not vie for the 2026 Winter Olympic Games, the notion that the city was even considering the option remains surprising. Stockholm had withdrawn its bid from the 2022 bidding competition citing a variety of concerns including a lack of government and public support, financial uncertainty, as well as the post-event viability of purpose-built infrastructure. Stockholm's withdrawal from the 2022 competition resonates with the growing apprehension by potential bid cities (especially those emerging from democratic countries) towards the Olympic Games. This thesis seeks to illustrate that Stockholm's Olympic hopes have book-ended a transformative period in the Olympic bidding process and to expose the struggle that bid cities have in adjusting to the demands of the IOC's bidding process. / Master of Science / The City of Stockholm’s recent Olympic hosting ambition has gone through a tumultuous and curious process in recent years. This ambition is especially visible during the 2026 Winter Olympic bidding process in which the Swedish Olympic Committee considered the feasibility to bid for the Games. While smaller Swedish cities including Gothenburg, Falun and Östersund have all failed in materializing a competitive bid for the Winter Olympics, the ambition still lingers. Although media reports state that Stockholm will not consider a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics, the notion that Stockholm was even considering the option to bid remains surprising recognizing that the Swedish capital withdrew its 2022 Winter Olympic bid due to lack of support from both the public and the city government. The issues behind Stockholm’s withdrawal of their 2022 bid falls in line with comparable complications that the International Olympic Committee has witnessed regarding other, similar social democratic countries withdrawing bids at a higher rate than normal. These issues include a variety of concerns ranging from lack of political and public support, financial uncertainty, and the usage of purpose-built Winter Olympic venues after the conclusion of the Games. This thesis investigates the transformative period of the Swedish Olympic Committees ambitions for the Olympic Games, while also highlighting issues that can arise during the bidding process, including difficulties and adjustments required by the International Olympic Committee.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se as políticas públicas teriam sido capazes de dotar o ambiente urbano de sustentabilidade. Com este propósito, são analisados os Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento encaminhados pelo governo federal no período de 1972 a 1985, buscando evidenciar as propostas para o desenvolvimento urbano contido em cada um deles. Dentre estas, é dado destaque ao Programa Nacional de Cidades Médias e, procurando fazer um recobrimento temporal dentro planejamento determinado pelo governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, ao Programa Estadual de Centros Intermediários. A ampliação da discussão sobre a questão ambiental no mundo, após as sucessivas crises de abastecimento, é colocada através de uma revisão dos textos das Conferências Mundiais sobre Meio Ambiente e sobre Assentamentos Humanos, para que possam ser definidos critérios que necessariamente deveriam estar contidos em uma análise de sustentabilidade do ambiente urbano. São definidos alguns parâmetros daquilo que seria recomendável estar presente em um ambiente urbano que se pretenda mais sustentável. Estes parâmetros qualificados como necessários são expostos em uma matriz que delega valoração ao ambiente analisado. Para objetivar a aplicação dos parâmetros e da matriz de sustentabilidade são escolhidas cinco cidades do estado de Minas Gerais buscando constatar a sustentabilidade do ambiente após a análise de investimentos dos dois programas citado. / The present work intends to verify whether public politics would have been able to provide the urban landscape with sustainability. With this purpose, the National Develop Plans issued by the federal government between 1972 and 1985 are analyzed in order to enlighten the urban development proposals contained in each one of them. Among them, the National Program of Half-Sized Cities and the State Program of Intermediary Centers are highlighted and, looking after making a time recovery inside the planning determined by the state government. The world environment debate amplification, after frequent supply deficit, is treated through a review of texts written in World Conferences about Environment and Human Settlements, so it is possible to define criteria that necessarily needs to be contained within an analysis of \"urban environment sustainability\". A few parameters are defined of what would be advisable to be present in an urban environment which intends to be \"sustainable\". These parameters qualified as necessary are exposed in a matrix which gives value to the analyzed environment. To aim the parameters application and the sustainable matrix five cities from Minas Gerais are chosen intending to certify the environment sustainability after investments analysis of both programs cited.

Este trabalho busca compreender a implementação das linhas de metrô em São Paulo e da Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, desde sua formação, nos anos 1960, até os dias atuais. Buscou-se entender quem foram os principais atores nacionais e internacionais, dos setores público ou privado, que participaram das decisões sobre esta política pública em questão. Para isso, foram analisados os processos de tomada de decisão e de implementação das Linhas 1 Azul, 3 Vermelha, 2 Verde e 4 Amarela. Com os achados da pesquisa é possível argumentar que o Metrô de São Paulo, o qual foi constituído como uma empresa pública capacitada, passou por um rebaixamento do seu corpo técnico e de suas capacidades estatais, que deram espaço ao interesse de atores privados dentro da companhia, acarretando em prejuízo para a empresa pública e em atraso de obras. Tal processo se deu com a ascensão e queda de um modelo de Estado desenvolvimentista e do surgimento de novas visões de Estado influenciadas pelo New Public Management. / This work seeks to understand the implementation of subway lines in São Paulo and analyze the Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, from its formation, in the 1960s, to the present time. The research also attempts to verify who were the main national and international actors, from the public and private sectors, that participated in the decisions on this public policy in question. For this purpose, the processes of decision making and implementation of the lines 1 - Blue, 3 - Red, 2 - Green and 4 - Yellow were analyzed. With the findings of the research it is possible to argue that the Metrô of São Paulo has undergone a downgrading of its technical staff and its state capabilities, characteristic of its constitution, that gave space to the interest of private actors inside the company, resulting in loss to the public company and in backlog of works. This process occurred with the rise and fall of a model of developmentalist State and the emergence of new visions of State influenced by New Public Management.

O conjunto de serviços que compõem o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana, tal como ele existe hoje, é produto de uma série de decisões, disputas e interesses entre diferentes atores. O trabalho trata da construção dessas políticas no município de São Paulo, com especial interesse pelo arcabouço institucional formado do século XIX ao XXI, bem como pela estruturação do mercado e da economia política que se ancorou para a provisão de serviços de interesse público via empresas privadas no município. O principal fato analisado é o de que, no contexto de um sistema que envolve uma multiplicidade de atores e interesses, o Estado abriu mão do papel de executor dos serviços, gradativamente cedendo-o a empresas privadas cada vez maiores e mais dominantes no âmbito da entrega dos serviços; ao mesmo tempo, ele veio procurando fortalecer suas capacidades regulatórias, desde o final do século XX, mas, sobretudo, no início do século XXI, com a criação de um modelo de concessão em que as empresas concessionárias assumam os riscos financeiros e os investimentos em equipamentos que serão revertidos em benefício do município. O capítulo 1 caracteriza empiricamente o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana de São Paulo tal como é configurado atualmente, oferecendo as definições necessárias à compreensão do universo empírico. O capítulo 2 explora a construção de capacidades estatais para a provisão, a regulação e a fiscalização do sistema de limpeza urbana, e dialoga diretamente com a tese do capitalismo regulatório, para a qual a divisão de trabalho entre Estado e mercado não necessariamente representa o enfraquecimento do Estado, mas também não necessariamente significa seu fortalecimento. Identificam-se quatro fases de construção do arcabouço institucional: (i) origens e primeiros serviços (até 1913), (ii) modernização e execução direta (1914 a 1966), (ii) execução indireta (1967 a 2002) e (iv) concessão dos serviços (pós-2002). O capítulo 3 discute a organização do mercado da limpeza urbana, examinando a organização dos nichos de mercado e a existência de entidades associativas para reunir empresas e setor público. Identificam-se três fases de constituição do mercado: (i) estabelecimento das primeiras empresas no setor e processos fechados de contratação (1966-1987), (ii) crescimento do mercado, regulação sobre compras mais robusta, entrada de capital estrangeiro e surgimento de instabilidades (1987-2004) e (iii) formação de consórcios, saída do capital estrangeiro, aumento da regulação federal sobre o setor e inclusão de novos atores. Todos os elementos expressam relações e processos de coordenação e intermediação entre agentes públicos e privados, de forma que o Estado governa, mas não governa tudo, e nem sozinho, de forma comparável com outros casos de concessões públicas. Ainda que a Prefeitura seja a principal responsável pela regulação sobre o sistema, o setor privado responde por boa parte dos insumos tecnológicos, da experiência no planejamento dos serviços e pela gestão cotidiana dos equipamentos, bem como é o principal investidor no modelo de concessão. Todavia, essa divisão de tarefas nem sempre é clara ou bem definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de documentos oficiais e documentos produzidos pelas entidades associativas do setor, além de entrevistas com agentes públicos e privados. / The set of services that make up the solid waste management policies, as it exists today, is the product of a series of decisions, disputes and interests among different actors. The work deals with the construction of these policies in São Paulo, with special interest in the institutional framework formed from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, as well as the structure of the market and the political economy that anchored the provision of public services via private companies in the municipality. The central fact of analysis is that, in the context of a system that involves a multiplicity of actors and interests, the State gave up the role of executor of services, gradually granting it to private companies which grew bigger and more dominant in the delivery level; meanwhile, the State have been attempting to strengthen its regulatory capacity, since the late twentieth century, but especially in the early twenty-first century with the creation of a concession model in which the concessionaires assume the financial risks and investments in equipment which will be reversed in favor of the municipality. Chapter 1 empirically characterizes the solid waste management sector of São Paulo as it is currently configured, providing concepts for the understanding of the empirical universe. Chapter 2 addresses the construction of state capacities for the provision, regulation and supervision of the waste management system, and interacts directly with the thesis of regulatory capitalism according to which the division of labor between State and market does not necessarily weaken the State, but also does not necessarily mean its strengthening. The chapter identifies four phases of construction of the institutional framework: (i) origins and first services (until 1913), (ii) modernization and direct execution by State (1914-1966), (ii) indirect execution (1967-2002) and (iv) concession of services (post-2002). Chapter 3 discusses the organization of the waste management market, examining the organization of niche markets and the existence of associative entities to bring together companies and public sector. The chapter identify three phases: (i) establishment of the first companies (1966-1987), (ii) market growth, more robust regulation, foreign capital inflows and the emergence of instabilities (1987-2004) and (iii) formation of consortiums, foreign capital outflow, increased federal regulation of the sector and inclusion of new actors. All elements express relationships, coordination and intermediation processes between public and private actors, so that the State governs but does not govern everything, nor alone, in a comparable manner to other cases of public concessions. Although City Hall is mainly responsible for the regulation of the system, the private sector accounts for much of the technological inputs, experience in planning and daily management of equipment and services, and is the main investor in the concession model. However, this division is not always clear or well defined. The research employed analysis of official documents and documents produced by the associative entities of the market, as well as interviews with public and private actors.

A questão central desta tese é verificar o papel das Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) na ampliação da oferta de moradias populares e na regularização fundiária de áreas com ocupação ilegal na cidade de São Paulo, avaliando sua relevância como instrumento de Política Urbana no contesto do Plano Diretor. O método de pesquisa consistiu na análise do instrumento urbanístico ZEIS a partir de sua origem e formatação no universo da gestão pública do país e, mais especificamente, sua implantação no município de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, foram examinados empreendimentos combinados, de empresas privadas, constituindo-se em cinco estudos de caso. Paralelamente, são considerados outros instrumentos jurídicos praticados nos processos de regularização fundiária a partir da promulgação do Estatuto da Cidade em 2001 e da MP 2.220/01. A referência é o Plano Diretor Estratégico de 2002, do município de São Paulo, que introduz o conceito de Zonas Especiais e entre elas as Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social, com o objetivo de atender ao Estatuto da Cidade, reconhecendo desta forma os espaços urbanos com origem ilegal no município (favelas e loteamentos irregulares ou clandestinos) e áreas urbanas subutilizadas. A pesquisa apóia-se em dados relativos à implantação e aplicação do referido instrumento, verificando as perspectivas de regularização jurídica de assentamentos informais e a promoção de habitação social. Considerando-se que a implementação das ZEIS é prática recente na gestão pública, a tese aponta as dificuldades da tarefa mencionada, pontuando avanços e entraves relativos à regularização jurídica dos assentamentos informais. Para os moradores destes, e especialmente para as comunidades em áreas de mananciais, a demarcação da área ocupada como ZEIS tornou-se um atributo essencial de garantia do direito à moradia e das ações municipais. Com relação à provisão de novas unidades de habitação de interesse social (HIS) concluí-se que as ações e medidas de estímulo em ZEIS são ainda insuficientes para incrementar a oferta habitacional regular aos estratos sociais de baixa renda. Os resultados aferidos da produção de HIS, pelo setor público e privado, indicam que 45.702 domicílios foram licenciados. Desse montante, 13.444 u.h. (29%) encontram-se em ZEIS e 32.258 u.h.(71%) em zoneamento distinto a ela. O trabalho aponta para os prováveis fatores que contribuem e justiçam a baixa atratividade da ZEIS. / The central question of this thesis is to verify the role of the Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS) in the expanding the popular housing supply, and the land regularization of illegal áreas occupation, in the City of São Paulo, evaluating its relevance as Urban Politics instrument, in |Plano Diretor context. The research metod consisted in the ZEIS instrument analisys from its origin and idealization in the whole public management of Brazil and, more specifically, its implantion in the city of Sao Paulo. In this purpose, we examined combined undertaking of private enterprises, generating five case studies. At the same time, are considered other juridical instruments used in land regularization, beginning from Sao Paulo city Estatuto da Cidade promulgation in 2001, and MP 2.220/01. the reference is the Sao Paulo City 2002 Strategic Planning Director, that introduces the concept of Special Zones and, among them the Interest Social Special Zones (ZIS), whose aim is to attend to City Statute, recognizing by this way the urban spaces with illegal origin in the City (slum, irregular division of land into parcels or clandestine) and subutilizated urban areas. The research is based on dates relatives to Implantation and application referred to instrument, verifying the perspective of juridical regularization of informal occupations. For residents on the local and specialy for communities that live in fountainhead areas, the demarcation of the occupied local as ZEIS has become a way to warranty the right of living and municipal actions. Regarding the provision of new units of housing of social interest (HIS) concludes that the actions and measures to stimulate in ZEIS are still insufficient to increase the housing supply to adjust to low-income social strata. The results measured the production of HIS by public and private sectors, indicate that 45,702 homes were licensed. Of this amount, 13.444 u.h. (29%) is in ZEIS and 32.258 u.h. (71%) in separate zoning it. The work points to the likely factors that contribute and justify the low attractiveness of ZEIS.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se as políticas públicas teriam sido capazes de dotar o ambiente urbano de sustentabilidade. Com este propósito, são analisados os Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento encaminhados pelo governo federal no período de 1972 a 1985, buscando evidenciar as propostas para o desenvolvimento urbano contido em cada um deles. Dentre estas, é dado destaque ao Programa Nacional de Cidades Médias e, procurando fazer um recobrimento temporal dentro planejamento determinado pelo governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, ao Programa Estadual de Centros Intermediários. A ampliação da discussão sobre a questão ambiental no mundo, após as sucessivas crises de abastecimento, é colocada através de uma revisão dos textos das Conferências Mundiais sobre Meio Ambiente e sobre Assentamentos Humanos, para que possam ser definidos critérios que necessariamente deveriam estar contidos em uma análise de sustentabilidade do ambiente urbano. São definidos alguns parâmetros daquilo que seria recomendável estar presente em um ambiente urbano que se pretenda mais sustentável. Estes parâmetros qualificados como necessários são expostos em uma matriz que delega valoração ao ambiente analisado. Para objetivar a aplicação dos parâmetros e da matriz de sustentabilidade são escolhidas cinco cidades do estado de Minas Gerais buscando constatar a sustentabilidade do ambiente após a análise de investimentos dos dois programas citado. / The present work intends to verify whether public politics would have been able to provide the urban landscape with sustainability. With this purpose, the National Develop Plans issued by the federal government between 1972 and 1985 are analyzed in order to enlighten the urban development proposals contained in each one of them. Among them, the National Program of Half-Sized Cities and the State Program of Intermediary Centers are highlighted and, looking after making a time recovery inside the planning determined by the state government. The world environment debate amplification, after frequent supply deficit, is treated through a review of texts written in World Conferences about Environment and Human Settlements, so it is possible to define criteria that necessarily needs to be contained within an analysis of \"urban environment sustainability\". A few parameters are defined of what would be advisable to be present in an urban environment which intends to be \"sustainable\". These parameters qualified as necessary are exposed in a matrix which gives value to the analyzed environment. To aim the parameters application and the sustainable matrix five cities from Minas Gerais are chosen intending to certify the environment sustainability after investments analysis of both programs cited.

The main hypothesis of this thesis is that the problem of urban sprawl, as a disorder in the growth of the cities, is not a natural result of the growth of the capitalist city but a phenomenon manipulated politically. Consequently, generally a geographically problematized phenomenon / the urban sprawl is, within this work, problematized with reference to urban politics. In the searching of the politics of urban sprawl, one of the political interventions into the urban space / the master plans has utmost importance in this work. The impact of the master plans on the sprawl of the city will be analyzed. A categorization of urban sprawl is proposed in the work, on the urban geography with reference to politics of urban sprawl. After illustrating the types of urban sprawl, the politics of urban sprawl is modeled. The political interventions of State, Metropolitan Municipality, District Municipalities, Housing Development Administration, Real Estate Agents and Rural Landowners located on the periphery is included in the model and their impact on the urban geography is evaluated. Ankara will be examined as a case in the politics of urban sprawl / her unique characteristics like being the &#039 / planned&#039 / capital city controlled by master plans make her indispensable to study. The political interventions of the actors to the urban space of Ankara is highly visible especially considering urban sprawl in the geography of the city, yet another reason to work on.

Este trabalho busca compreender a implementação das linhas de metrô em São Paulo e da Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, desde sua formação, nos anos 1960, até os dias atuais. Buscou-se entender quem foram os principais atores nacionais e internacionais, dos setores público ou privado, que participaram das decisões sobre esta política pública em questão. Para isso, foram analisados os processos de tomada de decisão e de implementação das Linhas 1 Azul, 3 Vermelha, 2 Verde e 4 Amarela. Com os achados da pesquisa é possível argumentar que o Metrô de São Paulo, o qual foi constituído como uma empresa pública capacitada, passou por um rebaixamento do seu corpo técnico e de suas capacidades estatais, que deram espaço ao interesse de atores privados dentro da companhia, acarretando em prejuízo para a empresa pública e em atraso de obras. Tal processo se deu com a ascensão e queda de um modelo de Estado desenvolvimentista e do surgimento de novas visões de Estado influenciadas pelo New Public Management. / This work seeks to understand the implementation of subway lines in São Paulo and analyze the Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, from its formation, in the 1960s, to the present time. The research also attempts to verify who were the main national and international actors, from the public and private sectors, that participated in the decisions on this public policy in question. For this purpose, the processes of decision making and implementation of the lines 1 - Blue, 3 - Red, 2 - Green and 4 - Yellow were analyzed. With the findings of the research it is possible to argue that the Metrô of São Paulo has undergone a downgrading of its technical staff and its state capabilities, characteristic of its constitution, that gave space to the interest of private actors inside the company, resulting in loss to the public company and in backlog of works. This process occurred with the rise and fall of a model of developmentalist State and the emergence of new visions of State influenced by New Public Management.