[pt] A presente dissertação tem como objeto o estudo sobre a contribuição do plano de contingência para minimizar os impactos e vulnerabilidades nos desastres causados por chuvas intensas. O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos e instrumentos utilizados para o enfrentamento de desastres nas fases de preparação e resposta de emergência relativo a eventos de chuvas intensas. Para tanto foram analisados os planos de contingência do município de Petrópolis/RJ para chuvas intensas, referentes aos períodos de 2021/2022 e 2022/2023 (PLANCON). As principais conclusões indicam que, no período observado, foi necessária a incorporação e o amadurecimento da gestão de riscos de desastres (GRD), considerando a necessidade de orientação no que se refere a ações para resposta a emergências e para tomada de decisão frente a ocorrência de um evento extremo. Em síntese, os resultados demostram que os planos de contingência são ferramentas primordiais frente aos desastres em busca da resiliência. Ao final, apresentam-se conclusões e sugestões que têm em vista acelerar e ampliar a realização de ações mais assertivas na resposta a eventos de chuvas intensas. / [en] This dissertation aims to study the contribution of the contingency plan to minimize the impacts and vulnerabilities in disasters caused by heavy rains. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms and instruments used to address disasters during the emergency preparation and response phases, particularly related to heavy rainfall events. Therefore, the contingency plans of Petrópolis/RJ municipality for heavy rains, referring to the periods of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 (PLANCON), were analyzed. The main conclusionsindicate that during the observed period, it was necessary to incorporate and mature disaster risk management (DRM), considering the need for guidance regarding emergency response actions and decision-making in the face of an extreme event. In summary, the results demonstrate that contingency plans are essential tools in managing disasters and seeking resilience. Finally, conclusions and suggestions are presented with the aim of accelerating and expanding the implementation of more assertive actions in response to heavy rainfall events.

Urban areas worldwide, including Stockholm, face increasing environmental challenges such as rising temperatures and heatwaves exacerbated by climate change and urban heat island effects. In response, nature-based solutions (NBS) have been proposed as a planning tool for enhancing urban resilience. However, evidence on the fine-scale effectiveness of NBS in addressing extreme events, such as heatwaves remains limited. Furthermore, the inclusion of subjective measures to enrich objective measures for increased NBS benefits and thermal comfort assessments is needed. This study investigates the cooling effectiveness of NBS, hence strengthening the resilience of the Stockholm Royal Seaport against heatwaves. Mental mapping interviews were used to explore residents' and expert advisors' perceptions of the cooling effects of NBS. Key findings reveal the significant cooling effects of large natural areas such as parks and waterbodies, notably the Royal National City Park. However, smaller NBSs, while contributing to the green aesthetic and climate regulation of the neighborhood, were not perceived by residents as cooling. The study emphasizes the importance of the proximity and size of NBS to residential areas and highlights the subjective nature of neighborhood boundaries that influence residents' perceptions of NBS cooling effects. A comparison of residents’ and advisors’ perceptions reveals differences between theoretical expert and experience-based knowledge. These differences highlight the need for participatory planning processes that have the potential to complement advisor knowledge with resident perception and contribute to user-based planning. Overall, the study contributes to understanding the role of NBS in urban resilience, advocates for participatory approaches to urban planning, and demonstrates the value of mental mapping in capturing nuanced community perspectives for future planning efforts by revealing experiential knowledge that may remain hidden in a dialogue.

This study examines the phenomenon of student resiliency as it relates to Nunez Community College students who returned to attend school in the community of St. Bernard Parish following Hurricane Katrina. Nunez Community College is located in Chalmette, Louisiana, fifteen miles east of the City of New Orleans. The community is adjacent to the Lower Ninth Ward. This study seeks to answer the questions of why the students returned to a disaster-stricken area to continue their studies and how the students coped in the aftermath. There is a significant gap in the literature on post-disaster resiliency and in particular, the role of education in post-disaster recovery. Twelve students who returned to Nunez Community College post-Katrina were interviewed using a Student Resilience Model as a conceptual framework. The perceptions of the students' post-disaster experiences resulted in five themes which included Individual Resilience, Post-Disaster Academic Integration, Post-Disaster Social Int

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir a importância de uma postura resiliente para a busca do urbanismo sustentável. O termo \"sustentável\" e suas variantes passaram por um desgaste nas últimas décadas, formando uma barreira prejudicial à sua aplicação efetiva. A \"resiliência\", surge, então, como uma forma de revisitar a questão, através de um conceito oriundo da física, que possibilita conceber uma transposição teórica para a arquitetura e o urbanismo, disciplinas nas quais o tema pode colaborar na formulação de novas ferramentas e conceitos aplicáveis ao planejamento e projeto. Almeja-se, através da sua conceituação teórica, contribuir para a elaboração de uma postura resiliente e promover o termo \"resiliência urbana\" em direção ao enfrentamento da crise urbana, ocasionada pelo crescimento vertiginoso da urbanização mundial e da consequente aglomeração populacional nas cidades. Nos países em desenvolvimento, essa abordagem pode ser de grande utilidade, dado que a crise urbana é fortalecida pelo avanço da informalidade e pela formação de novos tecidos urbanos às margens do planejamento. O conceito de resiliência, neste caso, possibilita uma discussão voltada às questões de espontaneidade, improvisos, constantes mudanças e transformações, inerentes à condição urbana, se discutido dentro de uma abordagem de Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma análise reflexiva, a fim de aferir a transferência da teoria para prática, a partir de três projetos urbanos já implantados: as intervenções em torno da Línea K, em Medellín, Colômbia, o sistema teleférico do Complexo do Alemão e o Parque Sitiê, ambos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A partir daí, pôde-se constatar que a visão sistêmica adaptativa e complexa da resiliência traz a possibilidade de promover a inter-relação entre sociedade, economia e ambiente na construção do meio urbano e, assim, encorajar uma nova postura frente a difusão de um Urbanismo Sustentável. / The present dissertation aims to discuss the importance of a resilient posture in the search for a sustainable urbanism. The term \"sustainable\" and its variants have gone through a wear and tear through the last few decades, forming a barrier which prejudices its effective application. The \"resilience\" term then appears as a way of revisiting this matter, through a concept derived from physics, that allows a theoretical transposition to architecture and urbanism disciplines in which the subject can cooperate in the formulation of new tools and concepts that can be applied into planning and project design process. Over the theoretical conception, it is intended the contribution on the elaboration of a resilient attitude and therefore promotes the term \"urban resilience\" towards the current urban crisis, caused by the dramatical growth of the world urbanization and the consequent population cluster within cities. In developing countries, the approach can be very useful, given that the urban crisis is strengthened by the rise of informality and the formation of new urban networks at the edge of planning actions. The concept of resilience, in this case, enables a discussion focused on spontaneity issues, improvisations, changes and transformations, inherent to the urban condition, discussed within a Complex Adaptive Systems approach. However to elaborate a reflexive analysis it is necessary to verify the transformation of theory into practice from three urban projects already implemented: Line K\'s urban interventions in Medellín, Colombia, cable car system at Alemão Complex and Sitiê Park, both in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In conclusion, an adaptive and complex systemic view of resilience has the potential to promote an interrelationship between society, economy and environment during the construction of an urban environment and therefore encourage a new attitude towards the diffusion of Sustainable Urbanism.

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir a importância de uma postura resiliente para a busca do urbanismo sustentável. O termo \"sustentável\" e suas variantes passaram por um desgaste nas últimas décadas, formando uma barreira prejudicial à sua aplicação efetiva. A \"resiliência\", surge, então, como uma forma de revisitar a questão, através de um conceito oriundo da física, que possibilita conceber uma transposição teórica para a arquitetura e o urbanismo, disciplinas nas quais o tema pode colaborar na formulação de novas ferramentas e conceitos aplicáveis ao planejamento e projeto. Almeja-se, através da sua conceituação teórica, contribuir para a elaboração de uma postura resiliente e promover o termo \"resiliência urbana\" em direção ao enfrentamento da crise urbana, ocasionada pelo crescimento vertiginoso da urbanização mundial e da consequente aglomeração populacional nas cidades. Nos países em desenvolvimento, essa abordagem pode ser de grande utilidade, dado que a crise urbana é fortalecida pelo avanço da informalidade e pela formação de novos tecidos urbanos às margens do planejamento. O conceito de resiliência, neste caso, possibilita uma discussão voltada às questões de espontaneidade, improvisos, constantes mudanças e transformações, inerentes à condição urbana, se discutido dentro de uma abordagem de Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma análise reflexiva, a fim de aferir a transferência da teoria para prática, a partir de três projetos urbanos já implantados: as intervenções em torno da Línea K, em Medellín, Colômbia, o sistema teleférico do Complexo do Alemão e o Parque Sitiê, ambos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A partir daí, pôde-se constatar que a visão sistêmica adaptativa e complexa da resiliência traz a possibilidade de promover a inter-relação entre sociedade, economia e ambiente na construção do meio urbano e, assim, encorajar uma nova postura frente a difusão de um Urbanismo Sustentável. / The present dissertation aims to discuss the importance of a resilient posture in the search for a sustainable urbanism. The term \"sustainable\" and its variants have gone through a wear and tear through the last few decades, forming a barrier which prejudices its effective application. The \"resilience\" term then appears as a way of revisiting this matter, through a concept derived from physics, that allows a theoretical transposition to architecture and urbanism disciplines in which the subject can cooperate in the formulation of new tools and concepts that can be applied into planning and project design process. Over the theoretical conception, it is intended the contribution on the elaboration of a resilient attitude and therefore promotes the term \"urban resilience\" towards the current urban crisis, caused by the dramatical growth of the world urbanization and the consequent population cluster within cities. In developing countries, the approach can be very useful, given that the urban crisis is strengthened by the rise of informality and the formation of new urban networks at the edge of planning actions. The concept of resilience, in this case, enables a discussion focused on spontaneity issues, improvisations, changes and transformations, inherent to the urban condition, discussed within a Complex Adaptive Systems approach. However to elaborate a reflexive analysis it is necessary to verify the transformation of theory into practice from three urban projects already implemented: Line K\'s urban interventions in Medellín, Colombia, cable car system at Alemão Complex and Sitiê Park, both in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In conclusion, an adaptive and complex systemic view of resilience has the potential to promote an interrelationship between society, economy and environment during the construction of an urban environment and therefore encourage a new attitude towards the diffusion of Sustainable Urbanism.

abstract: Cities are in need of radical knowledge system innovations and designs in the age of the Anthropocene. Cities are complex sites of interactions across social, ecological, and technological dimensions. Cities are also experiencing rapidly changing and intractable environmental conditions. Given uncertain and incomplete knowledge of both future environmental conditions and the outcomes of urban resilience efforts, today’s knowledge systems are unequipped to generate the knowledge and wisdom needed to act. As such, cities must modernize the knowledge infrastructure underpinning today’s complex urban systems. The principal objective of this dissertation is to make the case for, and guide, the vital knowledge system innovations that coastal cities need in order to build more resilient urban futures. Chapter 2 demonstrates the use of knowledge systems analysis as a tool to stress-test and upgrade the Federal Emergency Management Agency flood mapping knowledge system that drives flood resilience planning and decision-making in New York City. In Chapter 3, a conceptual framework is constructed for the design and analysis of knowledge co-production by integrating concepts across the co-production and urban social-ecological-technological systems literatures. In Chapter 4, the conceptual framework is used to analyze two case studies of knowledge co-production in the Miami Metropolitan Area to better inform decisions for how and when to employ co-production as a tool to achieve sustainability and resilience outcomes. In Chapter 5, six propositions are presented – derived from a synthesis of the literature and the three empirical cases – that knowledge professionals can employ to create, facilitate, and scale up knowledge system innovations: flatten knowledge hierarchies; create plural and positive visions of the future; construct knowledge co-production to achieve desired outcomes; acknowledge and anticipate the influence of power and authority; build anticipatory capacities to act under deep uncertainty; and identify and invest in knowledge innovations. While these six propositions apply to the context of coastal cities and flood resilience, most can also be useful to facilitate knowledge innovations to adapt to other complex and intractable environmental problems. Cities must move swiftly to create and catalyze knowledge system innovations given the scale of climate impacts and rapidly changing environmental conditions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2020

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Skyfallen förväntas öka, därmed behöver städer klimatanpassas. Ansvarsfördelningen i hanteringen av skyfall är komplicerad då det finns otydligheter hur aktörer ska arbeta med åtgärder vid dessa översvämningar. Syftet för studien är att undersöka ansvarsfördelning, samverkan och klimatanpassningsarbete i två kommuner vid översvämningar i samband med extrema skyfall. Teorin om samarbetsstyrning innebär att fler aktörer ska samverka vid komplexa händelser för att uppnå en urban resiliens. Teorin ska som utgångspunkt analysera fallen Malmö och Gävle där även kvalitativa metoder har använts. Resultatet visar att kommunerna inte har hela ansvaret vid skyfall. Det finns även liknande synsätt på hur kommunernas ansvar bör utvecklas, samt tydlighet kring samordning. Därmed är slutsatsen att översvämningar först tas i beaktande efter att händelsen har skett, något som också driver ett ansvarstagande. Alla aktörer måste tidigare ta ett eget ansvar samt samverka för att uppnå klimatanpassade städer innan det är för sent. / Rainfall is expected to increase, and cities need to adapt. The distribution of responsibilities is complicated because of uncertainties about who and how actors should work with flood risk management. This study aims to investigate these responsibilities, collaborative workn and climate adaptation in two municipalities during floods from extreme rainfall. The theory of collaborative governance is used to study how actors collaborate to achieve urban resilience in the cases of Malmö and Gävle. The results show that municipalities are not the only ones with responsibility during heavy rainfall. There are also similar views on how the municipalities responsibilities should be developed, as well as the importance of clarity around collaborative governance. The conclusion is that floods are only taken into account after the event has occurred, something that also drives the distribution of responsibility. All involved actors must take their own responsibility and collaborate to achieve adapted cities before it is too late.