Sammanfattning   Klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen (SOU 2007:60) spår en framtid då Sveriges klimat till större del präglas av intensivt regn, och diskuterar konsekvenserna detta kommer innebära. Så väntas framtiden bli, men hur ser det ut idag? Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga den samtida förekomsten av intensivt regn i Sverige och dess konsekvenser, i syfte att skapa en referenspunkt till diskussionerna om framtidens regnintensiva klimat och hur det kommer påverka samhället. Materialet studien bygger på har inhämtats från flera håll, men främst kommer det från SMHI, tidningsartiklar, räddningstjänster och kommuner. Sedan har en sammanställning gjorts där de identifierade händelserna analyserats kvantitativt och rumsligt. Studien är avgränsad till att endast inkludera händelser under sommarmånaderna juni, juli och augusti eftersom flest händelser av intensivt regn bedöms inträffa då. Resultatet visar stor geografisk spridning av inträffade regn, och liten kronologisk spridning. Alla landets län har drabbats men i norra och södra Norrland är förekomsten gles eller obefintlig, medan delar av mellersta Norrland, Svealand och Götaland påvisar flera koncentrerade områden. Kronologiskt sett inträffade den största delen av regnen i slutet av juli – minst antal drabbade juni. Konsekvenserna som rapporterats har till största del handlat om översvämmade bostäder och andra byggnader, samt erosionsskadade vägar och järnvägar. En konsekvensgruppering gjordes med fem konsekvensgrupper (KG) mellan 1 och 5, där KG 1 innehåller regn som inte fört med sig konsekvenser för människan och KG 5 väldigt omfattande och allvarliga konsekvenser för människan. 118 händelser hamnade i KG 1 och 21 i KG 4 – ingen uppnådde KG 5:s kriterier. En tendens visar att ju mer nederbörd som faller inom ett tätbebyggt område, i desto högre KG hamnar händelsen, även om det är svårt att säkert fastslå ett sådant orsakssamband utifrån det något ringa materialet. / Abstract   The Swedish investigation of climate and vulnerability (SOU 2007:60) predicts a future where the Swedish climate to a greater extent is characterized by heavy rain, and discusses the consequences this will cause. This is the future we believed to be expected, but how about today? The purpose with this paper is to map the present occurrence of heavy rain in Sweden and its consequences, to create a reference to include the discussions about climate change. The data the paper is based on were collected from several sources, but most parts come from The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), newspapers and Swedish rescue departments and municipalities. After data were compiled the identified episodes were analyzed both quantitatively and spatially. The study only includes episodes that occurred in June, July and August, since most of the heavy rains expected to occur during this period. The result shows a great spatial spreading of occurred episodes, and a minor chronological spreading. Every county in Sweden has been affected, but in the south and north of Northern and Central Sweden however the occurrences of heavy rain are sparse and sometimes absent. The regions with high concentration of episodes are in the middle of Northern and Central Sweden, South Central Sweden and Southern Sweden.  From a chronological view the major part of the identified episodes occurred in late July – June was the month with the fewest number of heavy rains. The consequences that have been found were divided into two categories; flood and erosion damages – the former mostly affected buildings, and the latter roads and railways. A categorization was done to subdivide the episodes grades of consequences into groups of different magnitudes. The levels were graded from 1-5, where 1 is the lowest grade. 118 episodes were placed in level 1 and only 21 in level 4 – zero episodes managed to fulfill the criteria of level 5. A tendency seen is that the more rain that falls within a densely area, the more consequences will occur, although it’s not possible to draw a safe conclusion based on the relatively sparse extent of data.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Rodrigues Albiero.pdf: 70379977 bytes, checksum: fb9b1276b50014ad042bb447d1800b53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-17 / This dissertation seeks to understand the relationship between game design and the player on the construction of experiences manufactured in videogames. Due to its interactive nature, we can understand that videogames are made by two instances in the construction of its language and experience: on one hand, the game design defines how the game will be; and on another, the player, key-element, interacts and renews the choices made for the game. The question of how the experiences in videogames happen is instigated through this mutuality. With this purpose we seek to understand the concept of experience through the duality proposed by Eduard Gámez, using Martin Heidegger s phenomenological perspective and John Dewey s pragmatic view. We then go to a practical approach on how to create the language of videogames, based on Jesse Schell, Tracy Fullerton, Jesper Juul and Jane McGonigal. After identifying the key-elements to understand how videogames configure their language, we switch to the player s perspective. By using Gámez s Core Elements of Gaming Experience, we seek to identify similar aspects from players experience and how they eventually conform a subjective outcome from playing. These theoretical pillars end up in the analysis of the game Heavy Rain. It allows the concepts and examples used in the text to be effectively analyzed as a whole. The bibliographical revision and the approach given during the dissertation allow the evaluation of videogames under the game design and the player s perspective, heading towards the creation of the experience of this media on a mutual path. Through this we can see videogames from a wider point of view, understanding its processes and the potential they carry in their core as a media / Este trabalho busca entender a relação entre o game design e o jogador na construção das experiências agenciadas pelos videogames. Por sua natureza interativa, podemos entender que os videogames são compostos por duas instâncias na construção de sua linguagem e experiência: de um lado, o game design comporta escolhas feitas e define como o jogo será; de outro, o jogador, peça-chave, interagindo e atualizando o espaço criado. Gera-se a questão de como as experiências nos videogames acontecem a partir dessa mutualidade. Para isso buscamos entender o conceito de experiência através da dualidade proposta por Eduardo Gámez a partir da perspectiva fenomenológica de Martin Heidegger e da pragmática de John Dewey. Passa-se a uma abordagem prática de como se constrói a linguagem dos videogames, baseada em Jesse Schell, Tracy Fullerton, Jesper Juul e Jane McGonigal. Após configurar elementos-chave para entender como os videogames configuram sua linguagem, busca-se o olhar jogador. Almeja-se, tendo como base o modelo dos Elementos Centrais da Experiência do Jogo (Gámez), identificar pontos semelhantes das experiências dos jogadores e como elas conformam eventualmente um resultado subjetividade do jogar. Esses pilares teóricos culminam na análise do jogo Heavy Rain. Ela permite que os conceitos e exemplos discorridos durante a dissertação possam ser efetivamente analisados como um todo. A revisão bibliográfica e o caminho tecido durante o trabalho permitem que possamos avaliar os videogames sob a perspectiva do game design e do jogador, que caminham juntas para a criação da experiência da mídia. Isso permite que enxerguemos os videogames de uma maneira mais ampla, entendendo seus processos e a potencialidade que carregam dentro de seu âmbito midiático

More Than Heavy Rain brings together poems of intense observation culled from a life lived mostly outside. Set mostly around the poet’s home along the Watauga River in northeast Tennessee, the poems also reach out to such distant locations as Montana, Alaska, and post-war Germany. Some of them reconstruct the poet’s childhood in rural West Virginia. Some examine his family history, the events and relatives who helped determine the way he views the world. / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1044/thumbnail.jpg

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The design of hydraulic structures to curb the excessive rain, dams, containment basins, terraces, and others are designed with a rainfall that can define the maximum flow of the construction project, satisfying the desired security and is a project economically rational. The lack of precipitation stations with long historical series (20 years) has led to designers from those used in hydraulic relationships that enable the estimation of rain from the project using data from rain gauge stations with greater availability and longer historical series. This study aimed to establish the relationship between intensity, duration and frequency of maximum rainfall in catchment areas of Rio Grande do Sul, from the breakdown of rain 24 hours in duration and aimed at verifying the adherence of the rainfall data theoretical models of probability distribution, to compare different methods of disaggregation of heavy rainfall with durations less than 24 hours and to analyze the variability of the coefficients of the equations of rainfall of different basins of the state. The performance of different methods of disaggregation (Bell, Pfafstetter, Chen, Hernandez and CETESB) employed in the estimation of maximum rainfall for durations shorter than 24 hours with the use of historical series of rainfall stations in watersheds of the RS were compared with values of relations durations obtained in a study by Beltrame et al (1991) on rainfall in the RS. Performance evaluation of different models of breakdown was performed using the coefficient Willmot that allows the analysis of deviations between the estimated values and those obtained by the relationship of duration with adjusted data pluviograms and thereby indicate the methodology which shows better performance. The results allowed the determination of the equations of rainfall for basins of RS by an alternative approach to traditional methodology which presents great difficulties, due to the scarcity of rain gauge records, the difficulties in its production, the low density of the network and pluviographs the short observation period available combined with a thorough job of tabulating, analyzing and interpreting a large amount of rainfalls. / O projeto de estruturas hidráulicas destinadas à contenção do excesso de chuva, como barragens, bacias de contenção, terraços e outras, são projetadas com uma precipitação que possa definir a vazão máxima de projeto da obra, satisfazendo a segurança desejada e que seja um projeto economicamente racional. A falta de estações pluviográficas com séries históricas (20 anos) tem levado a projetistas daquelas obras hidráulicas a utilizaram relações que permitam a estimativa da chuva de projeto a partir de dados oriundos de pluviômetros com maior disponibilidade de estações e séries históricas mais longas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral estabelecer a relação entre intensidade, duração e frequência da precipitação máxima, em bacias hidrográficas do Rio Grande Sul, a partir da desagregação de chuvas de 24 horas de duração e como objetivos específicos verificar a aderência dos dados de chuvas a modelos teóricos de distribuição de probabilidade, comparar diferentes metodologias de desagregação de chuvas intensas com durações menores do que 24 horas e analisar a variabilidade dos coeficientes das equações de chuvas intensas das diferentes bacias hidrográficas do RS. O desempenho das diferentes metodologias de desagregação (Bell, Pfafstetter, Chen, Hernandez e CETESB) empregadas nas estimativas das precipitações máximas de durações menores que 24 horas com o uso de séries históricas em estações pluviométricas das bacias hidrográficas do RS foram comparadas com os valores das relações de durações obtidas num trabalho realizado por Beltrame et al (1991) sobre chuvas intensas no RS. A avaliação do desempenho dos diferentes modelos de desagregação será feita através do coeficiente de Willmot que permite a análise dos desvios entre os valores estimados e os obtidos pelas relações de duração ajustadas com dados de pluviogramas e desse modo indicar a metodologia que apresentou melhor desempenho. Os resultados obtidos permitirão a determinação das equações de chuvas intensas para bacias hidrográficas do RS através uma metodologia alternativa a metodologia tradicional que apresenta grandes dificuldades, em função da escassez de registros pluviográficos, de dificuldades para sua obtenção, da baixa densidade da rede de pluviógrafos e do pequeno período de observação disponível aliados a um exaustivo trabalho de tabulação, análise e interpretação de uma grande quantidade de pluviogramas.

I dagsläget finns en stor mängd byggnader i Sverige där fasaden består av puts direkt anliggande mot antingen lättbetong eller tegel. Dessa fasader kan skapa problem för brukaren p.g.a. fukttransport via putsen direkt in i konstruktionen. Problemen som kan uppstå som följd av dessa konstruktioner är inte bara estetiska utan kan även påverka inomhusmiljön. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka om det gick att med ny teknik visa de resultat som framkommit från erfarenheter från praktiskt arbete samt undersöka hur en renovering påverkar de fasader som består av puts direkt mot lättbetong eller tegel. Arbetet har utförts med hjälp av simuleringsprogrammet Wufi Pro för att sedan analyserats med hänsyn till fukttransporter och vatteninnehåll. Resultaten som framkommit påvisar en förhöjd risk för problem med de ursprungliga fasaderna samt slutsatsen att en renovering enligt ett av de två förslagen är att föredra. / Today there’s a great deal of buildings in Sweden where the facade is constructed by plaster directly connected to either aerated concrete or masonry brick. These facades could create problems for the user on accord of the moisture transport via the plaster directly into the construction. The problems that could follow these types of facades aren’t just esthetical but could also affect the indoor environment. The purpose with this study was to examine if it would be possible using today’s technology to show the results coming from past experiences by practical work, and at the same time examine how a remodel affects the facades that consists of plaster directly on aerated concrete or masonry brick. The work has been conducted with the simulation program Wufi Pro, later to be analyzed  according to moisture transport and water content. The results that came from this has shown an increased risk for problems with the original facades and at the same time that a remodel according to one of the two proposed remodel ways to prefer.

Skyfallen förväntas öka, därmed behöver städer klimatanpassas. Ansvarsfördelningen i hanteringen av skyfall är komplicerad då det finns otydligheter hur aktörer ska arbeta med åtgärder vid dessa översvämningar. Syftet för studien är att undersöka ansvarsfördelning, samverkan och klimatanpassningsarbete i två kommuner vid översvämningar i samband med extrema skyfall. Teorin om samarbetsstyrning innebär att fler aktörer ska samverka vid komplexa händelser för att uppnå en urban resiliens. Teorin ska som utgångspunkt analysera fallen Malmö och Gävle där även kvalitativa metoder har använts. Resultatet visar att kommunerna inte har hela ansvaret vid skyfall. Det finns även liknande synsätt på hur kommunernas ansvar bör utvecklas, samt tydlighet kring samordning. Därmed är slutsatsen att översvämningar först tas i beaktande efter att händelsen har skett, något som också driver ett ansvarstagande. Alla aktörer måste tidigare ta ett eget ansvar samt samverka för att uppnå klimatanpassade städer innan det är för sent. / Rainfall is expected to increase, and cities need to adapt. The distribution of responsibilities is complicated because of uncertainties about who and how actors should work with flood risk management. This study aims to investigate these responsibilities, collaborative workn and climate adaptation in two municipalities during floods from extreme rainfall. The theory of collaborative governance is used to study how actors collaborate to achieve urban resilience in the cases of Malmö and Gävle. The results show that municipalities are not the only ones with responsibility during heavy rainfall. There are also similar views on how the municipalities responsibilities should be developed, as well as the importance of clarity around collaborative governance. The conclusion is that floods are only taken into account after the event has occurred, something that also drives the distribution of responsibility. All involved actors must take their own responsibility and collaborate to achieve adapted cities before it is too late.

Der Klimawandel ist auf regionaler Ebene nachweisbar. Zudem gehen Forschungsergebnisse davon aus, dass sich Ereignisse wie Überflutung und Starkregen regional differenziert zukünftig noch intensivieren werden. Bereits heute belegen Schadensmeldungen in der Region Dresden einen sich aus den klimatischen Veränderungen ergebenden Handlungsbedarf in Form von Anpassungsmaßnahmen auf Gebäudeebene. Deshalb sind die Hauptziele der vorliegenden Arbeit das Aufzeigen der Verletzbarkeit von Wohngebäuden und die Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen für entsprechende Ertüchtigungen. Als Datenbasis dient zum einen die baukonstruktive Analyse typischer Beispielgebäude der Region Dresden, welche gleichzeitig die wichtigsten Baualtersstufen abbilden. Dadurch können die in der Region hauptsächlich anzutreffenden baukonstruktiven Durchformungen, Nutzungen und Charakteristiken von Wohngebäuden abgedeckt werden. Dies dient als Grundlage zur Beurteilung der Verletzbarkeit und Anpassungsfähigkeit der wichtigsten Baukonstruktionen gegenüber den Einwirkungen Überflutung und Starkregen. Zum anderen dient als Datenbasis die Dokumentation, Analyse und Interpretation abgelaufener Schadensereignisse in Bezug auf Schadensbilder und Schadensmechanismen an Gebäuden und Baukonstruktionen. Innerhalb der Verletzbarkeitsanalyse gegenüber Überflutung führt die Beschreibung von Schadenstypen, Schadensbildern und Schadensmechanismen in die Erläuterung einer Methodik zur Abschätzung von Hochwasserschäden an Gebäuden. Diese wird in der Arbeit dazu verwendet, die spezifische Verletzbarkeit der einzelnen Beispielgebäude gegenüber der Einwirkung Überflutung mit Hilfe von Wasserstand-Schaden-Beziehungen zu ermitteln. Darauf aufbauend können nun Bereiche, welche aufgrund ihrer hohen Verletzbarkeit angepasst werden sollten, eingegrenzt werden. In der Folge werden beispielhaft bautechnisch mögliche Anpassungsmaßnahmen vorgestellt, am baukonstruktiven Detail gezeigt und ihre positiven Auswirkungen auf die Wasserstand-Schaden-Beziehungen beziehungsweise auf die Verringerung der Verletzbarkeit der Beispielgebäude dargestellt.

[pt] No estado do Rio de Janeiro, os movimentos de massa em encostas passaram a representar um dos problemas mais importantes em geotecnia devido ao seu relevo acidentado, forma de ocupação e condições climáticas rigorosas. Visando identificar uma alternativa para avaliar encostas usando métodos não invasivos que possibilitem o trabalho em locais de difícil acesso, com rapidez e aquisição contínua de dados, neste trabalho é exposto uma análise teórica e prática deste processo de avaliação utilizando métodos geofísicos e o monitoramento contínuo da água no solo por meio de sensores. Os levantamentos geofísicos com uso do georadar e da análise multicanal de ondas superficiais para investigação da estratigrafia da encosta estudada, possibilitaram a identificação de três camadas: solo maduro, solo residual jovem e rocha. Para o monitoramento contínuo, são usados sensores de umidade volumétrica, sucção e um pluviômetro durante um período de 6 meses com a coleta de dados a cada 10 minutos. Com a interpretação dos dados coletados, verificou-se uma boa funcionalidade do monitoramento para avaliar as respostas de sucção e umidade volumétrica ao longo de períodos com intervalos irregulares de chuva. Os dados de precipitação e estratigrafia identificados são usados nas análises de infiltração e estabilidade saturada e não saturada, que possibilitaram a identificação de seções críticas com fator de segurança abaixo de 1,5, onde são necessárias intervenções para garantir a segurança da vizinhança. / [en] In the state of Rio de Janeiro, mass movements on slopes have become one of the most important geotechnical problems due to their rugged terrain, occupation and harsh weather conditions. In order to identify an alternative to evaluate slopes using non-invasive methods that enable work in hard to reach places, with rapid and continuous data acquisition, this paper presents a theoretical and practical analysis of this evaluation process using geophysical methods and continuous monitoring ground water through sensors. Geophysical surveys using georadar and multichannel analysis of surface wave to investigate the stratigraphy of the studied slope, allowed the identification of three layers: mature soil, young residual soil and rock. For the continuous monitoring, volumetric humidity and suction sensors and a rain gauge are used for a period of 6 months with data collection every 10 minutes. With the interpretation of the collected data, a good monitoring functionality was verified to evaluate the suction and volumetric humidity responses during periods with irregular rain intervals. The identified precipitation and stratigraphy data are used in the infiltration and saturated stability analyzes, which allowed the identification of critical sections with safety factor below 1.5, where interventions are necessary to ensure the safety of the neighborhood.

Der Klimawandel ist auf regionaler Ebene nachweisbar. Zudem gehen Forschungsergebnisse davon aus, dass sich Ereignisse wie Überflutung und Starkregen regional differenziert zukünftig noch intensivieren werden. Bereits heute belegen Schadensmeldungen in der Region Dresden einen sich aus den klimatischen Veränderungen ergebenden Handlungsbedarf in Form von Anpassungsmaßnahmen auf Gebäudeebene. Deshalb sind die Hauptziele der vorliegenden Arbeit das Aufzeigen der Verletzbarkeit von Wohngebäuden und die Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen für entsprechende Ertüchtigungen. Als Datenbasis dient zum einen die baukonstruktive Analyse typischer Beispielgebäude der Region Dresden, welche gleichzeitig die wichtigsten Baualtersstufen abbilden. Dadurch können die in der Region hauptsächlich anzutreffenden baukonstruktiven Durchformungen, Nutzungen und Charakteristiken von Wohngebäuden abgedeckt werden. Dies dient als Grundlage zur Beurteilung der Verletzbarkeit und Anpassungsfähigkeit der wichtigsten Baukonstruktionen gegenüber den Einwirkungen Überflutung und Starkregen. Zum anderen dient als Datenbasis die Dokumentation, Analyse und Interpretation abgelaufener Schadensereignisse in Bezug auf Schadensbilder und Schadensmechanismen an Gebäuden und Baukonstruktionen. Innerhalb der Verletzbarkeitsanalyse gegenüber Überflutung führt die Beschreibung von Schadenstypen, Schadensbildern und Schadensmechanismen in die Erläuterung einer Methodik zur Abschätzung von Hochwasserschäden an Gebäuden. Diese wird in der Arbeit dazu verwendet, die spezifische Verletzbarkeit der einzelnen Beispielgebäude gegenüber der Einwirkung Überflutung mit Hilfe von Wasserstand-Schaden-Beziehungen zu ermitteln. Darauf aufbauend können nun Bereiche, welche aufgrund ihrer hohen Verletzbarkeit angepasst werden sollten, eingegrenzt werden. In der Folge werden beispielhaft bautechnisch mögliche Anpassungsmaßnahmen vorgestellt, am baukonstruktiven Detail gezeigt und ihre positiven Auswirkungen auf die Wasserstand-Schaden-Beziehungen beziehungsweise auf die Verringerung der Verletzbarkeit der Beispielgebäude dargestellt.