Le parc national Banff, joyau du réseau de Parcs Canada, est l’objet d’une anomalie : il contient une ville à l’intérieur même de ses frontières. Si, au moment de la création de Banff, les gestionnaires du parc jugeaient le développement urbain compatible avec ces espaces protégés, depuis les années 1980, leur priorité est passée à la protection de la nature. Bien que la Loi sur les parcs nationaux du Canada prévoit que les parcs ont une double fonction, soit l’utilisation par le public et la protection pour les générations futures, le principe de l’intégrité écologique impose un impératif juridique et moral à ce dernier aspect. Dès lors, on imposa à la ville de Banff d’importantes limites à son développement en accord avec le principe d’absence d’effets nuisibles sur l’environnement, parmi lesquelles le plafonnement de sa population à 8000 habitants, la limitation de son périmètre urbain à 3,93 km2, ainsi que sa superficie commerciale plafonnée à 10 %. Il semble ainsi que la ville et le parc national ont une relation d’interdépendance unique, évoluant en fonction de la succession des paradigmes environnementaux. En ajoutant la résilience urbaine à l’équation, nous chercherons à comprendre comment ce concept peut sous-tendre de manière durable la définition du rapport dynamique entre la ville de Banff et les écosystèmes du parc. Ce mémoire sera donc l’occasion d’étayer les multiples politiques de protection de la nature en vigueur à Banff à travers une étude de cas exploratoire, puis de l’interpréter en fonction des différentes éthiques de l’environnement et à travers la théorie de la résilience urbaine. À cet égard, les politiques de protection de la nature seront évaluées en fonction de critères de résilience urbaine identifiés dans la littérature scientifique. / Banff National Park, Parks Canada's jewel, is characterized by a peculiar anomaly: it contains a small town within its boundaries. While at the time of Banff's creation, park managers considered urban development compatible with these protected areas, since the 1980s, their priority then switched to nature protection. Although the Canada National Parks Act states that parks have a dual function of public use and protection for future generations, the principle of ecological integrity places a legal and moral imperative on the latter. As a result, the town of Banff was subject to significant limitations on its development consistent with the “no net negative environmental impact” principle, including a population cap of 8,000, a town perimeter limit of 3.93 km2, and a commercial land area limit of 10%. It thus seems that the town and the national park have a unique interdependent relationship, evolving according to the succession of environmental paradigms. By adding urban resilience to the equation, we will seek to understand how this concept can sustainably underpin the definition of the dynamic relationship between the town of Banff and the park’s ecosystems. This master’s thesis will therefore be an opportunity to identify the multiple nature protection policies enforced in Banff through an exploratory case study, then to interpret it according to the different environmental ethics and through the urban resilience theory. Nature protection policies will also be evaluated according to the urban resilience criteria found in the literature on the subject.

Over the past decades, the fast-changing global climate poses a significant challenge to many cities around the world to embrace resilience concepts, whereby a safe-to-fail planning approach replaces traditional fail-safe practices. The change in perspectives has seen an increase in climate-adapted infrastructural projects being integrated with the new urban planning agendas across the world. The investigation conducted was designed to understand the process of how resilience concepts travel between different cities, by investigating the actors who move policy knowledge, their roles in it, as well as the knowledge transfer process mechanism that is responsible for the movement of such policies. The investigation took advantage of a scoping study technique to answer the research questions, using mostly secondary data and an interview to verify the secondary sources. The findings and the discussion provided insights on who is involved in resilience policies and how these policies are transferred from one place to another. The investigation uncovered the influence policy mobilizers has on the movement of policy knowledge, as well as how the mobilization of policy knowledge can both be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the way it was moved or implemented. / Under de senaste decennierna utgör det snabba föränderliga globala klimatet en betydande utmaning för många städer runt om i världen med att anamma motståndskraftskoncept, där en planeringsstrategi med säkerhet att misslyckas ersätter traditionella felsäkra metoder. Förändringen i perspektiv har ökat klimatanpassade infrastrukturprojekten som integrerats med nya stadsplaneringsagendorna över hela världen. Studien genomfördes för att få en förståelse av hur motståndskraftskonceptet färdas mellan olika städer och detta genomfördes genom att undersöka de aktörer som förflyttar politisk kunskap och deras roller i den samt den kunskapsöverföringsmekanism som är ansvarig för rörelsen av sådan politik. Studien utnyttjade en scoping-studieteknik för att få svar på forskningsfrågorna, med mestadels sekundär data och en intervju för att verifiera sekundärkällorna. Resultaten och diskussionen gav insikter om vem som är inblandad i motståndskraft och hur policy överförs från en plats till en annan. Studien avslöjade även inflytande av politiskt mobilisering och kunskap som både kan vara fördelaktig eller skadlig beroende på hur den flyttades eller genomfördes.

In response to climate change, economic instability, and rapid urbanization, the notion of urban resilience has gained prominence in city planning and governance. Urban resilience is the ability of a system to adapt to new baseline conditions developing as a result of disturbances. This study is focused on one of urban resilience’s sub-tenets, ecological resilience. Ecological resilience is the ability of a system to sustain ecosystem services following a disturbance (i.e. droughts, flooding, heat waves). The health of the environment prior to a disturbance informs post-disturbance ecological resilience. An already stressed and unbalanced system, or an ecosystem with degraded health, is predisposed to vulnerabilities and exposure to disturbances. Environmental injustice is a significant gauge of latent environmental harm, and subsequently degraded ecosystem functionality. This study explores the spatial distribution and correlation between socioeconomic and environmental burdens in the largest majority Black neighborhood in the City of Orlando, Parramore. Through a lens of environmental justice, identifying where environmental, social, and economic harm is amplified and who is affected provides greater contextual information for the focus of future resilience strategies, the process through which they are devised and implemented, and their connection to land use planning and policy.

[pt] Estimulado pela percepção de um crescente uso do termo “resiliência” em documentos oficiais, em ambientes acadêmicos e no vocabulário popular, o presente trabalho procura explorar as condições para a propagação do termo, assim como as consequências de seu uso em políticas públicas. O conceito, popularizado no contexto da disciplina da biologia, foi transportado para as ciências sociais a partir de uma aproximação entre as racionalidades da ecologia e da economia. Este movimento de aproximação resultou em uma nova concepção do mundo social como complexo, permeado por toda sorte de riscos, e habitado por sujeitos fundamentalmente vulneráveis. A ampla mobilização do conceito na Nova Agenda Urbana, principal documento da ONU-Habitat para a formulação de políticas urbanas, demonstra o grau de legitimidade conquistado pela ideia de resiliência urbana. Para melhor entendermos como esta ideia é invocada na prática, analisaremos seu uso nos contextos do Furacão Katrina, quando atingiu o sul dos Estados Unidos, em 2005, e no rompimento da barragem da Samarco em Mariana, ocorrido em 2015 em Minas Gerais. / [en] Encouraged by the perception of a growing use of the term resilience on official documents, in academic environments and in the popular vocabulary, the present work aims to explore the conditions for the dissemination of the term, as well as the consequences of its use in public policy discourses. The concept, which was popularized in the context of the biological sciences, was transported to the social sciences through a theoretical convergence between the rationalities of ecology and economy. This movement resulted on a new conception of the social world, in which it is conceived as complex, permeated by all sorts of risks, and populated by fundamentally vulnerable subjects. The wide employment of the concept by the New Urban Agenda, UN-Habitat s main document for urban policy formulation, demonstrates the degree of legitimacy that was conquered by the idea of an urban resilience. In order for us to better understand how the idea is evoked in practice, we will analyze its use in the contexts of Hurricane Katrina, when it hit the South of the United States, in 2005, and in the context of Samarco s dam rupture in Mariana, which took place in 2015, in Minas Gerais.

Amsterdam and Dhaka are two cities that represent the global north and the global south respectively. Both cities are, because of climate change, prone to heavy rain that can lead to flooding. Due to the fact that global north and global south are facing different challenges when it comes to implementing urban resilience, in combination with lack understanding of how policy of urban resilience is created, it leads to question if the global north and global south differ regarding their understanding of urban resilience. The purpose of this study was therefore to compare narratives of urban resilience in Amsterdam and Dhaka to explore if the understanding of urban resilience in various documents differ between the global north and global south. Therefore, the study aimed to provide an understanding of whether who describes urban resilience is important for how urban resilience is presented. This study applied socio-ecological theory to explain whether the strategies implemented can be characterized as transformative or adaptive approach to urban resilience. Further, the study was conducted using qualitative narrative analysis. Finally, this study shows that narrative of urban resilience differs between Amsterdam and Dhaka, which indicates that the narrator has an impact on the presentation of urban resilience. The study also shows that narrative of urban resilience has an impact on which strategies are employed. Finally, power also plays an important role in crisis management.

La succession de plus en plus fréquente d’événements catastrophiques a amené les sociétés à poser les conditions d’une gestion proactive des risques « naturels ». Ainsi, dans une perspective exploratoire, nous étudions les processus de planification du rétablissement postcatastrophe et la place qu’occupe le concept de résilience urbaine au sein des pratiques de cette planification et des contenus et produits qui en sont issus. Nous entamons plus spécifiquement une réflexion entourant l’intelligibilité et l’opérationnalisation de la résilience. Pour ce faire, nous examinons deux cas signifiants d’inondation dans l’historique nord-américain, soit celui de la Nouvelle-Orléans en Louisiane et celui de la ville québécoise de La Baie, ayant été respectivement victimes des ouragans Katrina et Rita en 2005 et des pluies diluviennes de 1996. Après avoir procédé à une brève mise en contexte des désastres éprouvés, de leurs effets et des vulnérabilités physico-spatiales qu’ils ont mis en exergue, nous mettons en parallèle les logiques institutionnelles précatastrophe d’aménagement du territoire, d’urbanisme et de gestion des risques des villes. Nous observons ensuite l’évolution des deux processus de planification du rétablissement et les enjeux et débats qui les ont caractérisés, pour terminer avec une exposition des changements résilients qui en ont émané. Les deux derniers chapitres démontrent que la qualité de résilience des villes est fortement influencée par leurs cultures politiques, administratives et législatives propres et leurs traditions urbanistiques. Bien qu’elles aient su élaborer une stratégie de prévention des risques, qui accepte les inondations plutôt que de tenter de s’y opposer à tout prix, elles n’ont toutefois pas saisi l’entièreté des opportunités qui s’offraient à elles. / A higher rate of catastrophic events has brought societies to set out the conditions of proactive “natural” risk management. As a result, and from an exploratory perspective, we are studying post-disaster recovery planning processes and the importance of the concept of urban resilience in these planning practices as well as the contents and products which stem from it. More specifically, we begin reflecting upon the intelligibility and operationalization of resilience. To do so, we will focus on two significant cases of flooding in North America: New Orleans, Louisiana, and the city of La Baie, Quebec, which were respectively victims of hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 and of torrential rain in 1996. After a brief contextualization of these disasters, of their effects and of the physico-spatial vulnerabilities that they highlighted, we will link pre-disaster institutional logic regarding territorial planning, urban planning, and city risk management. Next, we observe the evolution of these two recovery planning processes as well as their characteristic issues and debates, finishing with a overview of subsequent resiliency changes. The last two chapters demonstrate that the quality of resilience of cities is strongly influenced by political, administrative and legislative culture as well as urban traditions. While they were able to design risk prevention strategies which accept flooding rather than trying to oppose it at all costs, they did not fully grasp all the opportunities that were offered to them.

La succession de plus en plus fréquente d’événements catastrophiques a amené les sociétés à poser les conditions d’une gestion proactive des risques « naturels ». Ainsi, dans une perspective exploratoire, nous étudions les processus de planification du rétablissement postcatastrophe et la place qu’occupe le concept de résilience urbaine au sein des pratiques de cette planification et des contenus et produits qui en sont issus. Nous entamons plus spécifiquement une réflexion entourant l’intelligibilité et l’opérationnalisation de la résilience. Pour ce faire, nous examinons deux cas signifiants d’inondation dans l’historique nord-américain, soit celui de la Nouvelle-Orléans en Louisiane et celui de la ville québécoise de La Baie, ayant été respectivement victimes des ouragans Katrina et Rita en 2005 et des pluies diluviennes de 1996. Après avoir procédé à une brève mise en contexte des désastres éprouvés, de leurs effets et des vulnérabilités physico-spatiales qu’ils ont mis en exergue, nous mettons en parallèle les logiques institutionnelles précatastrophe d’aménagement du territoire, d’urbanisme et de gestion des risques des villes. Nous observons ensuite l’évolution des deux processus de planification du rétablissement et les enjeux et débats qui les ont caractérisés, pour terminer avec une exposition des changements résilients qui en ont émané. Les deux derniers chapitres démontrent que la qualité de résilience des villes est fortement influencée par leurs cultures politiques, administratives et législatives propres et leurs traditions urbanistiques. Bien qu’elles aient su élaborer une stratégie de prévention des risques, qui accepte les inondations plutôt que de tenter de s’y opposer à tout prix, elles n’ont toutefois pas saisi l’entièreté des opportunités qui s’offraient à elles. / A higher rate of catastrophic events has brought societies to set out the conditions of proactive “natural” risk management. As a result, and from an exploratory perspective, we are studying post-disaster recovery planning processes and the importance of the concept of urban resilience in these planning practices as well as the contents and products which stem from it. More specifically, we begin reflecting upon the intelligibility and operationalization of resilience. To do so, we will focus on two significant cases of flooding in North America: New Orleans, Louisiana, and the city of La Baie, Quebec, which were respectively victims of hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 and of torrential rain in 1996. After a brief contextualization of these disasters, of their effects and of the physico-spatial vulnerabilities that they highlighted, we will link pre-disaster institutional logic regarding territorial planning, urban planning, and city risk management. Next, we observe the evolution of these two recovery planning processes as well as their characteristic issues and debates, finishing with a overview of subsequent resiliency changes. The last two chapters demonstrate that the quality of resilience of cities is strongly influenced by political, administrative and legislative culture as well as urban traditions. While they were able to design risk prevention strategies which accept flooding rather than trying to oppose it at all costs, they did not fully grasp all the opportunities that were offered to them.