Despite a long history of urban planning, Kenyan towns are still characterized by informality, uncoordinated development, urban sprawl, and congestion. Government documents and reports acknowledge that, despite planning, no deliberate effort has been made to implement plans. Little is known about what impedes plan implementation in Kenya. This study sought to develop an in-depth understanding of the barriers to plan implementation from the perspectives of public officials responsible for planning. Using path dependency theory, forwarded by Pierson, and force field analysis, advanced by Lewin, the research questions focused on legal and institutional development, as well as on the nature of relationships between different actors as possible sources of hindrances to plan implementation. Data for this qualitative study accrued through reviews of documents relating to urban planning and interviews with officials in different categories, with a focus on three case cities: Nairobi, Nakuru, and Eldoret. A total of 14 participants, 10 from the city level, included county legislators; 4 from the national government level were interviewed. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively using multiple-level coding and direct interpretation to create themes. The themes that emerged included politics and vested interests, financial, legal regime, institutional setup, land tenure, and quality of the plans. Study findings may be useful in informing planning authorities on how to restructure the preparation and implementation of urban plans.

What is a periphery? We can think about this word in more than one way. First off, peripheries are places that exist as spatial conditions in cities, They indicate edges and places that have been left behind. Spaces that have lost their meaning. But in this thesis I will use the word in another way as well. What does the periphery mean for us today? What are those parts of our lives that have been marginalized, and how can we begin to reclaim what has been lost? It is the aim of this thesis to address these issues of the individual in a site that exists on the edge of Manhattan--a place physically separated from the city by means of a highway, and in so doing, redeem both a physical space as well as a place within ourselves. One way in which we as a society create this edge condition within ourselves centers around how we structure our time. How do we work? When do we work? And, conversely, when do we rest? An important part of our twenty-first century lives centers around our ability to be in constant communication. Recent advancements in communication technology are fast shaping the way in which we live, and, as a result, we have constructed a world in which productivity and communication are no longer limited by our physical place. For its many benefits, one problem created by this is that of a population simultaneously connected to the world, yet easily disconnected from their physical place. When do we turn off? And, more importantly, what are we missing by being so endlessly connected? In response to this situation, I feel that we as a society need moments of repose to restore balance in our lives. It is during these breaks in our day that we are better able to synthesize information, form memory and maintain balance between engagement and rest. By connecting our minds with our bodies, moments of repose serve as physical and mental experiences that ground us in place.

Gateway communities are the towns, cities, and communities that border public lands such as national and state parks, wildlife refuges, forests, historic sites, wilderness areas, national forests, and other public lands. They offer scenic beauty and a high quality of life that attracts millions of Americans looking to escape traffic congestion, fast tempo and uniformity of cities and suburbs. Gateway communities provide food, lodging, and business for Americans on their way to public lands. They serve as portals to public lands and therefore play an important role in defining the park, forest, or wilderness experience for many visitors. Their beauty, high quality of life, and economic benefits do not come easy. Gateway communities face challenges related to managing growth and development, providing economic prosperity, and preserving their character and sense of place. Parksville, TN is located in extreme southeast Tennessee and is a gateway community to the Cherokee National Forest and the Ocoee River, one of the premier whitewater rivers in the eastern United States. Many rural gateway communities, like Parksville, lack planning and growth strategies. For this reason, among others, they are particularly vulnerable to haphazard growth and development that threaten their economic potential as well as their character and sense of place. The struggles, problems, opportunities, and solutions for gateway communities are explored in this thesis to determine planning and design mechanisms applicable to Parksville. The product of this thesis is a master plan for growth and development as well as conservation and preservation. Embedded in the plan are strategies and mechanisms to build upon and improve the local economy and safeguard natural, cultural, and historic resources. “Proactive Stewardship Planning” is suggested as a useful term to accomplish these ideals.

The intention of this study is to analyze the economic impact of redeveloped Major League Baseball stadiums opened between 1991 and 2004. Using two empirical models, including an event study, this impact analysis captures the economic conditions of the cities during the opening year of the stadium, as well as the prior conditions leading up to the opening of the stadium, along with any lingering effects or gradual changes in conditions. The impact was measured in relation to the Metropolitan Statistical Areas corresponding to the 18 ballparks included, specifically looking at the impact on employment rates and per capita personal income. The common assumption is that stadium redevelopment will provide a positive impact on the surrounding community, initiating revitalization of urban neighborhoods as well as increasing job opportunities, income levels, and city revenues. While previous research on the effects of stadium development have mostly concluded that there is no positive or significant quantitative impact resulting from stadiums, this study shows that the boom of ballpark redevelopment may actually have positive effects, contrasting this prior research. With the results showing small, yet positive effects, the recent boom period may actually have been so far effective in initiating new development and revitalized culture in urban areas, and will therefore be useful in further developing future plans for modernizing and redeveloping baseball stadiums.

This thesis demonstrates that New Urbanism is both an advisable and feasible method for reducing carbon emissions to mitigate global climate change. New Urban areas commonly generate lower carbon emissions compared to conventional suburban development due to lower car use and higher levels of walking and use of other forms of transportation. Economic and political feasibility of New Urban development is determined by analyzing case studies, housing price premia, financing, and fiscal impact. The many contexts and perspectives involved in the planning process are analyzed to determine if New Urbanism is advisable in the larger setting in which developers, advocates, and governments operate. In order to enable the planning strategy to achieve a more positive effect and become more widespread, key policy changes and strategic enactment measures are delineated. This thesis finds that New Urbanism has very strong potential to have a significant positive impact on urban sustainability.

People who live in cities are far more likely to suffer the physical and psychological effects of urban environments--high noise levels, automobile emissions, toxic industrial waste, crowded living conditions, and a general scarcity of open space. Combating these issues, public parks do more than provide recreational space. They are fundamental to any efforts focusing on urban revitalization, social justice, and sustainability. In downtown Los Angeles, public parks are rare, especially in low-income communities. Several new public parks have reclaimed abandoned land, unwelcoming spaces, and the City’s brownfields. After years of intense private use and neglect, spent land has been reinvigorated as green communal space. This study focuses on Vista Hermosa Natural Park, Grand Park, and Los Angeles State Historic Park. It combines previous research with site visits and interviews that explore the degree of success these recent reclamation movements have experienced and if there are any lessons learned than can be applied elsewhere. My conclusion is that the reclamation movement in Los Angeles is largely successful, especially when parks feature multiple benefits such as ecological restoration, recreational enhancement, and cultural engagement. But the less community involvement and public accessibility any reclaimed park has, the less success a park will have in alleviating spatial injustice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseWJG.pdf: 2710576 bytes, checksum: e615b12c152b4bacde3fbc05af5527be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 / Although public politics determine priorities in the evaluation of the development and in the accomplishment of the human well-being, this work considers the possibility in evaluating the degree of satisfaction of the population, based on the priorities and indicators from the population perspective. The subject assumes extreme outlines when related to the correct use of the public resources and of the failure of municipal programs destined to the residents mainly inserted in the urban outlying space. Evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of the population comes as a strategy to evaluate the impacts produced by the investments - publics or private - in projects of social development. In this study the population of a recent outlying neighborhood (Social Division into lots Antenor Garcia), of the city of São Carlos, SP, with approximately five thousand inhabitants, was considered. With base in the answers for a single open and synthetic question: What does you like and unlike in the neighborhood in what you live? ", a questionnaire with seventy six subjects contained in six variables: Health; Social; Education and Recreation; Safety; Habitation and Environment; and Transports, was elaborated. As for the form of the scale of the questionnaire it was adopted of the type LIKERT, with referencial of OSGOOD, with answers induced for Totally Disagree (DT); "Disagree Partially" (DP); "Without Opinion" (SO); "Agree Partially" (CP) or Totally Agree (CT). The consistence measures among the correlations were made with base in the coefficient Alpha of CRONBACH, that resulted in: medium to high correlation (>0.66) for internal analysis to the variables; and medium correlation (0.46), for inter-variable analysis - function of the correlated aspects (e.g. Safety versus Health). The variable Transports were the one that presented smaller degree of satisfaction - probably due to distance of the neighborhood downtown of São Carlos. While the item public illumination which belongs to the variable Habitation and Environment was the one with best degree of satisfaction - probably due to the appeal of some of the aspects of safety manifested by the habitants of this suburb. One expects that this methodology comes to contribute to deal with the conflict between the interests of the population and the urban planning, in way to understand and to assist the real needs of those populations, in the application of the public resources. / Apesar das políticas públicas tratarem de fixar prioridades na avaliação do desenvolvimento e na realização do bem-estar humano, este trabalho considera a possibilidade em avaliar o grau de satisfação da população, com base nas prioridades e indicadores sugeridos pela própria população. A questão assume contornos extremos quando relacionada ao uso correto dos recursos públicos e do insucesso de programas municipais destinados principalmente aos moradores inseridos no espaço periférico urbano. A Avaliação do Grau de Satisfação da população se apresenta como uma estratégia para avaliar os impactos produzidos pelos investimentos públicos ou privados em projetos de desenvolvimento social. Neste estudo foi considerada a população de um bairro periférico recente (Loteamento Social Antenor Garcia), do município de São Carlos, SP, com aproximadamente cinco mil habitantes. Com base nas respostas para uma única pergunta aberta e sintética: O que te agrada e incomoda no bairro em que vive? , foi elaborado um questionário com setenta e seis questões agrupadas em seis variáveis: Habitação e Ambiente; Saúde; Educação e Lazer; Transportes; Segurança; Social. Quanto à forma da escala do questionário adotou-se a do tipo LIKERT, com referencial de OSGOOD, com respostas induzidas para Discordo Totalmente (DT); Discordo Parcialmente (DP); Sem Opinião (SO); Concordo Parcialmente (CP) ou Concordo Totalmente (CT). As medidas de consistência entre as correlações foram feitas com base no coeficiente Alfa de CRONBACH, que resultaram em: média a alta correlação (> 0,66), para análises internas às variáveis; e média correlação (0,46), para análises inter-variáveis função dos aspectos correlacionados (ex. Segurança x Saúde). Os dados mostraram que a variável Transportes foi a que apresentou menor grau de satisfação provavelmente devido a distância do bairro em relação ao centro da cidade de São Carlos. Enquanto que a questão iluminação do bairro pertencente a variável Habitação e Ambiente foi considerada a com maior grau de satisfação provavelmente explicado pelo apelo à segurança que os moradores desse bairro manifestam. Espera-se que esse trabalho possa contribuir na aplicação dos recursos públicos, no tratamento do conflito entre os interesses da população e o planejamento urbano, de modo a entender e atender as reais necessidades dessas populações.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a disponibilidade domiciliar de energia, nutrientes e carotenóides para as famílias brasileiras residentes nas áreas rurais e urbanas, das grandes Regiões Geográficas e do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações individuais obtidas por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2002- 2003) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Para a elaboração dos cálculos referentes ao conteúdo de energia e nutrientes, utilizou-se o software Virtual Nutri. Adotou-se como parâmetro para a avaliação da participação de macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total- VET e disponibilidade de vitaminas e minerais os valores preconizados pelo Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004). Para a identificação do conteúdo de carotenóides, adotouse as informações contidas na tabela Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 19 - United States of Department Agriculture (USDA). A disponibilidade média diária de energia e nutrientes foi calculada utilizando o programa Statistical Analysis System – SAS. Os resultados revelam reduzida disponibilidade (domiciliar) de energia para as famílias, particularmente para aquelas moradoras nas áreas urbanas. No tocante à situação identificada para os grupamentos residentes nas áreas rurais foi observada expressiva participação de carboidratos no VET, principalmente nos domicílios das Regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste e do Distrito Federal. A participação de macronutrientes energéticos para o total de energia disponível nos domicílios urbanos, da totalidade das Regiões, revelou-se em conformidade com os intervalos preconizados. A disponibilidade de vitaminas A, B1 e B2 nos domicílios brasileiros atendeu aos valores adotados como referência nesta pesquisa. Com relação à vitamina C, vitamina B6, vitamina B12, folacina e ácido pantotênico, a totalidade das famílias brasileiras integrantes da amostra teve acesso a quantidades inferiores àquelas consideradas ideais. No tocante aos minerais, o conteúdo disponível de cálcio, magnésio, zinco e potássio revelou-se reduzido. O acesso aos carotenóides mostrou-se insuficiente para as famílias brasileiras. Contudo, é interessante destacar que o conteúdo médio de β-caroteno, luteína e zeaxantina, carotenóides pró-vitamínicos A e carotenóides totais identificados para as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais, superou aquele verificado nos domicílios localizados nas áreas urbanas. Por outro lado, as famílias residentes nessas áreas dispõem de maiores quantidades de α-caroteno, β-criptoxantina e licopeno. Nos domicílios rurais da Região Sul, verifica-se a maior disponibilidade (total) de carotenóides, comparativamente ao acesso das famílias residentes nas demais Regiões brasileiras. Conclui-se que no país há ocorrência de diferentes padrões alimentares, com variações mais expressivas quando são distinguidos os dados de acordo com as Regiões Geográficas e os setores (urbano e rural) onde vivem as famílias. A disponibilidade média, nos domicílios, de expressivo rol de nutrientes inferior aos valores de referência, torna urgente a busca de estratégias que contribuam para o acesso adequado aos alimentos e promovam a melhoria dos hábitos e o padrão de consumo alimentar da população brasileira. Ressalta-se, que as análises restringiram-se à aquisição alimentar domiciliar, e a realização de pesquisas que identifiquem a contribuição nutricional proveniente da alimentação realizada fora do domicílio é essencial para o estabelecimento das estratégias. / The aim of this work was to analyze the availability of energy, nutrients and carotenoids for resident Brazilian families in the rural and urban areas according to Geographic Regions and Federal District. Individual information obtained through the Family Budget Survey (POF 2002- 2003), applied by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) was used as database. For the energy and nutrients analyses, the software Virtual Nutri was used. As a parameter for the assessment of qualitative analysis in Total Energy Value (VET) and the evaluation of the availability of vitamins and minerals, recommendations prescribed by the Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004) were adopted. In relation to the evaluation of the carotenoids content in foods, the information contained on the table Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 19 - United States of Department Agriculture (USDA) was adopted. The resources of software Statistical Analysis System – SAS were used to calculate the average availability of nutrients. The results present reduced availability of energy for the Brazilian families and particularly for people who live in urban areas. Among the resident families in the rural areas, there was a higher participation of the carbohydrates in the VET, mainly for those ones located in North, Northeast, Southeast Regions and Federal District. The participation of macronutrients in the VET, for the families who live in urban residences and for the total of the Regions, were in compliance with the recommended values. The availability of vitamins A, B1 and B2, for the total of families, reached the recommendation adopted as reference in this research. In relation to vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folacin and pantothen acid, the Brazilian families had access to quantities which are lower than the recommendations. Regarding the minerals, the content of calcium, magnesium, zinc and potassium showed were reduced. The access to carotenoids was insufficient in the Brazilian residences. However, it is very interesting to mention that the average content of β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, provitamins A and the total identified carotenoids for the families who live in rural areas was higher than that one verified in the residences located in the urban areas. On the other hand, the families who live in the urban areas dispose of higher amounts of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene. In rural residences of the South Region, it is verified a higher availability of carotenoids (total) when compared to the contents observed in the residences located in others Regions of the country. The conclusion is that there are different food standards in the country which vary according to the analyzed data, considering the Geographic Regions and the sectors (urban and rural), where the families live. Due to the average availability in the residences, where some nutrients were lower than the values in reference, it is necessary an urgent search for strategies that contribute for the access to foods and the improvement of the habits and the food standards of the Brazilian population. It is very important to mention that the analyses are restricted to residence acquisition and the accomplishment of research that identifies the nutrition contribution of food away from home is essential for the establishment of the strategies.

O crescimento no número de hortas urbanas em todo o mundo tem desempenhado um papel importante no fortalecimento de sistemas alimentares urbanos mais sustentáveis. Embora as hortas urbanas ofereçam múltiplos benefícios à sociedade, ainda não é claro em até que medida os vegetais cultivados são contaminados pela absorção de elementos químicos e compostos orgânicos provenientes de deposições atmosféricas, levantando questões sobre o quão seguro é o cultivo de alimentos em metrópoles superlativas. Esta tese foi elaborada com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da poluição do ar em vegetais folhosos cultivados em hortas urbanas na cidade de São Paulo. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de 17 elementos químicos (relacionados ao tráfego veicular e à biologia vegetal) e 16 hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (HPAs) absorvidos nas folhas da Brassica oleracea var. acephala (couve) e Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (espinafre). Para verificar a correlação entre os elementos químicos encontrados nos espinafres/couves e os presentes no material particulado atmosférico foram expostos simultaneamente aos vegetais exemplares de Tillandsia usneoides L. (Bromeliaceae). Além disso, utilizamos dois métodos de biomonitoramento: as frequências de micronúcleos em tétrades de Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. cv. \"Purpurea\" Boom (Trad-MCN) como um indicador de curto prazo de resposta genotóxica à poluição atmosférica, e também o uso de cascas de árvores para quantificar a acumulação de elementos químicos relacionados ao tráfego veicular a longo prazo nas regiões circundantes das hortas. Análises multivariadas foram utilizadas para correlacionar as concentrações elementares, os resultados de biomonitoramento e as características do ambiente urbano local, como variáveis meteorológicas, tráfego e obstáculos verticais adjacentes aos jardins. Encontramos diferenças significativas nas concentrações elementares dos vegetais nas diferentes hortas comunitárias. Essas diferenças foram relacionadas ao tráfego veicular, obstáculos verticais e clima local. As concentrações de Pb e Cd em ambos os vegetais excederam os valores-limite para o consumo após 60 dias de exposição. Observou-se uma forte correlação entre a concentração de elementos relacionados ao tráfego nos vegetais e nos exemplares de Tillandsia usneoides L.. A frequência de Trad-MCN apresentou uma correlação significativa com as variáveis de tráfego e elementos químicos relacionados à ressuspensão de poeira (road dust) e emissão por escape veicular depositados nas cascas de árvores. Foram observadas associações negativas entre Trad-MCN e a distância de vias de tráfego veicular intenso, bem como a presença de obstáculos verticais no entorno das hortas. As concentrações de Mn/Zn presentes nas cascas de árvores foram associadas com o aumento de Trad-MCN. Os níveis de HPAs em ambos os vegetais nos períodos de 45 dias foram < 1 ug kg-1. A poluição do ar proveniente do tráfego veicular influencia diretamente a absorção de elementos químicos em vegetais folhosos e as concentrações desses elementos podem exceder os valores recomendados para o consumo humano / Urban vegetable gardens have steadily increased worldwide playing a significant role in the strengthening of sustainable urban food systems. Although urban gardens provide multiple benefits to society, the extent to which vegetables are contaminated by the absorption of chemical elements and compounds derived from atmospheric deposition is unclear raising questions about how safe is the cultivation of foods in superlative metropolises. This thesis was designed to evaluate the influence of air pollution on leafy vegetables cultivated in gardens of São Paulo, Brazil. We quantified the concentrations of 17 elements (traffic-related and those essential to plant biology) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) absorbed in the edible tissues of Brassica oleracea var. acephala (collard greens) and Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (spinach). In addition, to verify a correlation between the chemical elements found in collard greens/spinach and those from air pollution particles, we simultaneously exposed specimens of the air plant Tillandsia usneoides L. (Bromeliaceae). Also, we evaluated the use of two biomonitoring methods: the micronuclei frequencies for early tetrads of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. cv. \"Purpurea\" Boom (hereafter, Trad-MCN) as a short-term indicator of genotoxic response and tree barks to quantify the accumulation of traffic-related chemical elements as a long-term biomarker of air pollution in urban gardens. Multivariate analysis was used to correlate the elemental concentrations, biomonitoring results and the characteristics of the local urban environment, such as weather variables, traffic burden and vertical obstacles adjacent to the gardens. We found significant differences in the elemental concentrations of the vegetables in the different community gardens. These differences were related to the vehicular traffic, vertical obstacles and local weather. Pb and Cd concentrations in both vegetables exceeded the limit values for consumption after 60 days of exposure. A strong correlation was observed between the concentration of traffic-related elements in vegetables and in Tillandsia usneoides L. The frequency of Trad-MCN had a significant correlation with traffic variables and chemical elements related to road dust and tailpipe emissions deposited in tree barks. Negative associations between Trad-MCN and both the distance through traffic and the presence of vertical obstacles were observed in the vegetable gardens. The Mn and Zn concentration in tree barks were associated with increased Trad-MCN. The levels of PAHs in both vegetables over 45-day periods were < 1 ug kg-1. Air pollution exerts a direct influence in the absorption of urban particles, which may reach levels above the recommended values for consumption

À travers l’exemple de la Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB), nous proposons d’étudier les pratiques communicationnelles déployées à l’échelle intercommunale pour donner l’impulsion à une action collective territoriale coordonnée. Précisément, nous analysons le cas de la mobilisation des communes de la CUB autour du projet « pionniers du climat ». Celui-ci promeut un mode de vie plus écologique à l’échelle du territoire communautaire. Dans ce cadre, la thèse interroge les facteurs explicatifs de la relation entre la communication intercommunale et la mobilisation territoriale favorable à la lutte contre le changement climatique. Par suite, pour aborder notre matériel empirique, trois approches théoriques ont été convoquées : les théories de l’action collective (Snow & Benford, 1986 ; Neveu, 2005 ; Céfaï, 2007 ; Contamin, 2009) ; la communication engageante ET instituante (Bernard, 2010) ; et la communication des organisations publiques (Zémor, 2004 ; Sfez ; 2007 ; Bessières, 2008). En outre, d’un point de vue méthodologique, deux outils de collecte de données ont été retenus : l’entretien semi-directif et l’observation en situation afin de mieux comprendre les rapports que les parties prenantes de l’opération « pionniers du climat » entretiennent avec les enjeux et problématiques complexes de la communication territoriale en faveur des questions climatiques. En définitive, il ressort de nos analyses que la communication intercommunale sur le changement climatique s’inscrit dans une dynamique processuelle, laquelle vacille entre stratégies et paradoxes. Une situation qui nous amène à discuter la thèse des discordances communicationnelles en tant que levier de la lutte territoriale contre le changement climatique. / This research aims at addressing, through the example of the Urban Community of Bordeaux (UCB), the topic of communication practices regarding climate change, and more generally the issue of finding the right way to communicate in the scope of a coordinated action by a local authority. In particular, it will tackle the implementation of practices and strategies to mobilize locals actors (mainly municipalities) around the “pioneers of climate” project, a program launched to promote environmentally friendly behaviors. In this context, our thesis seeks to provide insight into the relation between territorial communication and the collective action against climate change. Three theoretical approaches were adopted to analyze the empirical data: commitment communication AND instituted paradigm (Bernard, 2010) ; theories of collective action (Snow & Benford, 1986 ; Neveu, 2005; Céfaï 2007 ; Contamin, 2009) ; and theory of public communication (Zémor 2004 ; Sfez, 2007 Bessières, 2008). The applied methodology includes the use of two qualitative method tools (semi-directive interview and participant observation) to help us grasp the relationship between local actors and the complex issues of territorial communication to fight against climate change. Through this research, it appeared to us that climate change communication in the UCB is part of a dynamic process, which vacillates between strategies and paradoxes. This situation leads us to discuss the theory of communicative discrepancies as way to fight against climate change.