Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-29T16:34:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Katharine.pdf: 745954 bytes, checksum: 6ffdc5ffe38a41118651ffa034f02037 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-05-17T18:33:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Katharine.pdf: 745954 bytes, checksum: 6ffdc5ffe38a41118651ffa034f02037 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-17T18:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Katharine.pdf: 745954 bytes, checksum: 6ffdc5ffe38a41118651ffa034f02037 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Esta é uma tese de doutorado, construída sob a forma de Pesquisaação, que discute a Formação Continuada realizada em um Programa Municipal de Esporte e Lazer, na cidade do Recife. Ela reflete sobre a importância da educação no e para o tempo livre e o papel fundamental da Formação Continuada construída como espaço de discussão teórica, no sentido da ampliação dos conhecimentos dos sujeitos responsáveis pela intervenção pedagógica junto às comunidades, e como espaço de construção efetiva de um Programa capaz de garantir, democratizar e ampliar o acesso ao esporte e lazer por todos os segmentos da população. A Formação Continuada a que este trabalho se refere, se deu através de um processo coletivo de construção entre os sujeitos que fazem parte do Programa Círculos Populares de Esporte e Lazer, em Reuniões Pedagógicas e Específicas semanais; em Encontros de Formação Continuada anuais e na participação em Seminários e Eventos de caráter científico e/ou político no âmbito da educação e do lazer. Sendo desta forma construído, este modelo de Formação Continuada garantiu que gestores, estagiários, professores e agentes comunitários de esporte e lazer pudessem criar novas possibilidades de trabalho em comunidade com a área de esporte e lazer, que superassem alguns elementos que limitam a atuação, advindos de valores situados na lógica do capital, presentes na experiência empírica e nas experiências de formação (inicial ou continuada) a que estes sujeitos estiveram expostos anteriormente. Isso porque este modelo de Formação Continuada buscou desenvolver, através da garantia da participação de todos, na sua construção contínua, o desenvolvimento de uma ação humana pautada na liberdade de reflexão. Sendo construído desta forma, o processo de Formação Continuada realizado garantiu que além de acesso ao conhecimento, este fosse também um espaço contínuo de avaliação e planejamento das ações, bem como da sistematização destas no sentido de servir como novos elementos para a reflexão dos educadores. A partir desta pesquisa-ação, concluímos que a Formação Continuada é um espaço fundamental para a construção de políticas públicas voltadas para a educação, se esta for construída numa relação coletiva e através de uma atitude de liberdade por todos os sujeitos envolvidos. E este trabalho vem se somar com outros desenvolvidos o Grupo LEPEL/FACED/UFBA ? Estudo e Pesquisa em Educação Física & Esporte e Lazer, da Linha de Pesquisa ? Educação, Cultura Corporal e Lazer do Programa de Pós-graduação da UFBA. / Salvador

La révélation de l’origine anthropique des changements climatiques et l’ampleur inédite de ce phénomène ont fait émerger la nécessité de réponse politique pour y faire face. L’adaptation aux changements climatiques (ACC) constitue l’une des réponses formulées par la communauté internationale pour répondre au problème climat. Si le dérèglement anthropique du climat est un problème environnemental planétaire, les effets se manifestent de l’échelle globale jusqu’au niveau très local. Malgré les incertitudes durables associées à ce problème climatique, différentes formes d’injonction législative et politique incitent aujourd’hui les acteurs locaux à intégrer les effets des CC dans leurs politiques territoriales. Les modalités de construction de ces adaptations aux changements climatiques restent toutefois encore largement méconnues. Cette thèse cherche ainsi à comprendre les modalités de déclinaison territoriale de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans l’action publique locale. En s’appuyant sur quatre études de cas, aux échelles territoriales et aux caractéristiques différentes, la thèse vérifie, d’une part, l’hypothèse d’une nécessaire territorialisation de l’ACC, conduisant à des formulations différenciées des réponses locales d’adaptation. D’autre part, ce sont les conséquences de l’intégration de l’ACC sur les façons de faire et de penser les politiques d’aménagement qui sont appréhendées à l’échelle locale. / The revelation of anthropogenic climate changes and the unprecedented scale of this phenomenon led to the emergence of policy responses to deal with. Adaptation to Climate Change (ACC) is one of the responses promoted by the international community to solve the climate problem. If the anthropic climate changes are a global environmental problem, their effects occur from the overall scale to the very local level. In spite of irreducible uncertainties associated to the phenomenon, different forms of legislative and political injunction encourage local actors to incorporate the effects of climate changes in their territorial policies. However, the ways of elaborating local adaptation policy are still largely unknown. This thesis seeks to understand and point out the “territorialization” dynamics of local public action in the field of adaptation.Our two hypothesis deals with, on the one hand, the necessary regionalization of climate change adaptation, leading to differentiated formulations of local responses to adaptation. On the other hand, our research seeks to appreciate the consequences of the integration of climate change adaptation on ways of thinking planning policies. To demonstration these assumptions, we base our analysis on four case studies led at various scales and presenting different characteristics.

The goal of this study was to develop Multinomial Logit models for the mode choice behavior of immigrants, with key focuses on neighborhood effects and behavioral assimilation. The first aspect shows the relationship between social network ties and immigrants’ chosen mode of transportation, while the second aspect explores the gradual changes toward alternative mode usage with regard to immigrants’ migrating period in the United States (US). Mode choice models were developed for work, shopping, social, recreational, and other trip purposes to evaluate the impacts of various land use patterns, neighborhood typology, socioeconomic-demographic and immigrant related attributes on individuals’ travel behavior. Estimated coefficients of mode choice determinants were compared between each alternative mode (i.e., high-occupancy vehicle, public transit, and non-motorized transport) with single-occupant vehicles. The model results revealed the significant influence of neighborhood and land use variables on the usage of alternative modes among immigrants. Incorporating these indicators into the demand forecasting process will provide a better understanding of the diverse travel patterns for the unique composition of population groups in Florida.

Planner, conservationist, forester, and geographer Emile Benton MacKaye envisioned a revolutionary, extensive foot trail that would promote the interaction between communities throughout the United States' distinctive eastern region. His 1921 plan for the Appalachian Trail (A.T.) focused on balancing the basic requirements for life in and out of the urban context by developing an ‘indigenous’ environment and developmental mold (Bower 1962, 372). However, almost a century has passed, and MacKaye's approach to the planning process, organization, environmental development, and the rural economy remains hidden beneath the mountain forest canopy extending from Maine to Georgia. Four of the forty-nine designated communities in the A.T. CommunityTM program today were analyzed to determine if and which aspects of Benton MacKaye's original vision of regional planning were achieved 100 years later. On-the-ground observations were collected through informal interactions with A.T. CommunityTM Supporters, unaffiliated businesses and organizations, and locals while traveling to each of the four A.T. regions, defined by the A.T. Conservancy (ATC). It was essential to understand if the designations transformed trailside neighborhoods into outdoor recreational and social hubs and shifted community perspectives toward the Trail and the ATC. Although most people think of the A.T. purely in terms of the opportunities it provides for outdoor and wilderness experiences, it is also perceived as a critical focus for communities' economic growth and vitality. The research reveals that the program and its complimentary ‘Supporter’ system for local businesses are ineffective. The ATC branded these trail towns. Yet, no elements of MacKaye’s vision or community improvements have truly been recognized following A.T. CommunityTM designations within the last decade. Regardless of geographic, temporal, internal, and physical aspects, this outcome was consistent in all four case study communities (Monson-ME, Harpers Ferry-Bolivar-WV, Damascus-VA, and Hot Springs-NC).

Events or forces of nature with catastrophic consequences, or "natural disasters," have increased in both frequency and force due to climate change and increased urbanization in climate-sensitive areas. To create capacity to face these dangers, an entity must first quantify the threat and translate scientific knowledge on nature into comprehensible estimates of cost and loss. These estimates equip those at risk with knowledge to enact policy, formulate mitigation plans, raise awareness, and promote preparedness in light of potential destruction. Hazards-United States, or Hazus, is one such tool created by the federal government to estimate loss from a variety of threats, including earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. Private and governmental agencies use Hazus to provide information and support to enact mitigation measures, craft plans, and create insurance assessments; hence the results of Hazus can have lasting and irreversible effects once the hazard in question occurs. This thesis addresses this problem and sheds light on the obvious and deterministic failings of Hazus in the context of the probable earthquake in Portland, OR; stripping away the tool's black box and exposing the grim vulnerabilities it fails to account for. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, this thesis aims to examine the critical flaws within Hazus and the omitted vulnerabilities particular to the Portland region and likely relevant in other areas of study. Second and more nationally applicable, this thesis intends to examine the influence Hazus outputs can have in the framing of seismic risk by the non-expert public. Combining the problem of inadequate understanding of risk in Portland with the questionable faith in Hazus alludes to a larger, socio-technical situation in need of attention by the academic and hazard mitigation community. This thesis addresses those issues in scope and adds to the growing body of literature on defining risk, hazard mitigation, and the consequences of natural disasters to urban environments.

This mixed-methods study addresses the relationship between the availability of food and realized food access by studying the retail food landscape of Holyoke, Massachusetts – a small, socio-economically diverse city. While a large body of empirical research finds that low-income communities and communities of color are especially likely to lack adequate access to healthy foods and experience increased vulnerability to food insecurity, few studies explore urban food environments through a mixed-methods case study approach. Through the use of food store mapping, store audits, and resident interviews, this research is a nascent attempt to articulate how the unique development histories and cultural politics of urban neighborhoods affect food access. The analysis finds that local food environments in Holyoke vary by social and spatial context. The study further considers how health and stability of a community is affected by the distribution and variety of food retail stores. In particular the study articulates the constructs of race and class in the food environment via the spatial mismatch of preferred food stores, mobility challenges, and the role of small urban food stores in the context of Holyoke’s foodscape. Implications for local food security policy are discussed.

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is one of the leading causes of water quality problems in the United States. Bioretention has become one of the more frequently used stormwater management practices for addressing NPS pollution in urbanized watersheds in New England. Yet despite increased acceptance, bioretention is not widely practiced. This study explores and evaluates the efficacy of bioretention for protecting urban water quality. This research found that numerous monitoring methods are used by researchers and industry experts to assess the effectiveness of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) and low impact development (LID) practices that include bioretention. The two most common methods for analyzing and evaluating water quality data are pollutant removal efficiency and effluent quality. While effluent quality data is useful for characterizing classes of BMP treatment performance on a statistical basis, pollutant removal efficiency is more representative of the actual pollutant load being reduced by the stormwater treatment practice over time, and is used in Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) assessments. However, despite this difference, monitoring is still arguably the best method for determining the effectiveness of stormwater treatment practices. Monitoring of bioretention performance results is needed to inform improvements to design standards and guidance to aid state and local municipalities in the proper selection of bioretention/stormwater controls. This study advocates for instituting fine-scale, “safe-to-fail” design experiments as part of an adaptive management process that is used to advance bioretention design guidance and future applications of monitoring practice(s) that target reduction of pollutants in downstream receiving waterbodies. This innovative approach could result in increased use of bioretention in New England urban environments.

The City of Springfield, Massachusetts is one of the largest cities in western Massachusetts, and was established on the Connecticut River for trading and as a fur-collecting post. In 18th and early 19th century, it experienced an industrial boom and became a regional financial center. Springfield became a major railroad center and grew to become the regional center for banking, finance, and courts. However, in mid-19th century Springfield suffered due to the flooding of the Connecticut River and the disinvestment in industry. These resulted in an urban sprawl as people started moving away from heart of the city. Now, once again, the city is trying to revitalize its downtown and neighboring areas to attract people by improving different types of social and cultural amenities. In this thesis, the author studies the relation of the city with its natural asset ‘The Connecticut Riverfront’ which can be a great place to attract people towards the heart of the city. The author has also researched the various reasons causing this natural asset to be underutilized for several years. In addition, the author also explores the possibilities of connecting the Springfield downtown to the riverfront, providing safe and undisturbed access mainly to pedestrians, physically challenged people, and bike riders. Research shows that the existing transportation paths are the major barriers discouraging people from reaching the riverfront. In order to overcome this problem, a design solution is proposed including a safe, pedestrian-friendly link from the downtown area to the riverfront mitigating all the transportation paths such as highway, high speed traffic roads, and railway tracks. The proposed link will give encouragement to local artist and will also aim to boost local businesses by providing sites for museums, exhibitions, art galleries, food courts, and retail shops. This structure will not only improve the accessibility but it will also provide public open spaces where people can gather for various activities and can also enjoy the scenic view of the riverfront. In Addition, local people can also enjoy the water viewing restaurant and bar overlooking Connecticut River. Lastly, this connecting link lays the foundation for further development of the riverfront area due to increased accessibility to this asset.

Political boundaries make watershed planning difficult despite the influence of many state and federal programs. Broad, top-down, watershed initiatives fail to reach many municipalities due to human resources, time and legalities. Thus, a watershed ecosystem based approach to city planning should be utilized in order to integrate a holistic and scientific foundation for land use decisions. However, there is a need for research for developing and applying a watershed approach to urbanizing watersheds. The goal of this study is to provide a series of science based transferable recommendations upon which municipalities can make land use planning decisions. These recommendations are informed by a watershed modeling and prioritization study conducted with the community of Northampton, Massachusetts. Analyses of water resource planning options were made concerning future development scenarios using an approach which links water quality and quantity, land use and government. A required component of the ecosystem approach, stakeholder participation, applied the Deliberative Attribute Prioritization Procedure (DAPP) for the first time in this context to assess the relative of different environmental concerns. The results of these stakeholder focus groups showed the importance of several key attributes including land use, water quality, water quantity, and impacts to neighborhing communities that were utilized in the watershed models. This thesis provides an integrated tool for water resource planning at the municipal level. However, without the effective transfer of these recommendations into existing policies like zoning, the results of the study have limited use. Therefore implementation of recommendations within municipal planning documents is an important component. This information will be utilized to evaluate priority water resource protection overlays by providing quantitative information and decision making within a community. A citywide watershed model and analysis used to guide policy-making and decision-making will assist in fulfilling the community of Northampton’s continuing commitment to work toward economic, environmental, and equitable sustainability, as well as provide a model for other communities.

This thesis identifies and explores the effects that new parking strategies and policies could have on transit-oriented development (TOD) success levels. Additionally, it makes the case for TOD parking regulation reform, and is designed to educate planners and stakeholders on how to successfully and responsibly shape parking regulation in the planning and implementation process, so that land use in the region allows the synergistic provision of sustainable transportation specifically to the Boston region. Transit-Oriented Development is viewed and defined differently throughout research and literature, with its most common traits being compact, mixed use development near transit facilities and high-quality walking environments. Due to automobile dependency in the United States, developments (including TOD) are required to provide a specific level of parking to accommodate automobile usage. Excessive provision of parking decreases urban density, walkability, housing affordability, and transit ridership. In order to comply with governmental regulations and still meet TOD goals and objectives, expensive measures such as parking garages are implemented to accommodate automobile users, leading to a less affordable development and smaller profit margins for developers. An assessment of land use characteristics around transit stations, literature pertaining to TOD and current parking regulations and policies is conducted. Best practices and strategies are proposed with the overall goal of decreasing automobile-dependency and its impacts on the urban environment. Due to TOD’s heavy reliance on extensive transit systems, the focus of the study is specifically on the 101 cities and towns in the Boston metropolitan region. Somerville, MA, which contains previous transit-oriented developments and future projects in the design process, is used as a case study for transit-oriented development.