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Esta pesquisa busca compreender como as narrativas sobre Porto Alegre são construídas na literatura contemporânea do século XXI. A arte e a literatura participam da construção simbólica por meio de processos dinâmicos, despertam os sentidos, qualificam os imaginários e produzem representações sobre a cidade. As representações sociais, a memória e a cultura, o senso comum, o imaginário social e os imaginários urbanos, são elementos fundamentais para compreender as narrativas produzidas e identificar as representações que formam o imaginário da cidade. Este estudo analisa três obras da literatura brasileira contemporânea sobre Porto Alegre: Quarenta Dias, Imóveis Paredes e Meia Noite e Vinte. A partir daí foram construídos “croquis” simbólicos e mapas representacionais sobre a cidade. Os procedimentos metodológicos aplicados são: levantamento e análise de elementos simbólicos que formam os imaginários da cidade por meio de análise temática e de conteúdo; enquadramento histórico-literário; análise e coleta de citações para formulação de mapas representacionais e “croqui” das obras analisadas. Conclui-se que as narrativas literárias sobre Porto Alegre descrevem uma cidade caótica, de temperaturas extremas, insegura, dominada por desigualdades sociais e pela especulação imobiliária; despreza o patrimônio histórico e arquitetônico Em contraponto, discursos nostálgicos de um tempo recente, descrevem uma cidade segura, pacífica e rica em ofertas culturais quando regida por gestões populares. Ideais de bem viver são também evocados por ações simples e significativas como caminhar pelas ruas para ressignificar a cidade. As representações sobre Porto Alegre nas narrativas literárias contemporâneas se aproximam das narrativas sobre a cidade, veiculadas por diferentes meios (rádio, TV, jornal impresso, entre outros). / This research aims to comprehend how stories about Porto Alegre are elaborated in contemporary literature of the 21st century. Art and literature take part in the symbolic construction via dynamic processes, awaken the senses, qualify the imaginaires and produce representations about the city. Social representations, memory and culture, common sense, the social imaginary and urban imaginaries are elements of utmost importance in comprehending the produced stories and identifying the representations which form the city's imaginaire. This study analyzes works of contemporary Brazilian literature about Porto Alegre. From there, symbolic "sketches" and representational maps about the city were constructed. The metodological procedures applied are as follows: surveillance and analysis of symbolic elements which form the city's urban imaginaries via analysis of theme and content; creation of a historic-literary framework; analysis and gathering of quotations for the elaboration of representational maps and a "sketch" of analyzed works. It is therefore concluded that literary stories about Porto Alegre depict a chaotic city, of temperatures in the extremes, unsafe, dominated by social inequiality and real estate speculation; historic and architectural heritage are despised. On the other hand, a nostalgic speech from recent times depicts a city which is safe, pacific and with plenty of cultural offerings while governed by popular administrations. Ideas of well-living are also evoked by simple and significant actions such as walking by the streets to give, once again, a meaning to the city. Representations of Porto Alegre in contemporary literature are similar to those conveyed via different means of communication (radio, TV, newspapers, along with others).

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the role that environmental technology plays in the solution of environmental problems in cities, and discuss models and conditions that can facilitate the processes of selection, implementation and use of environmental technologies in and by cities. The technological component is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of modern cities. The dependence of humans on technology is in most cases a given, something that is not ignored in the sustainability debate. The development and implementation of new, “better” technologies is however hindered by the inertia that modern societies have and the influence of the dominant systems (e.g. economic systems based on growth, extraction of natural resources and environmental disturbance). So-called environmental technologies are not always able to efficiently compete against other technologies that are embedded in societies by lock-in mechanisms, e.g. learning by doing and using, scale economies, subsidies, and network externalities. Even with the “right” technologies, an exclusively techno-centered approach to sustainability can result in other problems, and it might reduce the sustainability debate and the cities’ role in it to discussions of an administrative nature. The actual role of local actors and their agency must be also considered in the models and frameworks directed at understanding sustainability transition processes. It is thus important to analyze the dynamics of technology selection, implementation, use and diffusion in cities from a stakeholders’ perspective as well. Not only is the availability of technology of interest for understanding the impact it has on the environment, but also the intensity of its use. This has resulted in increased attention from politicians and scholars on the so-called global cities (e.g. London, New York, Tokyo), which are characterized by their intense use of e.g. transport, security and surveillance, and information and communication. Paradigmatic models of sustainability can however be contested when the role of local actors, power and agency are considered in detail and not isolated from the context. Some authors recognize the need to address what they call “ordinary cities”, since focusing on the cities’ comparative level of development (be it political, economic or technological) hinders the possibility of bidirectional learning. In the end, sustainability is a “collective good,” which means that it is in everyone’s interest to coordinate efforts and learn from the best practices, regardless of where they come from. This thesis focuses on “ordinary cities,” and promises to offer conclusions that can contribute to a better understanding of how societies can learn from each other and how environmental technologies can have deeper and better results when implemented in different contexts than the ones where they were developed. Two questions related to the process of environmental-technology adaptation are addressed in this thesis: How do technology adaptation processes for the solution of urban environmental problems take place in cities? And how do cities benefit from environmental technologies? It is found that environmental technology is not only seen as a solution to environmental problems in cities, but every day more as a component of strategies to attract attention and compete for resources in national and international markets. Cities have different adaptation and learning strategies. This means that technological solutions have to be flexible and adaptive to local conditions, and allow for vernacular knowledge and past experiences to enrich their performance by facilitating their connection to existing systems. Learning between cities is important and necessary for global sustainability transitions. When it comes to environmental technology, this process is facilitated by strong proof-of-concept projects. Such projects are not only expected to be able to show their technical ability to solve a problem, but must also offer contextual connections to the problems faced by interested cities or potential implementers.

Esta pesquisa busca compreender como as narrativas sobre Porto Alegre são construídas na literatura contemporânea do século XXI. A arte e a literatura participam da construção simbólica por meio de processos dinâmicos, despertam os sentidos, qualificam os imaginários e produzem representações sobre a cidade. As representações sociais, a memória e a cultura, o senso comum, o imaginário social e os imaginários urbanos, são elementos fundamentais para compreender as narrativas produzidas e identificar as representações que formam o imaginário da cidade. Este estudo analisa três obras da literatura brasileira contemporânea sobre Porto Alegre: Quarenta Dias, Imóveis Paredes e Meia Noite e Vinte. A partir daí foram construídos “croquis” simbólicos e mapas representacionais sobre a cidade. Os procedimentos metodológicos aplicados são: levantamento e análise de elementos simbólicos que formam os imaginários da cidade por meio de análise temática e de conteúdo; enquadramento histórico-literário; análise e coleta de citações para formulação de mapas representacionais e “croqui” das obras analisadas. Conclui-se que as narrativas literárias sobre Porto Alegre descrevem uma cidade caótica, de temperaturas extremas, insegura, dominada por desigualdades sociais e pela especulação imobiliária; despreza o patrimônio histórico e arquitetônico Em contraponto, discursos nostálgicos de um tempo recente, descrevem uma cidade segura, pacífica e rica em ofertas culturais quando regida por gestões populares. Ideais de bem viver são também evocados por ações simples e significativas como caminhar pelas ruas para ressignificar a cidade. As representações sobre Porto Alegre nas narrativas literárias contemporâneas se aproximam das narrativas sobre a cidade, veiculadas por diferentes meios (rádio, TV, jornal impresso, entre outros). / This research aims to comprehend how stories about Porto Alegre are elaborated in contemporary literature of the 21st century. Art and literature take part in the symbolic construction via dynamic processes, awaken the senses, qualify the imaginaires and produce representations about the city. Social representations, memory and culture, common sense, the social imaginary and urban imaginaries are elements of utmost importance in comprehending the produced stories and identifying the representations which form the city's imaginaire. This study analyzes works of contemporary Brazilian literature about Porto Alegre. From there, symbolic "sketches" and representational maps about the city were constructed. The metodological procedures applied are as follows: surveillance and analysis of symbolic elements which form the city's urban imaginaries via analysis of theme and content; creation of a historic-literary framework; analysis and gathering of quotations for the elaboration of representational maps and a "sketch" of analyzed works. It is therefore concluded that literary stories about Porto Alegre depict a chaotic city, of temperatures in the extremes, unsafe, dominated by social inequiality and real estate speculation; historic and architectural heritage are despised. On the other hand, a nostalgic speech from recent times depicts a city which is safe, pacific and with plenty of cultural offerings while governed by popular administrations. Ideas of well-living are also evoked by simple and significant actions such as walking by the streets to give, once again, a meaning to the city. Representations of Porto Alegre in contemporary literature are similar to those conveyed via different means of communication (radio, TV, newspapers, along with others).

Esta pesquisa busca compreender como as narrativas sobre Porto Alegre são construídas na literatura contemporânea do século XXI. A arte e a literatura participam da construção simbólica por meio de processos dinâmicos, despertam os sentidos, qualificam os imaginários e produzem representações sobre a cidade. As representações sociais, a memória e a cultura, o senso comum, o imaginário social e os imaginários urbanos, são elementos fundamentais para compreender as narrativas produzidas e identificar as representações que formam o imaginário da cidade. Este estudo analisa três obras da literatura brasileira contemporânea sobre Porto Alegre: Quarenta Dias, Imóveis Paredes e Meia Noite e Vinte. A partir daí foram construídos “croquis” simbólicos e mapas representacionais sobre a cidade. Os procedimentos metodológicos aplicados são: levantamento e análise de elementos simbólicos que formam os imaginários da cidade por meio de análise temática e de conteúdo; enquadramento histórico-literário; análise e coleta de citações para formulação de mapas representacionais e “croqui” das obras analisadas. Conclui-se que as narrativas literárias sobre Porto Alegre descrevem uma cidade caótica, de temperaturas extremas, insegura, dominada por desigualdades sociais e pela especulação imobiliária; despreza o patrimônio histórico e arquitetônico Em contraponto, discursos nostálgicos de um tempo recente, descrevem uma cidade segura, pacífica e rica em ofertas culturais quando regida por gestões populares. Ideais de bem viver são também evocados por ações simples e significativas como caminhar pelas ruas para ressignificar a cidade. As representações sobre Porto Alegre nas narrativas literárias contemporâneas se aproximam das narrativas sobre a cidade, veiculadas por diferentes meios (rádio, TV, jornal impresso, entre outros). / This research aims to comprehend how stories about Porto Alegre are elaborated in contemporary literature of the 21st century. Art and literature take part in the symbolic construction via dynamic processes, awaken the senses, qualify the imaginaires and produce representations about the city. Social representations, memory and culture, common sense, the social imaginary and urban imaginaries are elements of utmost importance in comprehending the produced stories and identifying the representations which form the city's imaginaire. This study analyzes works of contemporary Brazilian literature about Porto Alegre. From there, symbolic "sketches" and representational maps about the city were constructed. The metodological procedures applied are as follows: surveillance and analysis of symbolic elements which form the city's urban imaginaries via analysis of theme and content; creation of a historic-literary framework; analysis and gathering of quotations for the elaboration of representational maps and a "sketch" of analyzed works. It is therefore concluded that literary stories about Porto Alegre depict a chaotic city, of temperatures in the extremes, unsafe, dominated by social inequiality and real estate speculation; historic and architectural heritage are despised. On the other hand, a nostalgic speech from recent times depicts a city which is safe, pacific and with plenty of cultural offerings while governed by popular administrations. Ideas of well-living are also evoked by simple and significant actions such as walking by the streets to give, once again, a meaning to the city. Representations of Porto Alegre in contemporary literature are similar to those conveyed via different means of communication (radio, TV, newspapers, along with others).

In 1649, during the Fronde Parlementaire (1648-1650), Paris was teetering between opposing political camps that were trying to seize control of the city. The city's bourgeois parliament, in open rebellion to the political policies of King Louis XIV's Chief Minister, Cardinal Jules Mazarin, was raising an army and threatening to oust the Italian imposter. With the rise in violence within the city limits, Parisian printers and booksellers began circulating political propaganda in the form of booklets, mini-plays, brochures, and pamphlets that came to be known as mazarinades. Because these mazarinades—which took their name from the very man they were either attacking or defending—were often scathing in their criticism of the political forces at play within the city, they were rarely attributed to an identifiable author. But while the minds behind the matter were usually anonymous, the authors of the mazarinades made frequent reference to specific public places within Paris in an attempt to rally support to their cause. These public places, especially the Bourbon-constructed projects of the Pont-Neuf and the Place Royale, were depicted in new ways to transform Parisian perceptions of the functionality of those places and to alter the relationship between the city's inhabitants and their Bourbon royal family. This was done in an effort to manipulate public opinion and to redefine the urban culture of the city during the conflict.This thesis demonstrates that the mazarinades were altering their Parisian readers' perceptions of the Pont-Neuf and the Place Royale as they tried to sway public opinion in favor of their authors' partisan viewpoints of the citywide conflict. By appropriating these places and subsequently attributing specific political viewpoints and behaviors to their visitors, the authors of the mazarinades sought to change the way Parisians perceived those places and thus redirect the political atmosphere of the city. Public space became the critical intersection of the many political camps and emerged as a major thematic element in the many mazarinades circulating throughout Paris at that time.

Les villes projetées dans la littérature sont des espaces idéaux pour comprendre les tensions de notre temps. En reflétant les contradictions sociales produites par l'économie, l'accès inégal au pouvoir, la coexistence entre différents groupes culturels, etc., elles nous permettent de réfléchir aux caractéristiques complexes d'un monde en mutation permanente. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’analyser les villes littéraires de Mario Levrero comme des dispositifs narratifs qui permettent de constater la fin de certains projets politiques, sociaux et culturels du XXe siècle face à l’émergence d’un modèle qui tend vers la mondialisation. Ce travail est basé sur une hypothèse théorique qui peut être résumée comme suit : plus la complexité de notre système politique et économique est grande, plus il est difficile d'imaginer et de représenter la réalité dont nous faisons partie. Cela est particulièrement évident dans les représentations urbaines de Levrero, qui symbolisent le sentiment de désorientation caractéristique du sujet postmoderne avant d’échouer à cartographier tout aspect de la réalité contemporaine. Cela nous permet d'analyser la portée politique de ces représentations, puisqu'elles supposent à la fois un diagnostic sans espoir du présent et une projection ratée de l’avenir. Les villes imaginaires de Levrero fonctionnent comme des scénarios de l'effondrement d'un monde connu et de l'émergence d'un monde nouveau pour lequel les personnages ne disposent d'aucun outil d'interprétation. / Projected cities in literature have been proven to be ideal spaces to understand the tensions of our time. By representing the social contradictions produced by the economy, the unequal access to power or the coexistence between different cultural groups, they allow us to reflect on the complex characteristics of a world in permanent transformation. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the literary cities of Mario Levrero as narrative devices with which to observe the coming to an end of certain political, social and cultural projects of the twentieth century in the face the emergence of a model that tends towards the dissolution of the regional in the global. This work is based on a theoretical assumption that can be summarized as follows: the greater the complexity of our political and economic system, the greater the difficulty in imagining and representing the reality we are a part of. This is particularly clear in the urban representations of Levrero, which symbolize the sense of disorientation that distinguishes the postmodern subject before the failure of every attempt to map any aspect of contemporary reality. This allows us to analyze the political significance of these representations: they entail, on the one hand, a diagnosis of hopelessness for the present and, on the other, an outlook of failure for the future. The cities of Levrero function as backgrounds for the collapse of a known world and the emergence of a brand new one with characters that lack any tools for its interpretation.

Mémoire en recherche-création / Si Athènes occupe une place particulière dans l’imaginaire occidental pour son passé prestigieux, la capitale moderne est dernièrement associée à une crise sociale et économique sans précédent, à des mesures d’austérités délétères et aux luttes. La ville occupe une place privilégiée dans l’étude des cultures et des sociétés car elle concentre de nombreux enjeux économiques, sociaux et matériels. Ces enjeux s’imbriquent dans les imaginaires urbains au cœur de négociations importantes avec le passé et les projections futures. Si les phénomènes urbains font souvent l’objet d’études et de planifications systématiques, cette recherche a pour objectif de dévoiler des imaginaires paradoxaux qui font partie tant de l’histoire que de l’espace de cette ville. Elle s’inscrit au croisement des études des cultures matérielles et des études médiatiques pour aborder les imaginaires en s’intéressant aux matières qui la composent. Le béton, le marbre et le bigaradier se font à la fois médiateurs de ces imaginaires et supports d’interventions informelles sur la ville. Les méthodes de la flânerie, du collage et du zine sont toutes choisies pour leur dimension tactique (De Certeau, 1990), c’est-à-dire comme alternative aux méthodes et formes hégémoniques. L’approche recherche-création accentue la praxis dans une optique de réappropriation de la ville. La collecte de matériels est inspirée par des flâneries dans la ville et dans des sources variées pour arriver à un assemblage non exhaustif de textes et d’images philosophiques, poétiques, historiques, et personnelles. Ce matériel est rassemblé selon les techniques et la logique du collage pour le présenter sous la forme d’un zine. Le béton, le marbre et le bigaradier engagent des réflexions dans la construction d’une identité culturelle et dégagent des notions plus larges comme les relations de pouvoir, le rapport à la nature, à la connaissance, au commun et à l’altérité. / If Athens holds a special place in the Western imagination because of its prestigious past, the modern capital has recently been associated with an unprecedented social and economic crisis, with harmful austerity measures and with struggles. The city occupies a key place in the study of cultures and societies because it concentrates many economic, social and material matters. These matters are embedded in urban imaginaries that are central to important negotiations with the past and future projections. While urban phenomena are often the subject to systematic studies and planning, this research aims to reveal paradoxical imaginaries that are embedded in both the space and history of the city. It stands at the crossroads of material culture studies and media studies to approach the imaginary by focusing on the materials that make it up. Concrete, marble, and sour orange trees are both mediators of these imaginations and vehicles for informal interventions in the city. The methods of flânerie, collage and zine are all chosen for their tactical dimension (De Certeau, 1990), i.e., as an alternative to hegemonic methods and shapes. The research-creation approach emphasizes praxis in a perspective of reappropriating the city. The collection of materials is inspired by strolls through the city and various sources to arrive at a non-exhaustive assemblage of philosophical, poetic, historical, and personal texts and images. This material is gathered using the techniques and logic of collage to present it in the form of a zine. The concrete, marble and sour orange tree trigger reflections in the construction of a cultural identity and release broader notions such as power relations, the relationship to nature, to knowledge, to the common and to otherness.