With an ever-increasing population and global warming, fresh water resources are nearing depletion resulting in a global water crisis. As a consequence, cases of drought have been reported worldwide especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to climate change, urbanisation adds strain to infrastructure as well as water supply and the management of water resources. As a result, most developing countries are faced with a water management challenge. There is thus a need for a paradigm shift towards an Integrated Water Management (IWM) approach. Worldwide, countries have responded to the Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) concept through the implementation of various management strategies; with Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) emerging from Australia. Some closely allied management strategies in response to IUWM emerged in the USA as Low-Impact Development (LID), in the UK as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), and in New Zealand as Low-Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD). Namibia is situated along the south-west coast of Africa and is considered the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa. It is characterised by a semi-arid environment, with more than 80% covered by desert or semi-desert. The country is regularly afflicted by drought and has fluctuating and unreliable rainfall patterns, often accompanied by high evaporation rates. The City of Windhoek, as the capital city, the biggest municipality and also the largest densely populated town in Namibia, is faced with an ever-increasing shortage of water for its inhabitants. For close to 50 years, the water scarcity situation has led to direct waste water reclamation for potable re-use in Windhoek. Other measures implemented by the City of Windhoek (CoW) towards IUWM include Water Demand Management (WDM), Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and Water Conservation (WC). In order for Windhoek to transform into a Water Sensitive City, the implementation of WSUD is imperative. Although the CoW has implemented measures towards IUWM, more options still need to be explored in order to contribute to IUWM processes and to ultimately become a Water Sensitive City. This research was aimed at conducting a comprehensive review of existing WSUD practices within the CoW and identifying gaps pertaining to WSUD implementation. The research confirmed, via a review of relevant literature, that the implementation of WSUD mainly flourishes when documented policies and regulations drive implementation. To review WSUD implementation in the CoW, this study followed a qualitative research approach by gathering data via online questionnaires using the SurveyMonkey platform. To validate the survey outcomes, structured interviews were conducted with selected survey participants to gain more insight into the outcomes. For the data collection, the study targeted a sample of managers and specialists from the three departments within the CoW that deal with urban infrastructure design and planning. A 72% response rate was achieved. The study revealed that there was a general understanding and knowledge of WSUD concepts among all the CoW stakeholders involved in water management, planning and design. This was mostly due to their academic knowledge and sometimes via exposure to existing WSUD practices within the city. Water Demand Management, Water Recycling, and Voluntary Green Roofs and Rainwater Harvesting were identified as existing WSUD options currently practised within the CoW. The study identified lack of capacity, lack of knowledge, lack of management support, a fragmented approach, the absence of policies and legislation, and no perceived financial benefits as barriers to WSUD implementation within the CoW. Based on the above findings, the study recommended that the City of Windhoek address existing barriers to WSUD implementation, increase awareness of WSUD within the city, secure government funding and apply for carbon credits to upscale the implementation of WSUD.

This diploma´s thesis aims to model the hydraulic model of the Brno – Ivanovice water supply system. The software MIKE URBAN for model hydraulic model of water supply system was used. It was performed a simulation of the various states of loading. The water supply system was assessment of pressure ratios. The outcome of this work is calibrated hydraulic model of water supply system. The appendix consists also of drawings, which represented pressure ratios, which are situated on water supply system. On the fourth drawing is described transparent situation of Brno-Ivanovice water supply system.

With a global population about 7 billion people and their continued growth are pressuring global natural resources, in freshwater matter this pressure is altering both the river flows; timing season of water flows; and spatial patterns in order to meet human demands both in urban as rural areas. However, water stress in urban areas are increasing and expectations by 2050 are grim with a global urban development by 70 percent moreover urbanization rate expected by 2030 in Latin America is 80 percent, thus the water concerns because of high average water consumption 220 lpd, and water leakage by 29 percent in the third largest city of Ecuador Cuenca have motivated to perform this analysis. The analysis is based on a metabolic perspective in order to determine anomalies in the urban water cycle at household level for then apply one of the tools of stormwater management in short term such as harvesting rainwater to find how feasible can be this system both individually as communally in Cuenca urban area based on criteria of rainfall, roof surface, roof material, water average consumption, and costs; in order to generate social, economic, and environmental benefits. Moreover, give recommendations and strategies in mid and long term to get an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) model that allow ensuring the enough natural resources, environmental health, and economic sustainability for current and future demands. The main problems in the urban water cycle are in a outdated urban water management because of water leakage in the delivery network and unsuitable water pricing as well as bad consumers habits; these are affecting economically the water enterprise; nonetheless these problems are not putting in risk freshwater resources, and infrastructure capacity to meet future demands but the implementation of harvesting rainwater systems both individual as community can allow water savings by 18 percent at household level, and by 11 percent in whole water production process at city level. Moreover, the implementation can generate 750.000 job positions both direct as indirect. Finally, the risk of floods can be mitigated due to, roughly 2.88 million m3 of runoff rainwater a year are not released on rivers. To conclude, economic losses are avoiding that this money can be used to improve and maintain the current infrastructures, and development socio-technical projects in order to get a more suitable water metabolism. In other hand, encourage a harvesting culture at household level is a good strategy in short term but its feasibility is related directly to five drivers of which four can be handled such as roof surface area, roof material, domestic water consumption, and costs; in order to get most efficient systems. Finally, there are more tools and strategies to get sustainable goals in short mid and long term through an Integrated Urban Water Management model, in order to urban dwellers can move from simply consumers to a status of suppliers and managers of resources.

In recent decades, water systems worldwide are under crisis due to excessive human interventions particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions. In many cities, the water quantity situation has become more and more serious, caused either by absolute water shortage or water pollution. Considering population growth and fast urbanization, ensuring adequate water supply with acceptable water quality is crucial to socio-economic development in the coming decades. In this context, one key point is to (re-)address various water problems in a more holistic way. This study explores the emerging water crisis events in Beijing Municipality so as to have a better understanding of water systems changes and to make more sustainable water-related decisions. The changes of water quantity and water quality in the region are analyzed in a systems perspective; and opportunities towards improved performance of Beijing’s water systems are discussed. In order to aid in water systems analysis, a conceptual framework is developed, with a focus on identifying the most important interactions of the urban water sector. The results of the study show that the emerging water crisis events in the Beijing region are caused by a variety of inter-related factors, both external and internal. The external factor is mainly the decreasing upstream surface water inflow into the Guanting and Miyun reservoirs. The internal factors include precipitation variation, excessive water withdrawals, increasing water demands for different purposes and a large amount of pollutants discharged to the receiving water bodies. These factors together have caused tremendous water systems changes in Beijing Municipality from both the water quantity and water quality perspectives. In order to alleviate the serious water situation in Beijing Municipality, many further efforts are required in the dynamic socioeconomic and ecological context. Although tremendous work has been carried out by water-related institutions to prevent flood and ensure water supply, water resources development, planning and management must be addressed employing systems thinking and in a more holistic way. This is crucial for balancing the tradeoffs of water quantity and water quality in the Beijing region. Besides the experimental inter-basin water transfer activities, water demand management and pollution reduction and prevention should be the top priority on the agenda of the Beijing government in the long term. Moreover, only at a river basin level may various upstream-downstream conflicts be alleviated by wiser water allocation among administrative regions, as well as taking the ecological water demand into consideration. Finally, considering the current water situation and water management system, the following three aspects of improvement are emphasized in the present study, including a promoted water centric value, institutional capacity building and employing economic principles for water resources management.

As the global climate gets warmer, local extreme weather becomes more frequent, and it becomes more and more difficult to accurately predict the occurrence of extreme rainfall. At the same time, the threat and destructiveness of stormwater weather to urban water systems and cities are also increasing due to the continuous advancement of urbanization, the continuous gathering of urban population and the increasingly obvious urban heat island effect.Since it was first proposed, resilience thinking has become a very important idea in urban planning and research. With the continuous development of resilience thinking, its concept and connotation are also constantly improved and developed. It has developed from a single state of resilience at the beginning to cover all aspects of social, economic and ecological issues.This research aims to find the resilience level of the urban water system of Rotterdam, and find some typical cases of Rotterdam’s experience for other cities to learn. Based on the resilience thinking, this study takes Rotterdam as an example to comprehensively evaluate the resilience of the urban water system under stormwater disaster and urban flood and waterlogging. The first part of this thesis first introduces the urban water system, resilience thinking and other concept which this thesis use. In the second part, this thesis mainly introduced the specific analytical method and analytical framework, namely ASPIRE model. The third part will combine the analysis model with the example of Rotterdam, and comprehensively analyze the stormwater adaptive resilience of the urban water system. In the fourth part of this thesis, three engineering examples of Rotterdam which worthy of promotion and learning are introduced and summarized in detail. The last part of this thesis is the discussion and conclusion. Through this study, it is found that the urban water system of Rotterdam has high stormwater adaptive resilience and Rotterdam has many successful experiences which can be learned by other cities.

The main objective of this study was to determine water access and use characteristics of household in Dar es Salaam in order to determine how the integrated urban water management (IUWM) approach can be applied in solving the water crisis in the city as well as other challenges of urban water supply and sanitation. A limited household water access and use survey was carried out in all three districts of Dar es Salaam. It was found that some of the principles of IUWM such “fit for purpose use” are already being practiced informally at household level, although this is not recognized in planning by Water Authorities. The study also shows that practices geared at saving and efficient use of water are well entrenched in households; with even those with access to sufficient amounts of water practicing it. At the user level, there do not appear to be any obstacles to adoption of IUWM. The potential for IUWM application is therefore shown to exist and recommendations are made for immediate measures such as incorporation of the various water sources in use in households into the formal system as well as improvements to methods of water saving, ground water extraction and rain water harvesting. Recommendations are also provided for wider adaptation of the entire city water management system to IUWM with emphasis on context driven solutions.

Global urbanization and climate change impacts have exacerbated the urban water crisis. Nature-based solutions (NbS) are promoted globally as ‘just’ and equitable strategies to build sustainable and resilient cities for environmental risks and societal challenges. However, there is still a gap in synchronizing socio-spatial perspectives to understand the cumulative impacts of environmental risks and evolve strategies accordingly. It is also envisaged that future urbanization will be led by small and medium-sized cities from Global South which are more vulnerable due to limited infrastructure, economic and institutional capacity, yet they offer easier management and better stakeholder coordination to integrate resilient strategies. This study attempts to evolve nature-based solutions for urban water security in the fast-emerging medium-sized city of Dehradun in India while bringing socio-spatial perspectives to examine the risks. The evolving research paradigm in urban water security and NbS point towards community-oriented scholarship to promote inclusive urbanism. The research was designed to empirically embed socio-spatial perspective in resilience framework through external and internal biophysical and social factors of hydrometeorological risks, built-environment, socio-economic demographics, perceptions, attitudes participation and representation for these risks. The study employed a multi-level socio-spatial exploratory and explanatory methodology, examining integrated spatial patterns of drought and flooding risks at city level to generate hotspots. It gathered social perspectives on the risks in a critical hotspot and also recorded the preferences for NbS through a semi-structured questionnaire from 452 respondents at neighbourhood-level. The parameters helped identify the key socio-spatial determinants for urban water security to contextualize NbS. Household income, education, and size; dwelling unit plot size and structure were the critical internal socio-spatial determinants for urban water security. Results show very little percentage of participation and representation in the study area, yet, the role of participatory process was a crucial external social factor in determining urban water security. Suitable strategies were considered based on identified socio-spatial determinants, NbS preferences and participation interest of the respondents. The preferences for various types of NbS were collated with their social, environmental, and economic benefits as well as spatial scale of implementation. A close synergy between the socio-economic demography and the built-environment was observed. This influences the cost and scale of NbS which subsequently determine the prospects of benefits. Effective participation and representation can enhance water security but its absence can adversely impact the livelihood, health or property of different groups even within one community which can lead to inequity and injustice. From the overall results it can be inferred that small-scale NbS had better synergies with the social determinants as compared to large-scale solutions. Hence, to maximize the benefits with equitable and ‘just’ measures, small-scale NbS need to be upscaled by replication. This also offers a unique opportunity for emerging cities which can embed them locally and replicate them in new neighbourhoods as the cities grows. Since these cities often have a strong sense of local identity, engagement with the community and enabling actors is also crucial for the successful contextualization of NbS. Thus, socio-spatial perspective becomes decisive for the multiple benefits sought from NbS while playing a significant role in equitable social inclusion to achieve urban water security.:1 Introduction 1.1 Global Urbanization Prospects 1.2 Sustainable Development Goals & the New Urban Agenda-III 1.3 The Growing Urban Water Crisis 1.4 Research Rationale 1.5 Structure of the Dissertation 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Inclusive Urbanism 2.1.1 What is Inclusive Urbanism? Why is it needed? 2.1.2 Three dimensions for inclusion 2.1.3 Equity, Justice and Participation 2.2 Urban Water Security: Evolving Definitions & Parameters 2.3 Nature-based Solutions 2.3.1 Definitions and Implications 2.3.2 NbS Environmental, Social, Economic and Spatial Aspects 2.4 Inclusive Urbanism for Urban Water Security & NbS in Socio-spatial Perspective 3 State-of-the-art Literature Review 3.1 Literature Search and Analysis Criteria 3.2 Codes and Coding 3.3 Emergent Themes and Trends 3.4 Evidences of NbS for Urban Water Flooding & Drought 3.5 Evidences on Scale of Implementation of NbS 3.6 Evidences of NbS for Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects 3.7 Methodological Evidences for Social Inclusion in NbS 3.8 Gaps and Opportunities: Formulation of Research Questions 4 Research Design 4.1 Conceptual Framework 4.1.1 The Lens of Resilience 4.1.2 Enabling Social Inclusion in Urban Resilience 4.2 Operationalizing the Conceptual Framework Epistemological and Ontological Considerations 4.3 Methodological and Analytical Framework 4.3.1 Research Objectives 4.3.2 Case Study Selection 4.3.3 Spatial Assessment - Parameters, Methods & Tools 4.3.4 Social Assessment - Parameters, Methods & Tools 4.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 5 Spatial Perspectives on Urban Water Security 5.1 Case Study Profile: Dehradun City 5.2 Demographics and Urbanization Trends 5.3 Climate and Seasonal Trends 5.4 LPA Precipitation Trends and Spatial Pattern 5.5 Groundwater Trends and Spatial Pattern 5.6 Urban Flooding Spatial Pattern 5.7 Study Area Selection 5.7.1 Hotspots Identification 5.7.2 Validation and Selection of Study Area 5.7.3 Study Area 6 Social Perspectives on Urban Water Security 6.1 Respondents’ Profile 6.2 Multi Factor Analysis 6.3 MFA Model 6.3.1 MFA Analysis Steps 6.3.2 Dimensions, Contributions & Selection 6.4 Ordinal Exploration of Significant Parameters 6.4.1 Perception and Attitudes towards Biophysical Environment 6.4.2 Role of Participatory Processes in Water Security 6.4.3 Summary of Results 6.5 Categorical Association of Significant Parameters 6.5.1 Association of Socio-economic Demographics with Water Security 6.5.2 Association of Built-environment with Water Security 6.5.3 Summary of Results 6.6 Urban Water Security in Socio-Spatial Perspective 7 Synthesizing NbS for Urban Water Security 7.1 Considerations for NbS from Socio-spatial Perspectives 7.2 NbS Awareness and Preferences from Surveys 7.3 NbS Preferences in Social Environmental and Economic Aspects 7.4 Spatial Aspects in NbS Preferences 7.5 Evolving NbS in Socio-spatial Context: Synergies & Trade-offs 7.6 NbS Prospects in Urban Planning, Policy and Practice 7.6.1 From ‘S.E.E.’ to ‘S.E.E.S.’ 7.6.2 Enabling via Participation 7.6.3 Enabling via Policy and Regulations 7.6.4 Contextualizing NbS via Practice 7.7 Ensuring Equity and Justice through NbS 8 Conclusion: Contribution and Way Forward 8.1 Revisiting Research Questions, Aims & Objectives 8.2 Contributions of this Research 8.2.1 Research Contributions 8.2.2 Policy and Practice Contributions 8.3 Implications for Small and Medium-sized Cities 8.4 Limitations and Further Scope 8.5 NbS as Driver of Inclusive Urbanism for Urban Water Security 8.6 Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 8.7 A Note on Open Science Practice in the Thesis Annexure-1 Papers selected for state-of-the-art literature review Annexure-2 Spatial Assessment Tables Annexure-3 Social Survey Questionnaire Annexure-4 Multi Factor Analysis Test and Supplementary Tables Annexure-5 Code Scripts Bibliography

The communication of naturally complex issues like climate change, tipping points, socio-ecological systems, and their interaction with the hydrological cycle and water security is equally important as it is challenging. Beyond the complexity, the long-term and often delayed characteristics furthermore do not match with either political election cycles or quarterly business reports. Academic institutions are at the forefront to assess, reveal and understand such complex systems, but certainly more engagement is needed to effectively transfer the most urgent derivations in practice and policy on the one hand, but also invest into a continuing effort in creating a general understanding and susceptibility to crucial stakeholders of those characteristics on the other. Transformative interaction, and hence closing the gap between knowledge generation and best practice application needs to be eased down to an implementable level, but without any oversimplification. A prerequisite for such an approach in successful multilateral cooperation would be a common baseline – a mutual Water Culture among all stakeholders when addressing water security with meaningful climate adaptation measures.:Background Climate Change Water Security Chances in Multilateral Cooperation Session Summary Urban water security – assessment framework and application Contributions of higher education to climate adaptation and water security Call for transfer measures Commitments Speakers/Panel

No / This paper reflects on what is meant by interdisciplinary engagement in the context of two integrated urban water management research programmes in the UK and New Zealand. Different extents of interdisciplinary engagement in research teams are conceptualised on a continuum that ranges from rhetorical intentions to joint research. We discuss how interdisciplinary working in research programmes is shaped through the processes of bidding, research management and production of outputs. The paper concludes that if higher levels of interdisciplinarity are desired, they need to be specifically funded and planned for. In particular, funders may need to provide flexibility in relation to interdisciplinary outputs, which may be hard to specify at the start of a research programme.

Reliability of water supply in the urban setting has become essential for communities to function and thrive. It is needed for more than mere human consumption and well-being. Although modern cities have water treatment and distribution systems, pressures from urbanization, population growth and the anticipated pressures of climate change are affecting the quality of water supply and the reliability of treatment and distribution systems. There is therefore an urgent need to take appropriate measures to improve the resilience of water supply systems before the impacts are irreversible. Improving the resilience of water supply systems can be a challenge. In the United States, there is increased awareness of aging, overtaxed and under designed water infrastructure. To date, resilience planning has been principally focused on improving preparedness and the restoration of critical services in communities following extreme events, such as hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorism, and less so on the slow-moving consequences of climate change, perceived as a less urgent threat. All these issues – increased pressure of urbanization and population growth, deteriorating infrastructure, together with the consequences the impacts of climate change may have on water systems and the apathetic view of the need for action – are what make the development of a solution difficult. This research proposes Integrated Urban Water Management as a new water management paradigm as one that can withstand contemporary issues as well as future climate threats, while increasing water supply resilience for communities. This research (1) focuses on analyzing the urban water cycle for potential vulnerabilities, (2) seeks to understand the benefits and challenges of integrating water infrastructure, (3) tests the level of sustainability in an IUWM system, (4) identifies critical thresholds ‘slow-moving’ climate change on water supply infrastructure, (5) performs a system-wide water and salt balance and (6) tests the system for resilience to salt water intrusion. Since coastal communities are subject to higher population densities, demands on resources, and exposed to greater threats than inland communities, this project utilizes a coastal community with integrated water infrastructure as a basis to better understand the benefits as well as the potential challenges of the proposed future paradigm (IUWM). The results of this research show that IUWM offers many options for sustainable practices as well as adaptability, a key aspect of resilience. The conclusions drawn from the scoping study, case study and modeling of water and salt flows within the urban water cycle offer relevant and transferable lessons for water management in coastal cities while they approach uncertain and alternative climate futures.