The theme of this dissertation focuses on the relationship between territorial planning and urban waters. In particular it considers the instruments used to regulate the use and occupation of urban land and the management of urban waters at the scale of the city. The principal objective is to discuss a new interpretation of the treatment of urban waters which associates the issue of urban drainage with the principles of low impact urban development. The empirical object of analysis is the state of the hydrographic basin of the Reginaldo river, which lies totally within the urban area of Maceió, the capital of the State of Alagoas, Brazil. This choice of theme emerged from the premise that the urban hydrographic basin is an important territorial unit for environmental analysis in the process of urban planning, and that understanding the interaction between its components allows one to describe the pressures of the urban environment on the hydrological cycle. The period studied was between 1985 and 2009. During this period two master plans of Maceió were produced. Secondary sources provided the information for an understanding of the socio-environmental and territorial context, with a focus on planning and the management of urban waters in built up areas, and for an understanding of the relationship of urban planning with the provision of water supply and sewerage. It was confirmed that the socio-environmental problems of Brazilian cities are explained, on the one hand, by the segregationist model of Brazilian urbanization and, on the other hand, by the absence of of an effective housing policy for low income groups. As a consequence we have the occupation of environmentally fragile areas, such as slopes and valley bottoms, which has had a direct impact on hydrological processes and, as a consequence, altered them. These alterations are systematically reinforced by the growing impermeabilisation of urban land, which has contributed decisively to the increase in surface run-off, and has, consequentially, affected the conditions of urban drainage. The conclusions, based on an empirical analysis of the hydrographic basin of the Reginaldo river, emphasise the fact that the form in which the occupation of urban land occurred, and the absence of an adequate level of provision of water related services, especially for the disposal of sewerage and the management of solid wastes, are the main pressures which have led to the degradation of that river basin. Furthermore it was noted that in spite of these pressures the institutional responses have not yet recognised the close relationship between urban planning and the management of urban waters at this scale. This therefore points to a close relationship between territorial planning, urban waters, and the elements of water related services. The study demonstrates that in Maceió the hygiene-based focus on matters of urban drainage still predominates, and that the Master Plan, more than 4 years after its approval, was not capable of enforcing changes in the customary local forms of use and occupation of the land, with a view to minimising the impacts of urbanisation on the system of urban drainage of Maceió. / O tema desta dissertação enfoca a relação entre planejamento territorial e águas urbanas. Abordam-se, particularmente, os instrumentos ordenadores do uso e ocupação do solo urbano e a gestão das águas na escala da cidade. O objetivo principal é discutir uma nova interpretação no tratamento das águas urbanas que associa a problemática da drenagem urbana a princípios do desenvolvimento urbano de baixo impacto. O objeto empírico de análise é o estado da bacia hidrográfica do riacho Reginaldo, totalmente inserida na área urbana de Maceió, capital do estado de Alagoas. Esta opção partiu da premissa que a bacia urbana é uma importante unidade territorial de análise ambiental no processo de planejamento urbano e conhecer a interação entre seus componentes permite caracterizar as pressões do ambiente urbano sobre o ciclo hidrológico. Estudou-se o período entre 1985 a 2009, datas referenciais da aprovação de dois planos diretores distintos em Maceió. As fontes secundárias permitiram o entendimento do contexto socioambiental e territorial com foco no planejamento e gestão das águas em áreas urbanizadas e a interrelação do planejamento urbano com os componentes do saneamento básico. Verifica-se que os problemas socioambientais nas cidades brasileiras são explicados, por um lado pelo modelo segregador de apropriação do espaço urbano no Brasil, e por outro, pela ausência de uma política habitacional efetiva para as populações de baixa renda. Como consequência têm-se a ocupação de áreas urbanas ambientalmente frágeis, como encostas e fundos de vale, o que tem impactado diretamente os processos hidrológicos alterando-os. Reforça-se, essa alteração, sistematicamente pela crescente impermeabilização do solo urbano, o que tem contribuído decisivamente para o aumento do escoamento superficial e, afetado consequentemente, as condições da drenagem urbana. As conclusões, a partir da análise empírica da bacia hidrográfica do Riacho Reginaldo, destacam que a forma como se deu a ocupação do solo urbano, assim como a ausência de condições adequadas dos serviços de saneamento, especialmente o esgotamento sanitário e o manejo dos resíduos sólidos, constituem-se como pressões principais na degradação daquela bacia. Constatou-se também que apesar dessas pressões, as respostas institucionais ainda não reconhecem o imbricamento entre o planejamento urbano e gestão das águas nessa escala. Aponta-se, portanto, para uma estreita relação entre planejamento territorial, águas urbanas e os elementos do saneamento básico. Os estudos demonstram que em Maceió predomina, ainda, o enfoque higienista nas questões da drenagem urbana e que o Plano Diretor, passados mais de quatro anos da sua aprovação, não foi capaz de imprimir mudanças nas condições do uso e ocupação do solo, com vistas a minimizar os impactos da urbanização sobre o sistema de drenagem urbana maceioense.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGABGF.pdf: 1168919 bytes, checksum: 5faa2f15b8855bdc75ae713156b8294a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-31 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The sustainable development concept has been used as a basic framework of urban planning processes. Due to its subjective components there were cases where the sustainability principles were used as marketing instruments, instead of an objective planning tool. As an attempt to reverse this situation the group for Sustainable and Strategic Urban Planning, from the São Carlos Federal University, studies way to apply sustainable development principles in the assessment and analysis of urban projects. In this thesis it was created a Method, which can be used in the evaluation of components of urban water system projects (water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, urban drainage, etc.). The Method is based on defined parameters and uses descriptive lists, flowcharts and interaction matrices to indicate sustainability tendencies (positive, negative or neutral). This model was applied in five different projects, which indicated some adjustments. The model was considered simple and effective. Another advantage of the Method is its modular character: new information and tools can be added, in order to obtain more complex analysis. Besides that, it can be used to evaluate the planning or performance of other sustainable systems. / O conceito de sustentabilidade tem sido proposto e utilizado como referência para o planejamento das atividades humanas e a democratização de decisões na sociedade. Entretanto, nem sempre é abordado de forma objetiva, e sua característica subjetiva permite que, muitas vezes, seja usado apenas como instrumento de propaganda. Visando contribuir para alterar esse quadro, vêm sendo desenvolvidos, pelo Grupo de Planejamento Estratégico e Sustentável do Meio Urbano (PESMU) da UFSCar, estudos para a obtenção de métodos que incorporem a questão da sustentabilidade na análise e avaliação de projetos no contexto urbano. No presente trabalho, é feita a avaliação de um Método desenvolvido para análise da sustentabilidade ambiental em projetos de sistemas urbanos de água (abastecimento, esgotamento, drenagem). Baseando-se em variáveis de controle previamente definidas, o Método faz uso de fichas de caracterização, fluxogramas e matriz de interação utilizadas em conjunto, apontando tendências favoráveis, desfavoráveis ou neutras de sustentabilidade ambiental. Foram feitas as aplicações práticas do Método em diferentes tipos de projetos e, a partir de uma análise dos resultados, foram propostos ajustes no mesmo. A utilização do Método mostrou-se viável, mesmo com algumas limitações detectadas. Entretanto, podem vir a ser incorporadas novas informações e ferramentas mais complexas, ampliando suas possibilidades de aplicação, principalmente para o planejamento de sistemas e o acompanhamento de seu desempenho, além de poder ser aplicado nas demais dimensões da sustentabilidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4248.pdf: 3654263 bytes, checksum: b6ca09bad78da4e11f90710ff570c7d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Frequent use of urban waters for public supply has been increased, due to reduction of water resources suitable for human consumption. These waters are exposed to point and non-point sources of pollution, such as, atmospheric deposition, vehicle emissions and different types of waste thrown into streets and sidewalks. With storm water events, various toxics compounds are carried by surface run-off, reaching finally, into water bodies within the city. The goal of this research was to evaluate the presence of total mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals potentially toxic and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the hydrographic basin of Stream Barnabé. Searching environmental impact indicators on an aquatic system located at urban area of Indaiatuba, this water is captured to supply about 40.000 persons. Three points of stream were monitored, close to source, to water intake and to outfall. Water samples were collected monthly and sediments samples quarterly, between april/2010 and junho/2011. The results showed that the highest concentrations of mercury in water were observed during periods when rain interrupted the drought, due to runoff of water containing the material deposited for non-point sources in urban areas during the dry. The point next to water intake presented the highest concentrations of total-HPAs and AVS. We found that the maximums concentrations of metals were reported in setembro/2010 and junho/2011 samples and also setembro/2011 samples it found high concentrations of low molecular weight PHAs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene and _etrogen) of source _etrogenico. These values were due to superficial water s flux with material deposited by nonpoint sources, accumulated during the dry season. Even though the results have shown normal impact indicators evaluated, it was denoted a vulnerability in this type of supply option, this requires an appropriate consideration in water management, such as interruption of supply, especially in times of heavy rainfall after periods of drought. / Frente ao crescente quadro de escassez hídrica, tem sido freqüente o uso de águas do meio urbano para fins de abastecimento público. Tais águas são sujeitas às fontes localizadas de contaminações, e também a diversas fontes difusas, como deposição atmosférica de longa distância, emissões veiculares e diferentes tipos de resíduos lançados em quintais, ruas e calçadas, que acabam por ser arrastados pelo escoamento superficial até os corpos hídricos urbanos. Neste trabalho foi conduzida uma investigação acerca da presença de mercúrio total, hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, metais potencialmente tóxicos e sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação na Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Barnabé, buscando indicadores de impactos em um corpo aquático localizado na zona urbana da cidade de Indaiatuba-SP, cujas águas são captadas para o abastecimento de cerca de 40.000 pessoas. Foram monitorados três pontos do córrego: início do contato com a zona urbana, região da captação de água e proximidades da foz. As amostras de água foram coletadas mensalmente, e as amostras de sedimento trimestralmente, no período compreendido entre Abril/2010 e Junho/2011. Os resultados mostram que as maiores concentrações de mercúrio na água foram observadas nos períodos em que as chuvas interromperam o período de estiagem, devido ao escoamento superficial das águas contendo o material depositado por fontes difusas no meio urbano durante o período seco. O ponto próximo à captação de água foi o que apresentou as maiores concentrações de SVA e HPAs total. As maiores concentrações de metais foram registradas nas amostras de setembro/10 e junho/11, também nas amostras de setembro/11 foram encontradas altas concentrações de HPAs de baixa massa molar (naftaleno, acenafteno, acenaftileno e fluoreno), de origem petrogênica. Tais valores são resultado do aporte do material trazido pelo escoamento superficial ocorrido no inicio do período chuvoso, que sucedeu a estação seca. Mesmo considerando que os resultados tenham mostrado, em geral, níveis normais nos indicadores de impacto avaliados, é denotada uma vulnerabilidade hídrica neste tipo de opção como abastecimento, sendo cabível uma consideração no gerenciamento hídrico, como a interrupção da captação principalmente em ocasiões de chuvas intensas após períodos de estiagem. xii

La gestion intégrée de l'eau à l'échelle des grandes villes est un réel défi. Cependant, la quantification des flux et des impacts environnementaux liés à l'utilisation de l'eau n'est pas encore suffisamment développée. Dans ce contexte, la question de recherche de la thèse est: "comment modéliser le système d'eau urbain complexe d'une mégapole pour l'évaluation de ses impacts sur l'environnement et des services fournis aux usagers de l'eau, dans le cadre de l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV)?" Le cœur de la thèse est le développement d'un cadre général définissant les flux d'eau et les impacts environnementaux associés aux trois composants principaux du système d'eau urbain, à savoir, les technologies de l'eau, les usagers de l'eau et les ressources en eau. Le modèle proposé de système d'eau urbain (nommé WaLA) se construit à travers une approche modulaire permettant l'interopérabilité des trois composants. Le modèle fournit des indicateurs d'impacts et de services rendus qui peuvent être utiles aux décideurs et aux parties prenantes. Il simplifie l'évaluation des scénarios et diminue la complexité du système tout en assurant sa bonne représentation du point de vue de l'ACV. En plus de cet objectif principal, la thèse vise à raffiner les indicateurs d'impact sur la privation d'eau afin qu'ils soient pertinents pour les systèmes d'eau urbains. Une méthode qui permet d'évaluer la privation d'eau à l'échelle du sous bassin versant en intégrant les effets en aval a ainsi été développée. Cette méthode permet de différencier les impacts selon les points de prélèvements et de rejets dans un même bassin versant. Enfin, le modèle WaLA et les indicateurs associés sont mis en œuvre pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux du système d'eau urbain de la banlieue parisienne (périmètre du Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile-de-France). L'intérêt et l'applicabilité du modèle pour évaluer et comparer des scénarios actuels et prévisionnels sont ainsi démontrés. / To improve water management at the scale of large cities is a real challenge. However, the quantification of flows and environmental impacts linked to water use are not yet sufficiently developed. This is the objective of the thesis: “how to model complex urban water system of a megacity for assessing its environmental impacts in relation to the provided services to water users, within the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework?” The core of the thesis is the development of a generic framework defining water flows and environmental impacts associated with 3 categories of items – i.e., water technologies, water users and water resources – from a LCA point of view. The UWS model (termed WaLA) is built through a modular approach allowing the interoperation of these three components in an integrated way. The model provides indicators of impacts on services which may be useful to decision makers and stakeholders. It simplifies the evaluation of forecasting scenarios and decreases the complexity of the urban water system while ensuring its good representation from a LCA perspective. In addition to this main objective, the thesis also aims at refining water use impact indicators at a relevant scale for UWS. A methodology that assesses water deprivation at the sub-river basin scale in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) integrating downstream cascade effects has been developed. It allows differentiating the withdrawal and release locations within a same river basin. The WaLA model and its associated indicators are applied to assess the environmental impacts of the water system of a Paris suburban area (perimeter of Syndicat des Eaux d'Île-de-France). It shows the interest and the applicability of the model for assessing and comparing baseline and forecasting scenarios.

Cette thèse a pour objet la modernisation des Systèmes Hydriques Urbains de l'Europe des XV (SHUE). Débutant à la fin des années 1990, ce processus de rerégulation des SHUE opère une transformation du cadre réglementaire européen de la gestion de l'eau. Il vise une amélioration du fonctionnement de la gouvernance afin, notamment, d'imprimer une trajectoire soutenable aux SHUE. Or, les bilans intermédiaires s'avèrent mitigés et mettent en avant un besoin de caractérisation et d'explication analytiques de la modernisation des SHUE, afin d'en cerner les effets non anticipés. Par conséquent, la thèse aborde les effets de la modernisation des SHUE dans ses dimensions organisationnelle et soutenable. L'objectif de la thèse consiste à fournir une interprétation des impacts de la modernisation sur la structure de la gouvernance des SHUE et sur son efficacité dans une perspective de soutenabilité. Ancrée dans une approche d'économie institutionnelle, la démarche adoptée compare les modèles allemand, français et anglais et s'organise en deux temps. Le premier temps relève de l'observation empirique. Les phénomènes caractérisant la modernisation sont identifiés et formulés sous la forme de faits stylisés. Le second temps explique théoriquement ces phénomènes. Au regard des apports et limites des différents institutionnalismes, il est choisi de mobiliser le courant néoinstitutionnaliste pour rendre compte des aspects organisationnels et l'approche par les Régimes institutionnels de ressources pour traiter de la dimension soutenable de la modernisation des SHUE. Cette thèse soutient que la modernisation entraîne une mutation des modalités de coordination des SHUE, tout en intensifiant et polarisant les problèmes de soutenabilité autour du pilier économique. Au niveau organisationnel, nous mettons en évidence que, d'une part, la modernisation tend à dépolitiser les SHUE et que, d'autre part, le degré d'intégration de ses principes dans un SHUE est positivement corrélé à une dynamique socio-institutionnelle résiliente. Ces deux phénomènes résultent principalement d'une hybridation des arrangements institutionnels en direction du pôle marché. Le changement des formes contractuelles et l'atténuation des droits de propriété au sein des SHUE réduisent le contrôle direct de l'Etat et augmentent la capacité d'adaptation rapide des acteurs. A propos du potentiel de soutenabilité, un manque de cohérence dans le développement de la rerégulation des SHUE explique les perspectives relativement pessimistes. Nous montrons que ce paradoxe manifeste une incapacité intrinsèque de la modernisation à maximiser le potentiel de soutenabilité des SHUE. Si le développement de la réglementation est censé améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance, dans notre cas, elle s'accompagne d'un accroissement mécanique de coûts de coordination entravant l'atteinte d'une trajectoire soutenable. / This PhD dissertation focuses on the modernization of the urban water systems in Europe (UWSE). Since the end of the 1990's, this reregulation of the UWSE has transformed the European regulatory framework of water management. It is driven by two mains objectives: improving of the governance process and implementing a sustainable path for the UWSE. Present day, intermediate assessments highlight a need for analytical characterization and explanation of the UWSE's modernization, in order to home in on the unanticipated effects. Thus, the PhD thesis analyses the effects of the UWSE's modernization in its organizational and sustainable dimensions. The goal of the PhD is to provide an interpretation of the modernization impacts on the UWSE governance structure and on the efficiency of the reforms from a sustainability point a of view. Rooted in an institutional economics approach, our methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the German, French and English models of the UWSE. Two phases structure this methodology. The first focuses on empirical observation. The phenomena that characterize the modernization are identified and enunciated as stylized facts. The second phase theoretically explains these phenomena. Regarding the contributions and limits of the different institutionalisms, we choose to mobilize the New institutional economics here to deal with the organizational aspects and Institutional resources regimes to address the sustainable dimension of the UWSE's modernization. We argue that the modernization of the UWSE involves a transformation of their coordination modalities, at the same time; it is intensifying and it leads the sustainability problems to focus on the economic pillar. At the organizational level, we support that, on the one hand, modernization tends to depoliticize UWSE and that, on the other hand, the degree of integration of its principles in the UWSE is positively correlated with a resilient socio-institutional dynamics. These two phenomena ensue essentially from a hybridation of the institutional arrangements in the direction of the market pole. In the UWSE, the change of the contractual forms and the attenuation of the property rights lead to a reduction of the State's direct control and to an augmentation of the actors' ability to adapt quickly. Regarding the potential of sustainability, a lack of coherence in reregulation of UWSE accounts for the pessimistic prospects. We show a paradox which manifests itself in the intrinsic inability of the modernization to maximize the UWSE's potential of sustainability. If the development of the regulation is supposed to improve the governance quality, in this case, it comes with a mechanical increase of the costs of coordination which hampers the achievement of a sustainable path.

Na cidade de São Paulo, as inundações, consideradas a consequência das chuvas intensas e da impermeabilização do solo urbano, têm causado impactos consideráveis. As contínuas e frequentes inundações e as intervenções para contê-las, de alto custo para o Poder Público, justificam a busca de uma abordagem complementar à puramente técnica-hidráulica, que dê atenção aos aspectos sociopolíticos inerentes à drenagem urbana e ao manejo de águas pluviais, o foco principal desta pesquisa. Seus objetivos são: uma análise crítica sobre a incorporação do sociopolítico na malha de disciplinas do curso de Engenharia Civil; uma análise crítica da visão dos profissionais envolvidos, direta ou indiretamente, com a gestão urbana sobre a incorporação de aspectos sociais no planejamento e na implantação de obras de drenagem urbana; e se estes aspectos são incorporados aos projetos de obras de drenagem e se atores sociais localizados na área de uma bacia hidrográfica valorizam esta incorporação. A pesquisa concluiu que, ainda que aspectos sociopolíticos estejam incorporados na malha de disciplinas dos cursos de Graduação em Engenharia Civil e ainda que os profissionais da gestão urbana valorizem os aspectos sociais tanto quanto os aspectos técnicos das obras de drenagem, o planejamento e a implantação de obras de drenagem em construção na área da bacia hidrográfica, foco geográfico desta pesquisa, não incorporam os aspectos relativos ao sociopolítico. A bibliografia consultada e os exemplos concretos apresentados mostram a importância da incorporação dos aspectos sociopolíticos nas intervenções. Os conceitos discutidos ajudaram a formular recomendações para a incorporação do sociopolítico na malha das disciplinas e nos projetos de obras hidráulicas. São recomendações que visam, além da preservação ambiental e do atendimento ao interesse público, maximizar os benefícios da solução técnica. / In the city of São Paulo, intensive rains and urban impervious cover are being held responsible for flooding events which have been causing increase in runoff volume and in peak discharge. The high costs of technical hydraulic interventions to contain the frequent flooding impacts justify the search for an alternative approach: the incorporation of the sociopolitical complexities of urban stormwater drainage, the main theme of this research. Its objectives are: understand if and how sociopolitical complexities are being incorporated to Civil Engineering education; how professionals directly or indirectly involved in urban stormwater management see the incorporation of sociopolitical complexities in planning and implementation of stormwater drainage construction works and, finally, if these complexities are integrated in the projects being planned and being implemented in an urban watershed area. The research concluded that Civil Engineering education incorporate courses which open space for the discussion of sociopolitical aspects; that professionals involved in urban management value the incorporation of sociopolitical aspects in planning and implementation of storm water construction projects, but that in the watershed area where projects are being implemented such aspects are not taken into account. The bibliography and the concrete examples examined show the importance of incorporating sociopolitical aspects in drainage construction projects. The concepts brought forward help identify recommendations for the incorporation of sociopolitical aspects in Civil Engineering education and in the planning and implementation of stormwater constructions projects. These are recommendations which aim at increasing environmental preservation, meeting the public interest and maximizing the benefits of the technical solution.

Frequentemente, moradores da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo veem obras hidráulicas serem implantadas em seus bairros sem que tenham qualquer participação ou mesmo conhecimento sobre as mesmas. Sentem-se totalmente alheios à obra e podem passar a rejeitá-la ou a não usá-la corretamente, limitando a universalização de um atendimento eficaz. Por outro lado, são os mesmos moradores que tomam decisões importantes. Decidem como descartar o lixo doméstico e outros resíduos sólidos; como se desfazer do esgoto; como usar a infra-estrutura de água urbana, aqui entendida como o abastecimento, o esgotamento e a drenagem. Dada a importância das decisões dos moradores, com este trabalho se pretendeu analisar a possibilidade de incluí-los no processo de gestão compartilhada da água urbana, uma estratégia da governança, por meio do Monitoramento por Moradores em seu Domicílio e Arredores. O trabalho baseou-se em referencial sobre o potencial do morador como agente de mudanças e em documentação teórico-metodológica para o seu envolvimento no monitoramento. A principal conclusão a que se chegou é sobre a importância da interação morador-técnico das agências provedoras de serviços de água urbana, com apoio de autoridades locais, para o engajamento dos moradores no monitoramento e em ações corretivas no local onde os problemas acontecem: o domicílio e seus arredores. Assim, o morador assume a responsabilidade por melhorias que contribuam para a durabilidade da obra e a sustentabilidade dos serviços que oferece, como contrapartida do trabalho das agências provedoras de serviços e de autoridades locais. O trabalho de campo, realizado em algumas áreas da RMSP, revelou, em um dos bairros estudados que, em interação com técnicos, os moradores se engajam no planejamento do monitoramento. Uma vez implantada a obra demandada como prioridade, os moradores tenderão a assumir a implantação do monitoramento no seu domicílio e arredores para maximizar os benefícios da solução técnica. / In the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, city dwellers frequently see hydraulic works being implemented in their neighbourhoods without having any information about them, let alone participating in its planning. They feel strange to the works and may reject them or not use them properly, hindering the universal access to an effective service. On the other hand, the residents themselves take important decisions at the household level. They decide how to dispose of domestic and other waste; how to dispose of domestic sewage; how to use the available urban water infra-structure: water supply, sanitation and drainage. Due to the importance of the decisions taken by city dwellers, this study aims at analysing the possibility of including them in urban water shared-management, a strategy of governance, through Monitoring by City Dwellers at the Household Level. The study was based on relevant literature to understand the city dweller as an agent of changes and on theoretical-methodological documentation on how to involve them on the monitoring activity. The study concluded on the importance of the interaction between city dwellers and the technicians of agencys providing urban water services, with support of local authorities, to engage them in the monitoring activity. This includes taking corrective action where the problems tend to occur: the household. Through monitoring, the city dweller engages in improvements to preserve the works and the sustainability of the services they provide, in collaboration with the agencies and local authorities. The field work carried out in some areas of Metro São Paulo, showed, in one of the neighbourhoods, that residents, in interaction with technicians, will engage in planning the monitoring activity. Once their priority demand is met, they will tend to engage in monitoring to maximize the benefits of the technical solution.

With a population of over 13 million, Istanbul is one of the biggest city in Europe. The possible increase of population in the future may bring serious problems of water supply after a few decades. Therefore, it is crucial to look for good solutions to problems and potential challenges in water supply and water demand. This paper intended to investigate the currently existing problems in water and wastewater management practices in Istanbul from a supply-demand-reuse perspective; and to look for possible opportunities for a future improvement in order to achieve a sustainable urban water management system in Istanbul by promoting its wastewater management system. In this paper, two interviews of professionals, and a survey in Istanbul city area were conducted for obtaining gather primary data. Analysis of relative literatures is applied for grasping an accurate picture of water and wastewater management in Istanbul. According to the study, authorities are making great efforts to meet the ever increasing demand for water. From a supply-demand-reuse management perspective, Istanbul is still at the stage of supply management with sufficient wastewater treatment. However, there is not much sign of a demand management model, as inadequate effort has been devoted to controlling the increase of water demand. Although reuse management may still be a distant goal for Istanbul to achieve, a good preparation can be started by promoting and further improving the current wastewater management system, as wastewater reuse, if properly managed, will be the best solution that will lead to achieving long-term benefits.

“All countries are vulnerable to climate change and instability in weather patterns but the poorest countries and the poorest people within them are most vulnerable, being the most exposed and having the least means to adapt” (IMF and World Bank Development Committee, 2006). African cities, as other cities around the world, are prone to flooding within in urban areas. The increased flooding from climate change, could have seriously destabilising effects for Africa (Commission for Africa, 2005). Climate records shows that most of Africa warmed by approximately 0.7°C during the twentieth century (IPCC Working Group II, 2001). Future changes in rainfall will depend greatly on the influence of global warming. In addition, a United Nations World Water Report states that in the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Earth with its diverse and abundant life forms (including over six billion humans), is facing a serious water crisis. Water needs to be conserved in any way possible. (United Nations World Water Report, n.d.). This study aims to explore the role in which floodingin urban landscapes can be addressed, but simultaneously stored for future use. It argues that the negative element of flooding can rather be used, i.e the water could be conserved and used in the build environment, rather than inhibiting social, economic and ecological factors. The pilot project in this stage can at the same time, serve as an urban generator. An innovative solution (urban water park) is analysed and tested and serves as a possible outcome to address flooding problems within an African city (Maputo, Mozambique). Afrika, 2005). / Stede in Afrika, soos in ander in die wêreld, is onderhewe aan vloedrampe in stedelike areas. Die toenemende vloedegevalle, tesame met die impak van klimaatsverandering, kan uiterse destabilisering vir die Afrika kontinent inhou (Kommissie vir Afrika, 2005). ‘n Klimaatsrekord, bewys dat gedurende die twintigste eeu, ‘n groot deel van Afrika onderworpe was aan ‘n hittetoename van omtrent 0.7°C (IPPC Werksgroep II, 2011). Toekomstige veranderinge in reënval sal grootliks afhang van die invloed van aardsverwarming. Ter aanvoering van die argument word daar adisioneel toegevoeg dat die Verenigde Nasies se Wêreldswater Verslag die volgende aanlas: dat die aarde, met sy diverse en verskeidenheid van lewende wesens (wat oor die ses miljioen mense insluit), aan die begin van die een-en-twintigste eeu onderworpe sal wees aan ernstige watertekorte. Water moet dus in alle moontlike maniere gespaar word (Verenigde Nasies se Wêreldswater Verslag, geen datum). Die studie beoog om die rol van vloede in die verstedelike landskap te ondersoek en aan te spreek tot voordeel van die bouomgewing. Die ontwerp poog om die huidige negatiewe element van water eerder te bewaar en die gebruik daarvan te aan te moedig. Hierdeur word word die omswaai in sosiale, ekonomiese en ekologiese faktore inplekgestel. ‘n Projek sal dan terselfdertyd as verstedelike genereerder dien. ‘n Innoverende oplossing, ‘n stedelike water park, is geondersoek en getoets. Hierdie sal moontlik as die oplossing dien van die huidige vloedprobleme in hierdie Afrika stad (Maputo, Mosambiek). / Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

This licentiate thesis describes and analyses the modern history of the socio-technical systems for urban water supply and sanitation in East Africa with focus on Uganda and Kenya. The key objective of the thesis is to evaluate to what extent the historic processes frame and influence the water and sanitation services sectors in these countries today. The theoretical approach combines the Large Technical Systems approach from the discipline of History of Technology with New Institutional Economics. Throughout, urban water and sanitation service systems are regarded as socio-technical systems, where institutions, organisation and technology all interact. The thesis consists of three separate articles and a synthesis in the form of a framework narrative. The first article provides a discussion of the theoretical framework with special focus on the application of Public Goods theory to urban water and sanitation. The second article describes the establishment of the large-scale systems for water supply and sanitation in Kampala, Uganda in the period 1920-1950. The third article focuses on the politics of urban water supply in Kenya with emphasis on the period 1900-1990. The main findings in this thesis are that the socio-technical systems for urban water and sanitation evolve over long periods of time and are associated with inertia that makes these systems change slowly. The systems were established in the colonial period to mainly respond to the needs and preferences of a wealthy minority and a technological paradigm evolved based on capital-intensive and large-scale technology. Attempts to expand services to all citizens in the post-colonial period under this paradigm were not sustainable due to changes in the social, political and economic environment while incentives for technological change were largely absent. History thus frames decisions in the public sphere even today, through technological and institutional inertia. Knowing the history of these socio-technical systems is therefore important, in order to understand key sector constraints, and for developing more sustainable service provision. / <p>QC 20101122</p>