Our society changed, but the urban water and sanitation system of today is roughly the same as it was 100 years ago. The system is designed for, developed from and sustained by human activities, and has since its introduction affected household patterns of routine activities. The urban water and sanitation system is now being criticised for not being sustainable due to excessive material, energy and chemical use, and failure to recycle and reuse resources. Altering household practices is perceived as one important step towards improved sustainability. In this study, two changes in water and sanitation arrangements at the household level are analysed: individual meters for volumetric billing of hot and cold water, and dry toilets with separate collection of urine and faeces. These arrangements increase system transparency, and their proponents believe that the arrangements enhance resource recycling and/or rsource savings. However, success in this regard can only be achieved if accompanied by appropriate household routines. The extent to which such appropriate routines come about and why (not) is the focus of attention in this study; the aim is to describe and analyse the interaction between householder routines and changes in water and sanitation arrangements. This study takes as its starting point household everyday life. A methodological combination of time-diaries, interviews, physical measurements and simple observations is developed and implemented in two cases; the housing area Ringdansen with flats (volumetric billing) and the collective Gebers based on an ecological way of life (dry toilets). The theoretical approach is developed from time-geography and culture analysis. The methodological and theoretical approaches have proven useful and can be developed further. Household responded differently to the volumetric billing in Ringdansen, but in general, no sweeping routine changes took place in the households. A comparison of average total water usage per household (at an aggregated level) between the two cases, showed no significant difference. Water-use routines are also similar in the two areas, even though variations appear between households. There seems to be a socio-culturally defined lower limit for water use, regarded as necessary for maintaining sufficient standards of cleanliness and comfort, irrespective of the influence of ecological or economic incentives. Differences in household composition, built-in technical arrangements and existence of a garden (Gebers) explain the differences in hot and cold water usage between the two areas. The dry toilet was shown to have a decisive impact on toilet disposal routines; only biodegradable waste products are thrown into it and the cleaning agents are environmentally friendly toilet disposal routines that reach beyond the 'good' routines evolving from environmental concern. The relationship between changes in water and sanitation arrangements and householder routines may be expressed as follows: an extensive change in arrangements, either technical/physical, organisational and/or economical, results in more radical routine changes, and more so if combined. However, the improvement as regard ecological sustainability is conditional on what is socio-culturally accepted - social sustainability.

The World Health Organization and the United Nations state that people normally access water through their place of residence. However, in North America people regularly need access to water services, such as toilets, fountains, or bathing facilities, when not in a private residence. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the current situation of access to water for personal uses for people outside a place of residence as an emergent research topic. To accomplish this, I conducted a literature review and a thematic analysis of nine key-informant interviews with stakeholders in Victoria. Findings from the research reveal that access to water for personal uses is limited in Victoria when outside a place of residence. Furthermore, the consequences and implications of this limitation directly and indirectly influence both individuals and the broader community. Finally, policy recommendations, action responses, and future research directions inform possible responses to address this issue.

The World Health Organization and the United Nations state that people normally access water through their place of residence. However, in North America people regularly need access to water services, such as toilets, fountains, or bathing facilities, when not in a private residence. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the current situation of access to water for personal uses for people outside a place of residence as an emergent research topic. To accomplish this, I conducted a literature review and a thematic analysis of nine key-informant interviews with stakeholders in Victoria. Findings from the research reveal that access to water for personal uses is limited in Victoria when outside a place of residence. Furthermore, the consequences and implications of this limitation directly and indirectly influence both individuals and the broader community. Finally, policy recommendations, action responses, and future research directions inform possible responses to address this issue.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3691.pdf: 6551508 bytes, checksum: ba7667ef8adc647d17a16ee824f5c9ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Considering the significant and growing environmental degradation and the quality of life in cities, as well as the demand for systematization of information applicable to their control and recovery, this study aimed to develop a decision support system for management of public green spaces in areas of permanent preservation of urban water bodies. For its development were adopted as reference the guidelines of territorial scenario planning method through which main aspects were analyzed related to the problem and systematized actions concerning to the study and solution proposals. The main materials used correspond to the works of academic and technical literature and applied standardization, as well as the related court cases, raised through search terms in library collections and databases of legislation and jurisprudence. From the analysis of these materials, were studied the dynamics of the urban environment and degradation causes of its water bodies; discussed the effective functions of their permanent preservation areas and the intervening factors to their performance; as well as analyzed legal and related court aspects. As a result, were obtained a proposal of a structured key decision model for the evaluation and selection of locational alternatives and their functional-space aptitude for implementation of public green spaces, as a solution established by CONAMA Resolution n. 369 of 2006, which regulates the intervention exceptional cases in permanent preservation areas. Finally, the conclusion was that the achieved results can contribute as an important reference for this issue approach, however, further studies on the refinement of the proposed system are recommended, aiming at optimizations that improve its application and performance. / Considerando a expressiva e crescente degradação ambiental e da qualidade de vida da população nas cidades, assim como, a demanda pela sistematização de informações aplicáveis ao seu controle e recuperação, esta dissertação teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de suporte à decisão para gestão de áreas verdes de domínio público em áreas de preservação permanente de corpos hídricos urbanos. Para o seu desenvolvimento foram adotadas como referências as diretrizes do método de planejamento por cenários territoriais, mediante o qual foram analisados os principais aspectos correlatos ao problema e sistematizadas as ações concernentes ao estudo e proposição de soluções. Os principais materiais utilizados corresponderam às obras da literatura técnico-acadêmica e da normatização aplicada, bem como aos casos judiciais correlatos, levantados através de termos de busca junto aos acervos bibliográficos e bancos de dados legislativos e jurisprudências. A partir da análise destes materiais, foram estudadas a dinâmica do meio urbano e as causas de degradação dos seus corpos hídricos; discutidas as efetivas funções das suas áreas de preservação permanente e os fatores intervenientes ao seu desempenho; assim como, analisados os aspectos legais e judiciais relacionados. Como resultado, obteve-se a proposta de um modelo estruturado em chaves de decisão para avaliação e seleção de alternativas locacionais e de sua aptidão espaço-funcional para implantação de áreas verdes públicas, como solução instituída pela Resolução Conama n. 369 de 2006, que regulamenta os casos excepcionais de intervenção em áreas de preservação permanente. Por fim, conclui-se que os resultados alcançados podem contribuir como uma importante referência para o tratamento da questão, contudo, recomenda-se que estudos complementares avancem no refinamento do sistema proposto, visando otimizações que aprimorem sua aplicação e desempenho.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T20:24:09Z No. of bitstreams: 5 Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 01.pdf: 19568170 bytes, checksum: eed051c4e6fc9d0102b019e3be46ff63 (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 02.pdf: 19616791 bytes, checksum: 47968bca139a8399ffd16c74776f98dd (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 03.pdf: 19270864 bytes, checksum: fce318018282233980c145f0c11629fd (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 04.pdf: 1624243 bytes, checksum: 6ce6f94486bd53d56fd5cb39096c29cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T20:25:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 01.pdf: 19568170 bytes, checksum: eed051c4e6fc9d0102b019e3be46ff63 (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 02.pdf: 19616791 bytes, checksum: 47968bca139a8399ffd16c74776f98dd (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 03.pdf: 19270864 bytes, checksum: fce318018282233980c145f0c11629fd (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 04.pdf: 1624243 bytes, checksum: 6ce6f94486bd53d56fd5cb39096c29cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T20:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 01.pdf: 19568170 bytes, checksum: eed051c4e6fc9d0102b019e3be46ff63 (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 02.pdf: 19616791 bytes, checksum: 47968bca139a8399ffd16c74776f98dd (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 03.pdf: 19270864 bytes, checksum: fce318018282233980c145f0c11629fd (MD5) Dissertação - Carlos José Ferreira de Oliveira - 2005 - parte 04.pdf: 1624243 bytes, checksum: 6ce6f94486bd53d56fd5cb39096c29cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-14 / The municipal district of Aparecida of Goiânia contains the second most important city of the State of Goiás. It embraces 292Km2 approximately and has a population of approximately 336.392 inhabitants (Census 2000, IBGE). Due to the conurbation with the capital of the State, Aparecida has been registering, mainly for the last 20 years, an intense urbanization associated to the economical and industrial growth, as a result of the process of expansion of the city of Goiânia, which has resulted in a fast, intensive and disordered occupation of the urban land, by people coming from several parts of the state, and from other regions of the country, in search of work and better life conditions. The micro-basin of the Córrego Santo Antônio, with approximately 157,39 Km2, represents 53,90% of the total area of the municipal district, contains practically the whole urban area, possesses a larger density of drainage channels and presents the largest number of negative environmental impacts of the whole municipal district. In that area, among those impacts, the occurrence of 60 lineal erosive occurrences (ravines and “boçorocas” - this last word is spelled “ibi-çoroc” and means “torn earth” in Tupi-Guarani, a Brazilian indigenous language) of spiritual medium and big sizes were verified, which have caused socioeconomic damages to the city hall and the population, and have changed the environmental quality of the municipal district. For that reason, the theme urban erosion and that particular micro-basin have been chosen for this study aimed at investigating the different types and distribution of the lineal erosive features and their relationships with the conditionings of the physical environment, mainly the use and occupation, and the readiness of urban infrastructure, so as to look for the understanding of their causes and consequences, with a view to subsidize the control actions. In order to reach the proposed objective, it was implemented successive phases of studies, starting by the compilation of existent cartographic material on the components of the physical environments, treaties of an including scale, followed by analysis of aerial pictures and of the satellite image Landsat ETM 7 + (2003), in detail scale. Subsequent integration of the data to delimit the homogeneous units and the forms of use and occupation capable and possible of the erosive phenomenon, besides detailed study, in loco, of the most representative focuses were made. Finally, by the integrated analysis of data, through crossing techniques, synthesis letters related to the susceptibility and risk to the lineal erosion were elaborated, which gave support to the conclusive interpretations and the proposition of preventive measures of control that can be integrated into the urban master plan that has just been completed. The conclusion is that most of the erosive focuses is of the ravine type, caused by the concentration of superficial water flows, in areas naturally susceptible, where it was also verified: lack or inadequacy of urban infrastructure, mainly with respect to micro-drainage net; impermeability of the urban soil associated to the growing rates of construction, paving, and inadequacy of infiltration areas such as gardens and public parks; plan and inadequate position of lots; lack or inadequacy of appropriate technical support and/or of funds for preventive and corrective control of the phenomenon. Such factors were related to the absence or inadequacy of public policies for the well being of the population, in a long run, as it happens in countless Brazilian cities, whose origin emanate from decisions made at national level, mainly over the last four decades, as a result of the said "developmental political model”. / O município de Aparecida de Goiânia contém a segunda cidade mais importante do Estado de Goiás. Abrange aproximadamente 292 Km2 e possui uma população de aproximadamente 336.392 habitantes (Censo 2000, IBGE). Devido à conurbação com a capital do Estado, Aparecida vem apresentando, sobretudo nos últimos pouco mais de 20 anos, uma intensa urbanização associada ao crescimento econômico e industrial em conseqüência do processo de metropolização de Goiânia, o que resultou numa apropriação rápida, intensiva e desordenada do solo urbano, por pessoas vindas de várias partes do estado e de outras regiões do país, em busca de trabalho e melhor condição de vida. A microbacia do Córrego Santo Antônio, com aproximadamente 157,39 Km2, representa 53,90% da área do município, contem praticamente toda a sua área urbana, possui uma maior densidade de canais de drenagem e apresenta o maior número de impactos ambientais negativos de todo o município. Nessa área, dentre esses impactos, constatou-se a ocorrência de 60 feições erosivas lineares (ravinas e voçorocas), de médio e grande porte, que vêm causando prejuízos sócio-econômicos à prefeitura, à população e vêm alterando a qualidade ambiental do município. Por esse motivo o tema erosão urbana e essa microbacia em particular foram escolhidos para este estudo, que objetivou investigar os diferentes tipos e distribuição das feições erosivas lineares e suas relações com os condicionantes do meio físico, inclusive uso e ocupação, e da disponibilidade de infra-estrutura urbana de modo a buscar a compreensão das suas causas e conseqüências, com vistas a subsidiar as ações de controle. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa fez-se necessário realizar a integração sistematizada de dados para identificar: a dinâmica e o comportamento atual dos processos erosivos; os condicionantes do meio físico para a compartimentação dos terrenos em unidades homogêneas; e as formas de uso e ocupação capazes de provocar alterações com efeitos de degradação do sistema em análise. Para tanto, implementou-se uma série de fases sucessivas de estudos, mediante o aprofundamento e detalhamento dos vários componentes do meio físico, que foram tratados desde uma escala mais geral e abrangente, com base em material geocartográfico existente e imagem de satélite Landsat ETM 7+ (2003) e técnicas de intercruzamento de mapas e cartas para elaboração das cartas de síntese, como de suscetibilidade e de risco à erosão linear, com apoio de geoprocessamento, até o detalhamento em campo dos focos erosivos mais representativos, que deram suporte às interpretações alcançadas. A partir da análise e interpretação do fenômeno na área foi possível, então, propor as medidas preventivas que devem estar contidas no planejamento urbano, adotando-se como unidades de análise a bacia hidrográfica. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos focos erosivos é do tipo ravina, causada pela concentração dos fluxos hídricos superficiais em áreas naturalmente suscetíveis onde se constata, principalmente: falta ou insuficiência de infra-estrutura urbana, sobretudo de rede de microdrenagem urbana; impermeabilização do solo urbano, ligada às taxas crescentes de edificação e pavimentação; traçado e posição de lotes inadequados; insuficiência de áreas de infiltração urbanas como jardins e praças públicas; falta de conhecimento técnico adequado e/ou de recursos para controle preventivo e corretivo do fenômeno. Todos esses fatores são relacionáveis à ausência de Plano Diretor em momento anterior, pois que acaba de ser proposto recentemente, dentre outros, como acontece em inúmeras cidades brasileiras.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la diffusion des systèmes de contrôle de gestion, définis comme un ensemble d'indicateurs de performance, de mécanismes incitatifs et de dispositifs de contrôle, dans le secteur de l'eau urbaine. Le sujet nous a paru digne d'intérêt du fait des forts enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux du secteur. Une recherche-intervention menée auprès de l'opérateur public d'eau urbaine ougandais a constitué notre principal terrain, analysé à travers le prisme de la sociologie néo-institutionnelle, dans une démarche abductive et interprétative. En mobilisant le concept de logique institutionnelle, l'institutionnalisation de contrats de performance a été interprétée comme liée à la domination de la logique de marché. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle du contexte socio-politique et des prescriptions des bailleurs de fond dans ce changement institutionnel. Les systèmes de contrôle de gestion apparaissent comme des vecteurs structurant la matérialisation de la logique de marché, en structures, rôles et pratiques organisationnels. Une fois encastrés, ils contraignent l'innovation institutionnelle. Des acteurs du champ organisationnel s'en sont saisis pour conduire un travail institutionnel visant à légitimer leur existence, gagner de l'influence et maintenir l'ordre social. A l'issue de cette recherche, nous proposons d'élargir le modèle de changement institutionnel de Greenwood et al. (2002) par une analyse multi-niveau (société, champ et organisation) et l'intégration d'un nouvel objet : « l'outil de gestion » (Hatchuel et Weil, 1992). Sur le plan empirique, ce nouveau cadre invite à déconstruire les notions de public, privé, performance et service public, afin d'éviter les ambigüités qui limitent la portée des travaux menés sur le secteur de l'eau urbaine. Enfin, cette thèse constitue une mise en garde contre une focalisation sur la performance qui peut détourner des enjeux essentiels et spécifiques du secteur. / This PhD thesis focuses on the diffusion of management accounting systems in the urban water sector. These are defined as a set of performance indicators, performance incentive mechanisms, and control practices. This topic is of particular interest considering the strong economic, social and environmental challenges of this sector. Intervention research carried out within the Ugandan urban water utility was our main focus. We analysed the case through the neo-institutional sociology lense in an abductive and interpretative approach. Using the concept of institutional logic, we interpreted the institutionalisation of performance contracts as associated with the domination of a market logic. We highlighted the key role of funding agencies’ recommendations and the socio-political context in this institutional change. The management accounting systems appear as vehicles structuring the materialisation of the market logic into organisational structures, roles, and practices. Once embedded, they constrain institutional innovation processes. Actors from the organisational field have used them to carry out an institutional work, aiming at legitimating their existence, gaining influence and sustaining social order. As the outcome of this research, we propose to expand upon the institutional change model of Greenwood et al. (2002). To do so, we suggested including a multi-level analysis (society, organisational field and organisation) and a new concept: “management tool” (Hatchuel and Weil, 1992). Empirically, this new framework challenges the notions of public, private, performance, and public service to prevent misconceptions limiting the significance of further research on the urban water sector. Finally, this PhD thesis warns against a focus on performance, which may divert from the essential and specific challenges of this sector.

<div>The security, resilience and sustainability of water supply in urban areas are of major concern in cities around the world. Their dynamics and long-term trajectories result from external change processes, as well as adaptive and maladaptive management practices aiming to secure urban livelihoods. This dissertation examines the dynamics of urban water systems from a social-ecological-technical systems perspective, in which infrastructure and institutions mediate the human-water-ecosystem relationship. </div><div><br></div><div>The three concepts of security, resilience and sustainability are often used interchangeably, making the achievement of goals addressing such challenges somewhat elusive. This becomes evident in the international policy arena, with the UN Sustainable Development Goals being the most prominent example, in which aspirations for achieving the different goals for different sectors lead to conflicting objectives. Similarly, the scientific literature remains inconclusive on characterizations and quantifiable metrics. These and other urban water challenges facing the global urban community are discussed, and research questions and objectives are introduced in Section 1. </div><div><br></div><div>In Section 2, I suggest distinct definitions of urban water security, resilience and sustainability: Security refers to the state of system functioning regarding water services; resilience refers to ability to absorb shocks, to adapt and transform, and therefore describes the dynamic, short- to medium-term system behavior in response to shocks and disturbances; sustainability aims to balance the needs in terms of ecology and society (humans and the economic systems they build) of today without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. Therefore, sustainability refers to current and long-term impacts on nature and society of maintaining system functions, and therefore affects system trajectories. I suggest that sustainability should include not only local effects, but consider impacts across scales and sectors. I propose methods for the quantification of urban water security, resilience and sustainability, an approach for modeling dynamic water system behavior, as well as an integrated framework combining the three dimensions for a holistic assessment of urban water supply systems. The framework integrates natural, human and engineered system components (“Capital Portfolio Approach”) and is applied to a range of case study cities selected from a broad range of hydro-climatic and socio-economic regions on four continents. Data on urban water infrastructure and services were collected from utilities in two cities (Amman, Jordan; Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia), key stakeholder interviews and a household survey conducted in Amman. Publicly available, empirical utility data and globally accessible datasets were used to support these and additional case studies. </div><div><br></div><div>The data show that community adaptation significantly contributes to urban water security and resilience, but the ability to adapt is highly heterogeneous across and within cities, leading to large inequality of water security. In cities with high levels of water security and resilience, adaptive capacity remains latent (inactive), while water-insecure cities rely on community adaptation for the self-provision of services. The framework is applied for assessing individual urban water systems, as well as for cross-city comparison for different types of cities. Results show that cities fall along a continuous gradient, ranging from water insecure and non-resilient cities with inadequate service provision prone to failure in response to extant shock regimes, to water secure and resilient systems with high levels of services and immediate recovery after shocks. Although limited by diverse constraints, the analyses show that urban water security and resilience tend to co-evolve, whereas sustainability, which considers local and global sustainable management, shows highly variable results across cities. I propose that the management of urban water systems should maintain a balance of security, resilience and sustainability.</div><div><br></div><div>The focus in Section 3 is on intra-city patterns and mechanisms, which contribute to urban water security, resilience and sustainability. In spite of engineering design and planning, and against common expectations, intra-city patterns emerge from self-organizing processes similar to those found in nature. These are related to growth processes following the principle of preferential attachment and functional efficiency considerations, which lead to Pareto power-law probability distributions characteristic of scale-free-like structures. Results presented here show that such structures are also present in urban water distribution and sanitary sewer networks, and how deviation from such specific patterns can result in vulnerability towards cascading failures. In addition, unbounded growth, unmanaged demand and unregulated water markets can lead to large inequality, which increases failure vulnerability. </div><div><br></div><div>The introduction of infrastructure and institutions for providing urban water services intercedes and mediates the human-water relationship. Complexity of infrastructural and institutional setups, growth patterns, management strategies and practices result in different levels of disconnects between citizens and the ecosystems providing freshwater resources. “Invisibility” of services to citizens results from maximized water system performance. It can lead to a lack of awareness about the effort and underlying infrastructure and institutions that operate for delivering services. Data for the seven cities illustrate different portfolios of complexity, invisibility and disconnection. Empirical data gathered in a household survey and key stakeholder interviews in Amman reveals that a misalignment of stakeholder perceptions resulting from the lack of information flow between citizens and urban managers can be misguiding and can constrain the decision-making space. Unsustainable practices are fostered by invisibility and disconnection and exacerbate the threats to urban water security and resilience. Such challenges are investigated in the context of urban water system traps: the poverty and the rigidity trap. Results indicate that urban water poverty is associated with local unsustainability, while rigidity traps combined with urban demand growth gravitate towards global unsustainability. </div><div><br></div><div>Returning to the city-level in Section 4, I investigate urban water system evolution. The question how the trajectories of urban water security, resilience and sustainability can be managed is examined using insights from hydrological and social-ecological systems research. I propose an “Urban Budyko Landscape”, which compares urban water supply systems to hydrological catchments and highlights the different roles of supply- and demand-management of water and water-related urban services. A global assessment of 38 cities around the world puts the seven case studies in perspective, emphasizing the relevance of the proposed framework and the representative, archetypal character of the selected case studies. </div><div><br></div><div>Furthermore, I examine how managing for the different dimensions of the CPA (capital availability, robustness, risk and sustainable management) determines the trajectories of urban water systems. This is done by integrating the CPA with the components of social-ecological system resilience, which explain how control of the different components determines the movement of systems through states of security and resilience in a stability landscape. Finally, potential feedbacks resulting from the global environment are investigated with respect to the role that globally sustainable local and regional water management can play in determining the trajectories of urban water systems. These assessments demonstrate how the impact of supply-oriented strategies reach beyond local, regional and into global boundaries for meeting a growing urban demand, and come at the cost of global sustainability and communities elsewhere.</div><div><br></div><div>Despite stark differences between individual cities and large heterogeneities within cities, convergent trends and patterns emerge across systems and are revealed through application of the proposed concepts and frameworks. The implications of these findings are discussed in Section 5, and are summarized here as follows: </div><div>1) The management of urban water systems needs to move beyond the security and resilience paradigms, which focus on current system functioning and short-term behavior. Sustaining a growing global, urban population will require addressing the long-term, cross-scale and inter-sector impacts of achieving and maintaining urban water security and resilience. </div><div>2) Emergent spatial patterns are driven by optimization for the objective functions. Avoiding traps, cascading failure, extreme inequality and maintaining global urban livability requires a balance of supply- and demand-management, consideration of system complexity, size and reach (i.e., footprint), as well as internal structures and management strategies (connectedness and modularity).</div><div>3) Urban water security and resilience are threatened by long-term decline, which necessitates the transformation to urban sustainability. The key to sustainability lies in experimentation, modularization and the incorporation of interdependencies across scales, systems and sectors.</div><div><br></div>

A ocorrência de fármacos residuais no meio ambiente pode levar a efeitos adversos, tanto em organismos aquáticos como em terrestres. Os fármacos, tanto humanos como de uso veterinário, são absorvidos pelo organismo e estão sujeitos a reações metabólicas e, uma quantidade significativa dessas substâncias, tanto a original como seus metabólitos, são excretadas. Por não serem facilmente biodegradáveis, terem propriedades farmacológicas danosas quando administrados indevidamente, através de água contaminada, é crescente a preocupação com o destino destes fármacos residuais, principalmente com relação à avaliação de risco ambiental. A ocorrência destes resíduos, principalmente em águas superficiais e sistemas de abastecimento, vem sendo objeto de estudos em diversos países, principalmente na Europa. Por isso, a detecção, a eliminação e a investigação do destino destes compostos estrógenos em ecossistemas aquáticos têm tido prioridade na química ambiental. Estes produtos são encontrados nos corpos d\'água em baixas concentrações, de \'mü\'g L-1 a \'eta\'g L-1 e, mesmo assim, podem afetar os organismos por meio da bioacumulação. Estudos toxicológicos relacionados a efeitos crônicos em organismos expostos, são escassos. O objetivo do projeto foi adaptar e validar a metodologia analítica, e monitorar a presença de resíduos de hormônios nas águas dos Rios Corumbataí e Piracicaba e amostras de água de abastecimento da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de água bruta dos Rios Piracicaba e Corumbataí e água de abastecimento residencial da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, no período de novembro de 2007 a abril de 2009. Dentre os hormônios estudados estão o 17\'alfa\'-etinilestradiol (17\'alfa\'-EE2), 17\'beta\'-estradiol (17\'beta\'-E2) e estriol (E3). O método foi baseado na extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC-DAD) / The occurrence of drug residues in the environment may lead to adverse effects, both on land and aquatic organisms. The drugs, for human and veterinary use, are absorbed by the organism and are subjected to metabolic reactions and a significant amount of these substances, both the original and its metabolites are excreted. By being not easily biodegradable and by having harmful pharmacological properties when administered through contaminated water, there is a growing concern about the fate of these residual drugs, especially in respect to the assessment of environmental risks. The occurrence of these residues, especially in surface Waters and water supplies has been the subject of studies in several countries, mainly in Europe. Therefore, detection, investigation and disposal of the fate of these estrogens compounds in aquatic ecosystems have a high priority in the field of environmental chemistry. These products are found in water bodies in low concentrations, from \'mü\'g L-1 a \'eta\'g L-1 and can still affect the organisms due to bioaccumulation. Toxicological studies related to chronic effects in the exposed organisms are scarce. The goals of this project was to adapt and validate the analytical methodology, and monitor the presence of hormone residues in the Waters of the Corumbataí and Piracicaba rivers and samples of water supply from the city of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. We collected samples of raw water from the rivers of Piracicaba and Corumbataí and residential water supply from the city of Piracicaba in the period November 2007 to April 2009. Among the hormones studied are the 17\'alfa\'-ethinylestradiol (17\'alfa\'-EE2), 17\'beta\'-estradiol (17\'beta\'-E2) and estriol (E3). The method is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD)

A ocorrência de fármacos residuais no meio ambiente pode levar a efeitos adversos, tanto em organismos aquáticos como em terrestres. Os fármacos, tanto humanos como de uso veterinário, são absorvidos pelo organismo e estão sujeitos a reações metabólicas e, uma quantidade significativa dessas substâncias, tanto a original como seus metabólitos, são excretadas. Por não serem facilmente biodegradáveis, terem propriedades farmacológicas danosas quando administrados indevidamente, através de água contaminada, é crescente a preocupação com o destino destes fármacos residuais, principalmente com relação à avaliação de risco ambiental. A ocorrência destes resíduos, principalmente em águas superficiais e sistemas de abastecimento, vem sendo objeto de estudos em diversos países, principalmente na Europa. Por isso, a detecção, a eliminação e a investigação do destino destes compostos estrógenos em ecossistemas aquáticos têm tido prioridade na química ambiental. Estes produtos são encontrados nos corpos d\'água em baixas concentrações, de \'mü\'g L-1 a \'eta\'g L-1 e, mesmo assim, podem afetar os organismos por meio da bioacumulação. Estudos toxicológicos relacionados a efeitos crônicos em organismos expostos, são escassos. O objetivo do projeto foi adaptar e validar a metodologia analítica, e monitorar a presença de resíduos de hormônios nas águas dos Rios Corumbataí e Piracicaba e amostras de água de abastecimento da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de água bruta dos Rios Piracicaba e Corumbataí e água de abastecimento residencial da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, no período de novembro de 2007 a abril de 2009. Dentre os hormônios estudados estão o 17\'alfa\'-etinilestradiol (17\'alfa\'-EE2), 17\'beta\'-estradiol (17\'beta\'-E2) e estriol (E3). O método foi baseado na extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC-DAD) / The occurrence of drug residues in the environment may lead to adverse effects, both on land and aquatic organisms. The drugs, for human and veterinary use, are absorbed by the organism and are subjected to metabolic reactions and a significant amount of these substances, both the original and its metabolites are excreted. By being not easily biodegradable and by having harmful pharmacological properties when administered through contaminated water, there is a growing concern about the fate of these residual drugs, especially in respect to the assessment of environmental risks. The occurrence of these residues, especially in surface Waters and water supplies has been the subject of studies in several countries, mainly in Europe. Therefore, detection, investigation and disposal of the fate of these estrogens compounds in aquatic ecosystems have a high priority in the field of environmental chemistry. These products are found in water bodies in low concentrations, from \'mü\'g L-1 a \'eta\'g L-1 and can still affect the organisms due to bioaccumulation. Toxicological studies related to chronic effects in the exposed organisms are scarce. The goals of this project was to adapt and validate the analytical methodology, and monitor the presence of hormone residues in the Waters of the Corumbataí and Piracicaba rivers and samples of water supply from the city of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. We collected samples of raw water from the rivers of Piracicaba and Corumbataí and residential water supply from the city of Piracicaba in the period November 2007 to April 2009. Among the hormones studied are the 17\'alfa\'-ethinylestradiol (17\'alfa\'-EE2), 17\'beta\'-estradiol (17\'beta\'-E2) and estriol (E3). The method is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD)

This thesis examines the historical introduction and spatial expansion of modern water supply infrastructure in Amhara region across the three successive regimes: imperial, military, and EPRDF. It attempts to explore the institutional setup of the three governments together with their policies and strategies. The study also aims at giving an idea about the socio-economic changes registered because of improved access to safe water. Furthermore, it assesses the water consumption and conservation pattern of the society and the environmental impact of the water infrastructure development. Modern infrastructure development in Ethiopia traced its beginning back to the late 19th century. Safe drinking water supply had been one of those modern infrastructures introduced in Addis Ababa. Not long afterwards, it proliferated to the provinces. In Amhara region, drinking water supply infrastructure construction began in the early 20th century. However, this thesis inquired whether there was a programmed water supply infrastructure development before the mid-1950s or not. The water supply work started gaining momentum and became a state program in the late imperial period. However, it was affected by financial, technological and trained human resource constraints, lack of appropriate institution, defective management systems, and improper implementation methods. The military government had strengthened water supply institutions and improved workers' expertise. These developments helped the water supply infrastructure work to be executed in a programmed manner. Yet, financial restraints, the incessant political chaos of the time and the accompanied disruptive working environment had greatly impacted the temporal and spatial coverage of the water supply infrastructure development. The promising start of the Derg period did not continue with similar pace during the early years of the EPRDF rule. Despite the efforts made to set up water institutions at Regional, Zonal and Woreda (district) levels, no significant achievement was recorded in the field. The aftermath of the civil war together with internal and external challenges epitomized the transition period had impinged on the water supply work. This thesis testifies to the emergence of some socio-economic changes in the region. Yet, the slow progress of the water supply infrastructure work had stalled the socio-economic change that should have been registered through improved access to safe water supply. Despite the observable environmental degradation, the thesis argues that the retarded water supply work had nothing to do with the dearth of fresh water. While the trend shows steady growth of water consumption level across the three regimes, the conservation habit of the population remained low. / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)