As alterações das paisagens promovidas pelo homem, em razão das atividades relacionadas ao uso e ocupação do solo, representam um desafio para as atividades de controle da malária na Amazônia brasileira. Desse modo, buscou-se avaliar o sistema ecológico da malária através da construção de três eixos: desmatamento, uso do solo e diversidade de Culicidae. Esses eixos tiveram a paisagem como centro de conexão, modulados por fatores de pressão (hospedeiro humano), de risco (o vetor) e de causa (o agente infeccioso). A transmissão de patógenos, incluindo espécies de Plasmodium, ocorre na intersecção entre os nichos do hospedeiro humano, dos vetores e dos parasitos, em ambiente que permite a interconexão dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que cada quilômetro quadrado de área impactada pelo desmatamento, entre 2009-2015, produziu 27 novos casos de malária (r² = 0,78; F1,10 = 35,81; P <0,001) na Amazônia Legal brasileira, com uma correlação positiva altamente significativa entre o número de áreas de florestas impactadas com menos de 5 km² e a incidência da doença. Em virtude das relações indiretas com o desmatamento, foi possível verificar que o aumento da produção de soja, madeira, gado e óleo de palma no mundo apresentou alta correlação positiva significativa com a incidência de malária em países tropicais. No cenário brasileiro, a abundância de Nyssorhynchus darlingi respondeu positivamente à perda da cobertura florestal de áreas endêmicas de malária. Ao contrário, a diversidade de Culicidae diminuiu, deixando os vetores como espécies dominantes, favorecendo a taxa de picada e a capacidade de transmissão do Plasmodium. Desse modo, foi possível concluir que a incidência da doença, em áreas rurais, está fortemente associada aos padrões de uso e ocupação do solo. A estrutura da paisagem pode ser indicador de risco para a doença, em virtude das dinâmicas ecológicas do Ny. darlingi. / Changes in the landscapes caused by humans, due to the activities related to the use and occupation of the soil, represent a challenge for malaria control activities in the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, we evaluated the ecological system of malaria in relation to the construction of three drivers: deforestation, land use and Culicidae diversity. These drivers had in common the landscape, modulated by factors of pressure (human host), risk (the vector) and necessary cause (the infectious agent). The transmission of pathogens, including species of Plasmodium, occurs at the intersection among niches of the human host, the vectors and the parasites, in an environment that allows the interconnection of these organisms. The data analyzed herein verified that every square kilometer of area impacted by deforestation between 2009-2015 produced 27 new cases of malaria (r² = 0.78, F1.10 = 35.81, P <0.001) in the Brazilian Legal Amazon, with a highly significant positive correlation between the number of forest areas with impacted less than 5 km² and the incidence of the disease. Due to the indirect relationship with deforestation, it was possible to verify that the increase in the production of soybean, wood, cattle and palm oil worldwide showed a significant positive correlation with the incidence of malaria in tropical countries. In the Brazilian scenario, the abundance of Nyssorhynchus darlingi responded positively to the loss of forest cover of endemic areas of malaria. In opposite, the Culicidae diversity decreased, leaving vectors as dominant species, favoring the biting rate and the capacity to Plasmodium transmission. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the incidence of the disease in rural areas is strongly associated with the patterns of land use and occupation. The structure of the landscape can be an indicator of risk for the disease, due to the ecological dynamics of the Ny. darlingi.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-10-02T12:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Augusto.pdf: 6330592 bytes, checksum: 7a24562999e9032ffc8a232b0d94049e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-02T12:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Augusto.pdf: 6330592 bytes, checksum: 7a24562999e9032ffc8a232b0d94049e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The action of man over nature haphazardly and without adequate planning has led to imbalances in the various terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, it is necessary to formulate strategies to facilitate the balance between human activities and the strengths and weaknesses of environmental systems. One of the strategies used today is the analysis of the use and land cover across sub-basins, an innovation of the technique. Based on that this work has as main objective to analyze changes in land use and land cover in the municipality of Villa Nova, BA, through the use of geotechnology, for the years 1996, 2003 and 2011. The study area is located in the far north of the state of Bahia, Bahia and semi-arid shores of Lake Sobradinho, between the geographical coordinates 41?53' W and 40?39' W and 8?42' S and 09?47' S. The multitemporal analysis for use and land cover featured images of LANDSAT 5 TM, belonging to the municipality for the years 1996, 2003 and 2011, and to reach the purpose were followed methodological procedures that guided this research, structured in four steps: the first step were acquired vector data (GIS database from various sources) and raster data (Landsat and ASTER MDT). The second stage consisted in pre-processing of LANDSAT scenes where applied fixes atmospheric tilt solar and geometric mosaic and clip area. The third step was the digital image processing by performing statistical analysis, preparation of colored compositions, contrast enhancement, image classification and filtering. The fourth step was the post-processing is performed fieldwork for data collection with the help of GPS, these data provided support the calculation of Kappa indices, PABAK and errors of commission and omission, validating the maps with the realization of cross-tabulation between use and land cover, the years of study, and sub-basins extracted from the digital terrain model. The results from this study showed there were changes over time, such as farming areas which decreased missing for other uses. The techniques used allowed the identification of dynamic classes use and land cover in the study region. / A a??o do homem sobre a natureza de forma desorganizada e sem um planejamento adequado vem provocando desequil?brios nos diversos ecossistemas terrestres. Dessa forma, ? necess?rio formular estrat?gias que possibilitem o equil?brio entre a a??o antr?pica e as potencialidades e fragilidades dos sistemas ambientais. Umas das estrat?gias mais utilizadas atualmente ? a an?lise do uso e cobertura das terras atrav?s de sub-bacias hidrogr?ficas, uma inova??o da t?cnica de an?lise. Com base nisso este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as mudan?as no uso e cobertura das terras no munic?pio de Casa Nova, BA, por meio do uso das geotecnologias, no per?odo de 1996, 2003 e 2011. A ?rea de estudo localiza-se no extremo Norte do estado da Bahia, semi?rido baiano e ?s margens do Lago de Sobradinho, entre as coordenadas geogr?ficas 41?53? W e 40?39? W e 8?42? S e 09?47? S. A an?lise multitemporal para o uso e cobertura das terras contou com imagens do sat?lite LANDSAT 5 TM, pertencente ao munic?pio, dos anos de 1996, 2003 e 2011, e para chegar ao objetivo proposto foram seguidos procedimentos metodol?gicos que nortearam essa pesquisa, estruturados em quatro etapas: na primeira etapa foram adquiridos os dados vetoriais (base de dados em SIG de v?rias fontes) e dados raster (LANDSAT e do MDT ASTER). A segunda etapa constituiu no pr?-processamento das cenas do LANDSAT, onde se aplicou corre??es atmosf?rica, inclina??o solar e geom?trica, mosaico e recorte da ?rea. A terceira etapa foi o processamento digital de imagem realizando an?lise estat?stica, elabora??o das composi??es coloridas, realce de contraste, classifica??o da imagem e filtragem. A quarta etapa foi o p?sprocessamento, executou-se o trabalho de campo para coleta de dados com o aux?lio do GPS, estes dados subsidiaram o c?lculo dos ?ndices de Kappa, PABAK e dos erros de Comiss?o e Omiss?o, validando os mapas, com a realiza??o da tabula??o cruzada entre o uso e cobertura das terras, dos anos de estudo, e as sub-bacias extra?das do modelo digital do terreno. Os resultados oriundos dessa pesquisa mostraram houve modifica??es ao longo do tempo, como por exemplo, a agropecu?ria que decresceu perdendo ?reas para outros usos. As t?cnicas usadas possibilitaram a identifica??o da din?mica das classes de uso e cobertura das terras na regi?o de estudo.

In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers’ livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of peri-urban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam’s land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the ‘bottom-up’ mechanism, through which Vinh’s local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city’s goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers’ livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.

In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers’ livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of peri-urban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam’s land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the ‘bottom-up’ mechanism, through which Vinh’s local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city’s goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers’ livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.

Žemė yra ribotas, pažeidžiamas ir niekuo nepakeičiamas gamtos išteklius, nuo kurio priklauso mūsų gyvenimas. Žemės naudojimo valstybine kontrole siekiama užtikrinti, kad valdant ir naudojant žemę būtų laikomasi Lietuvos Respublikos žemės įstatymo bei kitų įstatymų, kurie susiję su žemės naudojimo priežiūra. Siekiant užtikrinti tinkamą žemės naudojimą, susiduriama su įvairiais pažeidimais. Tyrimas atliktas siekiant nustatyti žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės darbų organizavimo problemas, trukdančias pasiekti efektyvų kontrolės vykdymą. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės vykdymas Alytaus ir Lazdijų rajonuose 2007–2009 m. Tyrimams panaudoti literatūros šaltinių analizės, alternatyvų paieškos, lyginamosios ir vertinamosios analizės ir loginio mąstymo metodai. Baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti žemės naudojimą ir valstybinės kontrolės vykdymą reglamentuojantys teisės aktai, Nacionalinės žemės tarnybos prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos ir Alytaus bei Lazdijų rajonų kontrolės vykdymo veiklos ataskaitos. Išnagrinėjus teisės aktus, jų praktinį taikymą ir kontrolės vykdymo veiklos ataskaitas, nustatytos problemos, apibūdinti nustatyti pažeidimai – žemės naudojimo ne pagal nustatytą pagrindinę paskirtį (žemės ūkio paskirties žemės apleidimo), savavališko žemės užgrobimo, riboženklių sunaikinimo, derlingojo dirvožemio nesaugojimo, savavaldžiavimo atvejai. Pateikti duomenys apie kontrolės darbų apimtis 2007, 2008 ir 2009 metais. Nustatyta, kad žemės naudojimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In order to determine whether the land is used rationally and purposefully, state control of land use is performed. By the state control of land use one strives to ensure that while managing and using land, the land law and other laws of the Republic of Lithuania related to land use care are obeyed. While trying to ensure the appropriate use of land, a lot of different offences can be met. The research was carried out in order to find out the problems of state control of land use which might be the obstacles of effective control implementation. During the research the object selected was the research of land use control procedures Alytus and Lazdijai district in 2007-2009 year. During the research the analysis of literature sources, alternative search, comparative and evaluation analyses and methods of logical thinking were used. In Master Work the use of land and legal acts that regulate state control implementation and control implementation work reports of National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture and Alytus, Lazdijai district were analyzed. Analyzing legal acts, their practical application and work reports of control implementation the problems were stated and also the stated offences were described, for example the inappropriate use of the land (negligent use of farming land), willful occupation of the land, the destruction of bound marks, careless attitude towards soil, the cases of self-will. The data given takes up the records of state control in 2007, 2... [to full text]

The advance in remote sensing technology helps people more easily assess urban growth. In this study, the utility of multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) is examined in a sub-pixel analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to map urban physical components in Tampa, FL. The three physical components of urban land cover (LC): impervious surface, vegetation and soil, were compared using the proposed MESMA with a traditional spectral mixture analysis (SMA). MESMA decomposes each pixel to address the heterogeneity of urban LC characteristic by allowing the number and types of endmembers to vary on a per pixel basis. This study generated 642 spectral mixture models of 2-, 3-, and 4-endmembers for each pixel to estimate the fractions of impervious surface, vegetation, soil, and shade in the study area with a constraint of lowest root mean square error (RMSE). A comparative analysis of the impervious surface areas (ISA) mapped with MESMA and SMA demonstrated that MESMA produced more accurate results of mapping urban physical components than those by SMA. With the multiyear Landsat TM data, we quantified sub-pixel %ISA and the %ISA changes to assess urban growth in the City of Tampa, Florida during the past twenty years. The experimental results demonstrate that the MESMA approach is effective in mapping and monitoring urban land use/land cover changes using moderate-resolution multispectral imagery at a sub-pixel level.

全球化發展及產業結構轉型，造成都市計畫工業土地需求降低，導致工業土地閒置。再者，因都市地區快速發展，都會區住宅需求增加，房價高漲，致引發開發商對取得成本相對較低之都市計畫工業土地開發動機。土地開發過程中，自土地取得、規劃、興建等一連串交易行為所衍生之交易成本不容小覷。當交易成本為零的情況下，財產權得被清楚界定，故賦予財產權予任何人，資源分配結果均不會受影響，此時透過私下協商即可達最有效率之使用，無需政府干預。然在現實生活中，交易成本大於零，使得財產權界定困難度增加。土地使用分區管制界定了土地財產權，致開發商為尋求更大租利，而藉由尋租行為改變土地使用管制環境，進而影響土地使用分區管制決策與財產權結構。 　　本研究從交易成本理論探討開發商就都市計畫工業土地轉變使用開發架構選擇，藉由就新北市都市計畫工業土地轉變使用與交易成本分析，瞭解開發商就該等土地進行開發時，採取合法或違規轉變使用開發架構選擇及其交易成本暨交易特性。再自土地開發過程、財產權界定、尋租及交易成本理論等相關文獻回顧及所蒐集之新北市都市計畫工業土地轉變使用建案資料中，選取適當變數，建立Logistic迴歸模型。經實證測試結果，影響開發商就都市計畫工業土地轉變使用開發架構選擇因素為建案規模之戶數、總樓地板面積、交易特性中資產特殊性之開發時機及時間之存續時間。最後，依據本研究成果，提供政府機關於管制都市計畫工業土地轉變使用之參考。 / As a result of the development of globalization and the industrial restructuring, the demand of urban industrial land decreased, leaving the industrial land unused. Moreover, because of the rapid development in urban areas, the housing requirements in metropolis increased and the price rose highly, triggering off the motive for developers exploiting relatively low cost urban industrial land. During the process of land development, the transaction cost deriving from a series of trade behaviors including the acquisition of land, planning, construction is high. When the transaction cost turned zero, the property right should be defined obviously; therefore, the property right endued with anyone and the resource-allocation consequence won’t be influenced. Under this circumstance, it can reach the most efficient using via private negotiation, without the government’s intervention. However, the transaction cost is greater than zero in the real life, leading the definition of property right too difficultly. Zoning defined the land property right. In order to obtain more benefits, the developers change the regulatory environment of land use by rent seeking and then affect the decision of zoning and the structure of property right. This study discusses the developers’ choices for converse structure of the urban industrial land based on the transaction cost. According to the New Taipei City conversing use of the urban industrial land and the transaction cost, we could analyzed the developers adopted legal or illegal choices for conversing the exploitative structure and its transaction cost of trade characteristic. Furthermore, the study selects the appropriate variables to establish logistic regression models from the related literature reviews such as the process of land development, property right definition, rent seeking and transaction cost theory and the collected data of the New Taipei City. After actual proof, the factors influence developers’ choices for conversing the use of urban industrial land including the household scale of building project, total floor areas, the development timing and durations of asset specificity for trade characteristic. Lastly, this study will be a reference to provide government in controlling conversion the use of urban industrial land.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 98-103).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 16, 2009). Thesis advisor: Patricia Freeland. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Anthropology Department, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.