Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-18T13:56:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodeoliveira.pdf: 54067664 bytes, checksum: a5c84df2cc84ff15fc4881a06fd4f6ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:07:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodeoliveira.pdf: 54067664 bytes, checksum: a5c84df2cc84ff15fc4881a06fd4f6ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodeoliveira.pdf: 54067664 bytes, checksum: a5c84df2cc84ff15fc4881a06fd4f6ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / A represa de Chapéu D’Uvas é um importante manancial de abastecimento público para o município de Juiz de Fora, MG, sendo a expectativa de garantia de água para as próximas décadas em quantidade e qualidade. Ao longo dos anos a bacia de contribuição da represa vem passando por um processo de ocupação antrópica, sendo preocupante a possibilidade de impactos sobre o manancial. A pesquisa aqui apresentada teve por objetivo identificar as relações espaciais entre o uso e cobertura da terra na bacia de contribuição da represa de Chapéu D’Uvas e a qualidade da água do reservatório. A metodologia passou por um estudo com sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento para conhecimento das condições de uso e cobertura da terra, e da manutenção das áreas de preservação permanente. Foram analisados dados históricos de qualidade da água no ponto de captação fornecidos pela Companhia de Saneamento Municipal de Juiz de Fora, Cesama, relativos aos anos de 2005 a 2017. Também foram realizadas campanhas para amostragem na represa e nos principais tributários, nos anos de 2016 e 2017. Os dados de uso e cobertura da terra e de qualidade da água foram analisados a partir dos princípios da limnologia da paisagem e com a aplicação da regressão geograficamente ponderada. Os resultados mostraram como as variáveis densidade de cianobactérias, E. coli, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio consumido, ortofosfato, nitrato e demanda química de oxigênio foram influenciadas, principalmente, pelo percentual de áreas de mata, pastagens, silvicultura e área urbanizada. A declividade média das subbacias também influenciou nos resultados. A ponderação geográfica diferenciou as influências das sub bacias conforme sua posição mais próxima ou mais afastada da barragem. Desse modo, por meio da análise das correlações entre as variáveis, foi possível identificar os efeitos da ocupação da bacia de contribuição sobre a qualidade da água, e, assim, relacionar as principais questões que merecem atenção dos gestores do manancial. / The Chapeu D'Uvas dam is an important source of public water supply for the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, with the expectation of guaranteeing water for the coming decades in quantity and quality. Over the years the watershed of the dam has undergone a process of anthropic occupation, being worrying the possibility of impacts on the source. The research presented here aimed to identify the spatial relationships between land use and land cover in the watershed of the Chapeu D'Uvas dam and the water quality of the reservoir. The methodology underwent a study with remote sensing and geoprocessing to know the conditions of use and land cover, and the maintenance of permanent preservation areas. Historical data on water quality at the catchment point provided by the Companhia de Saneamento Municipal de Juiz de Fora, Cesama, were analyzed for the years 2005 to 2017. Campaigns were also conducted for sampling at the reservoir and at the main tributaries, in the years 2016 and 2017. Data on land use and land cover and water quality were analyzed from the principles of landscape limnology and the application of geographically weighted regression. The results showed that the variables density of cyanobacteria, E. coil, electrical conductivity, oxygen consumed, orthophosphate, nitrate and chemical oxygen demand were influenced mainly by the percentage of forest, silviculture, pasture, and urbanized areas. The longitudinal profile of the sub basins also influenced the results. The geographic weighting differentiated the influences of the sub basins according to their position closest to or farther from the dam. Thus, through the analysis of the correlations between the variables, it was possible to identify the effects of the occupation of the basin of contribution on water quality, and, thus, to relate the main issues that deserve attention of the managers of the source.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-08-10T19:36:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Magro Rodrigues.pdf: 8641064 bytes, checksum: f4d6d61246947f4905adf5a227d333ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T19:36:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Magro Rodrigues.pdf: 8641064 bytes, checksum: f4d6d61246947f4905adf5a227d333ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / The present work aimed to develop the cartographic project and production as a support to the environmental planning and analysis of the water resources` quality of the Pirapozinho watershed. To accomplish this, it was followed a script that contemplated the developmental stages of the cartographic design and production processes with the intention to subsidize the environmental analysis of watersheds. The principles of cartographic communication were applied in the design and production of thematic maps. The environmental analysis process was elaborated from the compilation of the data collected in the cartographic production stage, supported by physical-chemical and bacteriological analyzes of the surface waters of the Pirapozinho watershed. The work sought to reflect on environmental sustainability and land uses regarding to environmental quality and water resources. By means of the environmental situation identification in the studied watershed, correlations were made between the physical aspects raised and the surface water quality. The results pointed to impacts in the watershed due to the inadequate process of watershed occupation. A vegetative deficit stands out, as intense occupation of pasture and crops. Also noteworthy is the influence of industrial effluent discharges in the Pirapozinho river drainage head areas in its main course. The analysis of surface water indicated a possible points of water contamination. The parameters above the acceptable limit according to the resolution Conama 357/05, as amended by Conama Resolution 430/11, were: biochemical demand for oxygen, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen and Escherichia coli. These changes are attributed to industrial and agricultural activities in the studied watershed. / O presente trabalho possuiu como objetivo desenvolver o projeto e a produção cartográfica como suporte ao planejamento ambiental e análise da qualidade dos recursos hídricos da bacia hidrográfica do rio Pirapozinho. Para isso foi seguido um roteiro que contemplou as etapas de desenvolvimento dos processos de projeto e produção cartográfica com o intuito subsidiar a análise ambiental de bacias hidrográficas. Os princípios da comunicação cartográfica foram aplicados no projeto e na produção dos mapas temáticos. O processo de análise ambiental foi elaborado a partir da compilação dos dados levantados na etapa de produção cartográfica, apoiado por análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas das águas superficiais da bacia hidrográfica do rio Pirapozinho. O trabalho buscou trazer reflexões sobre a sustentabilidade ambiental e os usos da terra relacionados com a qualidade ambiental. Por meio da identificação da situação ambiental da bacia estudada foram realizadas relações entre os aspectos físicos levantados e a qualidade das águas superficiais. Os resultados apontam para impactos na bacia hidrográfica oriundos do inadequado processo de ocupação da bacia. Destaca-se um déficit vegetacional, e intensa ocupação de pastagem e culturas. Destaca-se também a influência do lançamento de efluente industrial em áreas da cabeceira de drenagem do rio Pirapozinho em seu curso principal. Pelas análises de águas superficiais foi possível identificar pontos de contaminação hídrica. Os parâmetros que encontraram-se acima do limite aceitável segundo a resolução Conama 357/05, alterada pela resolução Conama 430/11, foram: demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, fósforo, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio total e Escherichia Coli. Atribui-se estas alterações as atividades industriais e agropecuárias na bacia estudada.

С точки зрения экологизации производственных процессов перед исследователями и промышленниками, перед муниципальными властями выдвигается необходимость обеспечить максимально возможную безвредность технологических процессов и полное использование всех отходов производства, а с точки зрения экономики возникает необходимость минимизации затрат предприятия, путем ведения его эффективной налоговой политики в области землепользования, а также разработки методов стимулирования к рациональному использованию земли. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка модели налогового поведения промышленного предприятия при размещении отходов производства на земле. Анализ основывался на рассмотрении техногенной нагрузки на земли и почвы Свердловской области, а также изучении существующих методов и инструментов управления налоговой нагрузкой промышленного предприятия в части использования земель. В качестве источников информации использовались нормативно-правовые акты РФ, база публикаций Российского индекса научного цитирования, представленная на ресурсе Elibrary, статистические данные по исследуемой тематике, данные отчетности ФНС. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана и апробирована модель налогового поведения отходопроизводителя. Использование данной модели нацелено на снижение налоговой нагрузки отходообразующего предприятия в части использования земель путем оптимизации налоговых платежей, учитывая интересы налогоплательщика и экологическую обстановку в регионе. Предложен авторский подход к совершенствованию размера платы за пользование земельным ресурсом (налог на землю, арендная плата, нормативная цена земли), в основу которого положен принцип дифференциации ставок, что обусловит внедрение технологий утилизации в целях сокращения площади занимаемых земель. В результате апробации разработанной модели был выявлен вариант эффективного налогового поведения с максимально возможной экономической выгодой. / From the point of view of greening production processes, researchers and industrialists, municipal authorities are required to ensure the maximum possible harmlessness of technological processes and the full use of all production waste, and from an economic point of view, there is a need to minimize the costs of an enterprise by maintaining its effective land use tax policy, and the development of incentive methods for the rational use of land. The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop a model of the tax behavior of an industrial enterprise when disposing of production waste on the ground. The analysis was based on the consideration of the technogenic load on the land and soil of the Sverdlovsk region, as well as the study of the existing methods and tools for managing the tax burden of an industrial enterprise in terms of land use. The sources of information were the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the database of publications of the Russian Science Citation Index, presented on the Elibrary resource, statistical data on the subject under study, and data from the FTS reporting.. In the course of writing the master's thesis, a model of tax evacuation behavior was developed and tested. The use of this model is aimed at reducing the tax burden of the waste- forming enterprise in terms of land use by optimizing tax payments, taking into account the interests of the taxpayer and the environmental situation in the region. An author's approach is proposed to improve the size of payment for the use of land (land tax, rent, normative price of land), which is based on the principle of differentiation of rates, which will lead to the introduction of recycling technologies in order to reduce the area of land occupied. As a result of testing the developed model, a variant of effective tax behavior with the greatest possible economic benefit was identified.

В современных условиях значение налогового планирования всё больше возрастает, это определяется следующими моментами: для организаций является весьма тяжёлым бременем соблюдать и выполнять налоговые обязательства, а также оно сталкивается с такой сложностью, как налоговое законодательство, которое характеризуется неустойчивым положением. Необходимость налогового управления определяется в законодательстве по налогообложению, которое предусматривает разнообразные режимы в зависимости от ситуации, и допускает применять разные способы для определения такого элемента налоговой системы, как налоговая база, а также предполагает применение льгот. Помимо этого, у государства присутствует интерес в предоставлении бенефиций в целях стимулирования какого-либо сектора экономики, социального или экономического развития страны в части спланированной налоговой политики. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации был предложен новый принцип налогового планирования, заключающийся в дифференциации налога на прибыль в зависимости от видов экономической деятельности предприятий. А также предложена методика формирования налога на прибыль в зависимости от видов экономической деятельности предприятий согласно разработанному принципу. / In modern conditions, the importance of tax planning is increasing, it is determined by the following points: for organizations is a very heavy burden to comply with and fulfill tax obligations, and it is faced with such complexity as tax legislation, which is characterized by an unstable situation. The need for tax administration is defined in tax legislation, which provides for a variety of regimes depending on the situation, and allows for different ways to determine such an element of the tax system as the tax base, and also involves the use of benefits. In addition, the state has an interest in providing benefits in order to stimulate any sector of the economy, social or economic development of the country in terms of the planned tax policy. During the writing of the master's thesis was proposed a new principle of tax planning, which consists in the differentiation of income tax depending on the types of economic activity of enterprises. And also the technique of formation of the income tax depending on types of economic activity of the enterprises according to the developed principle is offered.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-08T17:03:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO ALEXANDRE DA SILVA.pdf: 18031586 bytes, checksum: 0c2ac39aa49f7861e0e1a24eeb8e2ce5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T17:03:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO ALEXANDRE DA SILVA.pdf: 18031586 bytes, checksum: 0c2ac39aa49f7861e0e1a24eeb8e2ce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / The issue of contaminated areas is a problem that has increased in recent decades. The identification of numerous contaminations - old and recent - in the soil and water medium has affected the population, caused numerous health problems, and the environment, with the commitment of flora and fauna. In addition, economic activities carried out both in urban and rural areas have been hampered by the juxtaposition of the industrial production means that generate various types of contamination. The actions carried out by the public managers have not followed the breadth and expansion of the cases already detected. Generally the role played by public managers, especially municipal power, has been marked by great leniency and is evoked from their clearly technocratic and patrimonialist management structures . The legal competence regarding the licensing of activities with risk of contamination, national and state elevation in Brazil and in other countries studied, with sectorial and disciplinary perspective, in which industry is always seen as a positive factor, does not reach the problem as a territorialized phenomenon, with implications for the current and future use of localities. The study in question proposes new guidelines for the treatment of contaminated areas, with emphasis on the managerial integration of levels of government, access to information and monitoring of society. They were elaborated from the analysis of several occurrences of contamination, observing the causes, effects, agents and, mainly, the position adopted by the public managers, in particular the municipal ones, since they are the direct responsible by the regulation of the territory, through the legislation of land use and occupation in the municipal space. / La cuesti?n de las ?reas contaminadas representa un problema que ha aumentado en las ?ltimas d?cadas. La identificaci?n de innumerables contaminaciones - antiguas y recientes - en el suelo y medio h?drico ha afectado a la poblaci?n, ocasionado innumerables problemas de salud, y al medio ambiente, con el comprometimiento de la flora y la fauna. Adem?s, las actividades econ?micas, ejecutadas tanto en el espacio urbano y rural, han sido perjudicadas por la yuxtaposici?n de los medios de producci?n industrial que generan diversos tipos de contaminaciones. Las acciones ejecutadas por los gestores p?blicos, no han acompa?ado la amplitud y la expansi?n de los casos ya detectados. Generalmente el papel ejercido por los gestores p?blicos, en especial el poder municipal, ha sido marcado por una gran lenidad y que es evocada a partir de sus estructuras gerenciales claramente tecnocr?ticas y patrimonialistas. La competencia jur?dica sobre el licenciamiento de actividades con riesgo de contaminaci?n, alzada nacional y estadual en Brasil y en otros pa?ses estudiados, con perspectiva sectorial y disciplinaria, en la cual la industria es siempre vista como factor positivo, no alcanza el problema como fen?meno territorializado, con implicaciones en el uso actual y futuro de las localidades. El estudio en cuesti?n propone nuevas directrices para el tratamiento de ?reas contaminadas, con destaque a la integraci?n gerencial de los niveles de gobierno, el acceso a la informaci?n y acompa?amiento de la sociedad. Se elaboraron a partir del an?lisis de diversas ocurrencias de contaminaci?n, observ?ndose las causas, efectos, agentes y, principalmente, la postura adoptada por los gestores p?blicos, en particular los municipales, pues son los responsables directos por la regulaci?n del territorio, a trav?s de la legislaci?n de uso y ocupaci?n del suelo en el espacio municipal. / A quest?o das ?reas contaminadas representa um problema que tem aumentado nas ultimas d?cadas. A identifica??o de in?meras contamina??es ? antigas e recentes - no solo e meio h?drico tem afetado a popula??o, ocasionado in?meros problemas de sa?de, e ao meio ambiente, com o comprometimento da flora e a fauna. Al?m disso, atividades econ?micas, executadas tanto no espa?o urbano e rural, tem sido prejudicadas pela justaposi??o dos meios de produ??o industrial que geram diversos tipos de contamina??es. As a??es executadas pelos gestores p?blicos, n?o tem acompanhado a amplitude e a expans?o dos casos j? detectados. Geralmente o papel exercido pelos gestores p?blicos, em especial o poder municipal, tem sido marcado por uma grande leni?ncia e que ? evocada a partir de suas estruturas gerenciais claramente tecnocr?ticas e patrimonialistas. A compet?ncia jur?dica sobre o licenciamento de atividades com risco de contamina??o, al?ada nacional e estadual no Brasil e em outros pa?ses estudados, com perspectiva setorial e disciplinar, na qual a ind?stria ? sempre vista como fator positivo, n?o alcan?a o problema enquanto fen?meno territorializado, com implica??es no uso atual e futuro das localidades. O estudo em quest?o prop?e novas diretrizes para o tratamento de ?reas contaminadas, com destaque ? integra??o gerencial dos n?veis de governo, o acesso ? informa??o e acompanhamento da sociedade. Foram elaboradas a partir da an?lise de diversas ocorr?ncias de contamina??o, observando-se as causas, efeitos, agentes e, principalmente, a postura adotada pelos gestores p?blicos, em particular os municipais, pois s?o os respons?veis diretos pela regula??o do territ?rio, atrav?s da legisla??o de uso e ocupa??o do solo no espa?o municipal.

Die Kulturlandschaft und ihre Bewirtschaftung haben sich seit dem Beginn der großräumigen Intensivierungsprozesse (z.B. Meliorationen, synthetischer Düngung und Herbizidgebrauch) in den 1950/60er Jahren in Mitteleuropa dramatisch geändert. Viele der ehemaligen artenreichen Grünlandflächen wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten beseitigt (z.B. durch Umbruch zu Acker). Dies führte zu einem allgemeinen Grünlandrückgang in Deutschland. Heute werden die meisten Ackerflächen und die restlichen Grünlandflächen sehr intensiv bewirtschaftet. Die gegenläufige Entwicklung, die Umwandlung von Äckern zu Grünland, ist eher eine regionale Erscheinung, z.B. im Hügeland oder im Zuge von Kompensationsmaßnahmen. Die Artenzusammensetzung dieser Grünländer unterscheidet sich jedoch häufig von solchen mit längerer Habitatkontinuität. Um die Effekte von solch weiträumigen Meliorationsmaßnahmen auf die Phytodiversität, die Landschaftsstruktur und die hiermit einhergehende Grünlandfragmentierung sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Pflanzenarten des Grünlandes zu erfassen, ist es nötig, historische Daten aus den 1950er Jahren, bevor die gravierenden, ackerbaulichen Intensivierungen begannen, auszuwerten. Feucht- sowie artenreiche Frischgrünländer waren in den 1950/60er Jahren ein typischer und weit verbreiteter Habitattyp, gelten jedoch aktuell als sehr bedroht in Mitteleuropa. Wiederholungsstudien mit mehreren Untersuchungsflächen und einem Untersuchungs-zeitraum von 50-60 Jahren, der vor den weiträumigen Intensivierungen beginnt, fehlen bislang und klar verortete historische Vegetationsdaten sind selten. Obwohl der Graslandanteil in einigen Hügelregionen in Deutschland zugenommen hat ist die ökologische Qualität vieler dieser Flächen gering. Zusätzlich sind artenreiche Kalkmagerrasen als ein Relikt früherer Bewirtschaftsformen und typischer Bestandteil des Hügellandes durch Nutzungsaufgabe (Sukzession) und Nährstoffeintrag gefährdet. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, den Landschaftswandel und die Veränderungen im Grünland in sechs Flussauengebieten (sowie einem durch Naturschutzstatus geschützten Gebiet) und einem typischen Gebiet des Hügellandes in Norddeutschland zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden sowohl der Grünlandanteil, die Habitatkontinuität, der aktuelle Habitattyp, der Fragmentierungsgrad als auch die Auswirkungen auf die Artenzahlen, Artenzusammensetzung und die funktionelle Diversität untersucht. Die Studien in den Flussauen basieren auf fein aufgelösten historischen Vegetationskarten und dazugehörigen Vegetationsaufnahmen aus demselben Zeitraum. In 2008 wurden diese sechs Gebiete (+1 geschütztes Gebiet) mittels einer Biotoptypenkartierung erneut erfasst. Innerhalb dieser kanpp 2800 ha (2500 + 293 ha) früherer Grünländer wurden randomisierte Punkte gelegt und zusätzlich Vegetationaufnahmen in allen aktuellen Grünländern (inklusive Sukzessionsstadien) angefertigt. Die Fallstudie (2500 ha) aus dem niedersächsischen Hügelland basiert auf aktuellen Vegetationsaufnahmen, die ebenfalls mittels randomisierter Punkte in den bestehenden Grünländern (394 ha) angefertig wurden. Zusatzdaten über z.B. die aktuelle Bewirtschaftung oder die Habitatkontinuität (Auswertung historischer Karten) wurden ebenfalls erfasst. Die erste Studie zeigte, dass die ehemaligen artenreichen Feucht- und Frischgrünländer in den ungeschützten Gebieten drastisch, um über 80% der ursprünglichen Fläche, zurückgegangen sind. Sie wurden größtenteils durch Äcker, Intensivgrünländer aber auch Brachestadien ersetzt. Bedingt durch diesen starken Flächenrückgang hat die Fragmentierung der Restflächen stark zugenommen. Die durch ein Naturschutzgebiet geschützte Untersuchungsfläche an der Havel zeigte im Vergleich relative geringe Veränderungen. Daraus lässt sich deuten, dass lokale Effekte wie Düngung oder Drainage und nicht überregionale Effekte wie Klimaerwärmung oder der Eintrag von Stickstoff durch Luft die Hauptursache für den dokumentierten Wandel sind. Die zweite Studie in den Grünländern der Auen zeigte, dass sich die Artenzusammensetzung in den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahrzehnten in allen Gebieten stark verändert hat, die Artenzahlen der Vegetationsaufnahmen um 30-50% und auch die funktionelle Diversität in ähnlichem Maße zurückgegangen sind. Die Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte (EIV) für Nährstoffverfügbarkeit sind im Vergleich zu den 1950/60er Jahren stark gestiegen und die Unterschiede zwischen den ungeschützen und dem geschützten Gebiet unterstützen ebenfalls die Annahme, dass Veränderungen größtenteils durch lokale Faktoren und nicht durch überregionale Effekte verursacht wurden. Der Trend in den ungeschützten Gebieten geht zu artenamen Grünlandgesellschaften, die von wenigen konkurrenzstarken und mahdtoleranten Arten dominiert werden. Frühblühende und auf Insektenbestäubung angewiesene Pflanzen sind stark zurückgegangen, mit entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf die Tierwelt. Die dritte Studie verknüpft den dramatischen Grünlandrückgang und die zunehmende Fragmentierung mit der Artenverarmung seit den 1950/60er Jahren. Hierfür wurden mittels definierter Kriterien eine Liste von 78 für das Feucht- und Frischgrünland charakteristischen Grünlandarten definiert, die die Grundlage für die weiteren Analysen bildeten. Die Artenzahlen auf Ebene der Vegetationsaufnahmen nahmen um 30-66% ab. Die getesteten Landschaftsstrukturmaße hatten keinen nachweisbaren Einfluss auf die Artenzahlen auf Landschaftsebene. Die Distanz zum nächstgelegenen und geeigneten Habitat für die charakteristischen Arten hatte einen geringen negativen Effekt auf die Artenzahl der Vegetationsaufnahmen. Die Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte (N, F) und die Diversitätsmaßzahlen an charakteristischen Arten weisen ebenfalls auf den Effekt der lokalen Bewirtschaftung und nicht auf Fragmentierung als treibende Kraft beim Rückgang und dem Wandel der Artengarnitur hin. Im Gegensatz zu den Untersuchungsgebieten in den Flussauen hat sich der Grünlandanteil in der Fallstudie im niedersächsischen Hügelland seit den 1950er Jahren verdoppelt. Es wurden sechs verschiedene Grünlandtypen mit einer Spanne von unter 15 bis zu deutlich mehr als 27 Arten pro Aufnahme erfasst. Die besonders artenreichen Bestände sind aber mit ca. 6% der Fläche sehr selten. Die Anzahl an insektenbestäubten Pflanzen als auch die absoluten Artenzahlen gehen mit steigender Nutzungsintensität (indiziert durch die Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte Nährstoffe (N) und Mahdtoleranz (M)) wie in den Untersuchungsgebieten in den Flussauen zurück. Artenreiche Grünländer kommen nur auf mit Schafen beweideten Flächen mit einer Habitatkontinuität von mindestens 100 Jahren vor. Grünländer mit mittleren Artenzahlen sind größtenteils auf früheren Äckern mit einer Habitatkontinuität von weniger als 30 Jahren zu finden. Die dargestellte Untersuchung hat dramatische Verluste in den Grünlandflächen der Flussauen aufgezeigt. Die Restflächen sind fragmentiert und die Artenzahlen sowie die funtionelle Diversität stark zurückgegangen. Die Fallstudie im niedersächsischen Hügelland zeigt, dass selbst in Landschaften mit hohem Grasslandanteil die ökologische Qualität von den meisten Grünländern nur noch gering ist.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ricardo Dobrovolski.pdf: 1981880 bytes, checksum: 8c60352c3d999171ab957f065b32a9db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-10 / Agriculture is the human activity with the greatest impact on the environment. Specifically, it represents the greatest threat to biodiversity. In the future, this activity should expand due to population growth, increased consumption and production of biofuels from food. To understand the possible impacts of this expansion on biodiversity, we used scenarios of land use change between 1970 and 2100 from IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) to test the following hypotheses: (i) areas considered as global priorities for conservation by international NGOs will be preferentially impacted by agricultural expansion in the XXI century, (ii) there is a conflict between the priority areas for carnivores conservation and agricultural expansion, and this conflict can be reduced by incorporating information on agricultural expansion in the prioritization process, (iii) the integration among countries for conservation planning may benefit both biodiversity and agricultural productivity, (iv) Brazilian protected areas will be impacted by agricultural expansion in the future and this impact will differ between protected areas of integral protection and those of sustainable use. We found that: (i) the impact on priority areas for conservation depends on the criteria by which they were set, so that areas defined by its high vulnerability are currently most affected than those of low vulnerability. Throughout the XXI century this impact is expected to increase, although the difference between the two types of priorities remains, except for High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, defined by their low vulnerability in current time, but for which most pessimistic scenarios forecast an impact similar to priority areas of high vulnerability, (ii) there is a high spatial congruence between areas with high agricultural use in the future and priority areas for conservation of carnivores. This conflict can be reduced if the prioritization process include information on agricultural expansion; this incorporation, however, causes a profound change in the distribution of priority areas and reduces the number of protected carnivore populations, (iii) the integration of countries to create a set of priority areas for conservation that represents 17% of the land surface can protect 19% more mammal populations without reducing food production, compared to a strategy in which each country seeks to protect its territory independently, and (iv) the impact of agriculture in Brazil is expected to increase until the end of the century, threatening even the protected areas and their surroundings. This impact, however, should not be different between areas of sustainable use and those of integral protection. We conclude that agricultural expansion should remain a major threat to biodiversity in the future, even in areas of special interest for conservation. Conservation actions should be planned taking into account this threat in order to reduce their potential impacts. For this, countries like Brazil should strengthen its surveillance on agricultural expansion and on how this activity is developed. Furthermore, the integration of international conservation efforts should be pursued, given its benefits for biodiversity and food production. Finally, humanity must choose methods of agricultural production that reduce its impacts, including avoiding its future expansion, so as to meet the increasing needs of a human population globally. / A agricultura é a atividade humana com maior impacto sobre o ambiente. Particularmente, ela representa a maior ameaça à biodiversidade. No futuro, essa atividade deve expandir-se com o aumento populacional humano, o aumento do consumo e a produção de biocombustíveis a partir dos alimentos. Para entender os possíveis impactos dessa expansão sobre a biodiversidade, nós utilizamos cenários de mudança de uso do solo entre 2000 e 2100 do IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) para testar as seguintes hipóteses: (i) as áreas consideradas como prioridades globais de conservação pelas ONGs internacionais serão preferencialmente impactadas pela expansão agrícola no século XXI; (ii) há um conflito entre áreas prioritárias para a conservação de carnívoros e a expansão agrícola e esse conflito pode ser reduzido com a incorporação da informação sobre expansão agrícola no processo de priorização; (iii) a integração entre os países para o planejamento da conservação pode ser favorável à proteção da biodiversidade e à produção agrícola; (iv) no Brasil, as áreas protegidas serão impactadas pela expansão agrícola no futuro e esse impacto será diferente entre áreas de proteção integral e áreas de uso sustentável. Nós encontramos os seguintes resultados: (i) o impacto sobre as áreas prioritárias para a conservação depende dos critérios pelos quais elas foram definidas, assim, as áreas definidas por sua alta vulnerabilidade estão atualmente mais impactadas do que áreas de baixa vulnerabilidade. Ao longo do século XXI, o impacto geral da agricultura deve aumentar, mas a diferença entre os dois tipos de prioridades se mantém, exceto para as High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, definidas por sua baixa vulnerabilidade, mas que nos cenários mais pessimistas podem ter um impacto agrícola semelhante ao das áreas de alta vulnerabilidade; (ii) há uma alta congruência espacial entre áreas com elevado uso agrícola no futuro e áreas prioritárias para a conservação de carnívoros; esse conflito pode ser reduzido se o processo de priorização incluir as informações sobre a expansão agrícola; a incorporação dessa informação, entretanto, provoca uma profunda alteração na distribuição das áreas prioritárias e reduz o número de populações de carnívoros protegidas; (iii) a integração entre os países para a criação de um conjunto de áreas prioritárias para conservação que represente 17% da superfície terrestre pode proteger 19% mais populações de mamíferos sem reduzir a produção de alimentos, se comparada a uma estratégia em que cada país busque proteger seu território independentemente; (iv) o impacto da agricultura no Brasil deve aumentar até o fim do século XXI, ameaçando inclusive as áreas protegidas e o seu entorno. Esse impacto, porém, não deve ser diferente entre as áreas de uso sustentável e aquelas de proteção integral. Assim, a expansão agrícola deve continuar a ser uma importante ameaça à biodiversidade no futuro, atingindo inclusive áreas de especial interesse para a conservação. As ações de conservação devem ser planejadas levando em consideração essa ameaça, a fim de reduzir seus impactos potenciais. Para isso, países como o Brasil devem reforçar sua vigilância sobre a expansão agrícola e a maneira como essa atividade é desenvolvida. Além disso, a integração internacional dos esforços de conservação deve ser buscada, dados seus benefícios para a biodiversidade e para a produção de alimentos. E por fim, a humanidade deve optar por formas de produção agrícola que reduzam seus impactos, inclusive evitando sua expansão futura, mas que possam satisfazer as necessidades da população humana globalmente.

Since human beings began to use and shape the land, their influence on their<p>environment has kept on growing so that little or no ecosystem in the world is now<p>considered as untouched. This induces pressures on ecosystem health and land scarcity.<p>Africa is of particular concern because it still presents broad undisturbed zones and<p>key ecosystem services, despite being submitted to increasing anthropogenic pressures.<p>Landscape ecology appears suitable for the study of such phenomena, thanks to its spacebased<p>integrative nature and geographical level of focus. It studies the impact of spatial<p>pattern transformation — especially heterogeneity and its components — on ecological<p>processes and provides powerful analytical tools of landscape anthropisation.<p>The main objective of this thesis is to organise the concepts and methods, from<p>landscape ecology and related disciplines, into a consistent logic, to pinpoint missing<p>analytical frameworks for response-oriented anthropisation assessment, and to apply them<p>to African cases to explore the spatial patterns of anthropisation. In order to address<p>landscape anthropisation, we assemble diverse disciplines into a logical network (DPSIR).<p>The new theoretical framework is tested on Lubumbashi (DRC). In order to address<p>spatial patterns, we first evaluate the thermodynamic connection of the term entropy in<p>landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity, unpredictability and scale influence. Then, based<p>on 20 landscapes, we highlight the complex relationship between spatial heterogeneity<p>and landscape anthropisation. We finally use the modelled relationships to test the<p>anthropogenic origin of the spatial pattern of a land cover class in Lubumbashi.<p>The main results of this research show that several concepts are used to describe different<p>aspects of anthropisation and that its quantification strongly depends on the reference states.<p>Data formats can be combined into a new assessment method ensuring more precision<p>and comparability, but a good field knowledge is required. As for heterogeneity, the<p>existing definitions of landscape entropy follow the logic of thermodynamics or information<p>theory, that are not compatible. Only unpredictability could be properly interpreted in<p>thermodynamic terms if energy transfer measurements were performed at the appropriate<p>level. The anthropogenic effects on heterogeneity completely diverge depending on the<p>amount of already anthropised surface, on the land cover type (natural or anthropogenic),<p>and on the heterogeneity components.<p>The aforementioned findings could be adapted to include functional aspects and<p>better address the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes. Such<p>integration would help designing response actions that can recommend human activities<p>and spatial patterns that could optimise the use of land to ensure ecological functioning<p>while supporting human development. / <p>L’influence croissante de l’homme sur son environnement affecte désormais le monde<p>entier, ce qui induit des pressions sur la santé des écosystèmes et raréfie les ressources<p>en terres. L’Afrique présente un intérêt particulier à cet égard car elle contient de vastes<p>zones quasi vierges et fournit des services écosystémiques importants mais est soumise<p>à des pressions anthropiques croissantes. L’écologie du paysage étudie ces phénomènes<p>de façon intégrative au moyen de sa composante spatiale et de son échelle d’intérêt. Elle<p>étudie l’impact des transformations de la structure spatiale — en particulier l’hétérogénéité<p>et ses différentes composantes—sur les processus écologiques et fournit de puissants outils<p>analytiques de l’anthropisation.<p>L’objectif de cette thèse est d’organiser les concepts et méthodes de différentes disciplines<p>de façon à mettre en évidence leurs forces et faiblesses pour proposer une nouvelle<p>quantification de l’anthropisation, orientée vers la gestion, et de la tester sur des paysages<p>africains pour examiner la structure spatiale de l’anthropisation. Le DPSIR est utilisé pour<p>assembler les différents concepts. La nouvelle méthodologie est testée sur Lubumbashi<p>(RDC). Ensuite, le lien entre la thermodynamique et l’utilisation du terme entropie en<p>écologie du paysage est examiné. Vingt paysages servent alors à mettre en évidence la<p>complexité de l’impact de l’anthropisation sur l’hétérogénéité du paysage. Enfin, cette<p>modélisation sert à mettre en évidence l’origine anthropique de la structure spatiale d’une<p>classe d’occupation du sol à Lubumbashi.<p>Les résultats principaux de cette recherche sont que pléthore de termes sont utilisés<p>pour représenter différents aspects de l’anthropisation et que sa quantification dépend de<p>la définition d’états de référence. Cependant, la combinaison de différents formats de<p>données peut aboutir à une nouvelle méthodologie plus précise et adaptable, mais cela<p>nécessite une bonne connaissance de terrain. Les définitions de l’entropie dépendent soit de<p>la thermodynamique soit de la théorie de l’information, qui ne sont pas compatibles. Seule<p>l’imprévisibilité pourrait être interprétée thermodynamiquement, si les mesures de transfert<p>d’énergie étaient effectuées à l’échelle appropriée. L’impact humain sur l’hétérogénéité<p>diverge selon la quantité de surface déjà anthropisée, le type de couverture du sol pris en<p>compte ainsi que les composantes de l’hétérogénéité mesurées.<p>Ces découvertes peuvent être adaptées pour intégrer des aspects fonctionnels de la<p>structure spatiale et mieux cerner le lien entre celle-ci et le fonctionnement écologique, ce qui<p>permettrait de proposer des activités humaines et des structures spatiales qui optimiseraient<p>l’utilisation des ressources en sol pour assurer tant le fonctionnement écologique que le<p>développement humain. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The provision of ecosystem services within social-ecological systems is influenced by multiple environmental and anthropogenic driving forces, affecting natural ecosystems. At the same time, the capacity of ecosystems to concurrently provide different types of ecosystem services is inherently limited. Thus, ecosystem changes and their effect on ecosystem services have direct implications for human existence and well-being. The aim of this thesis is to present a modelling approach to assess regulating, provisioning and cultural ecosystem services and to quantify their potential trade-offs, illustrated by two case studies carried out in selected UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in the Czech Republic, Třeboň Basin Biosphere Reserve and Šumava Biosphere Reserve. Both of the selected case study areas are characterized by high levels of natural and cultural assets and challenges regarding future landscape management. In this study, first the social-ecological dynamics within the study areas was analysed by creating participative scenarios through collaboration with local stakeholders, eliciting their preferences regarding future landscape development to 2050. Second, the impact of the scenarios on ecosystem services and their trade-offs were assessed using a combination of spatially explicit models and...

Diese Arbeit stellt grundlegend zwei Modellentwicklungen der Verkehrsangebots- und Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung vor. Die erste Entwicklung bezieht sich auf die simultane Ziel- und Verkehrsmittelwahl in Abhängigkeit von Strukturgrößen und/oder Lagegunst. Es werden neue Randsummenbedingungen beschrieben und vorhandene neu definiert. Der neue Modellansatz erlaubt eine Bestimmung minimaler und maximaler Verkehrsaufkommen und stellt eine Erweiterung der theoretischen Grundlagen als auch der praktischen Anwendbarkeit dar. So können alle derzeit bekannten Randsummenbedingungen durch einen Algorithmus (auch innerhalb einer Quelle-Ziel-Gruppe) berechnet werden. Der zweite Ansatz ist ein Werkzeug, welches in Abhängigkeit des vorhandenen Verkehrsangebotes verkehrsplanerisch wünschenswerte quantitative Flächen- bzw. Gebietsnutzungen abschätzt. Aufbauend auf der Verkehrsangebots- und Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung werden Infrastrukturgrößen durch eine aufzustellende Zielfunktion (z. B. minimale Verkehrsarbeit), unter Beachtung vorhandener Freiheitsgrade der Flächennutzung je Verkehrsbezirk, optimiert. Diese Freiheitsgrade werden als minimale und maximale Strukturgrößengrenzen durch die Raum- und Stadtplanung definiert, womit sie den vielfältigen Einflussgrößen dieser Planungen unterliegen und dadurch städtebaulich verträglich sind. Der Modellansatz bildet die für die Infrastrukturplanung wichtigen Wechselwirkungen des durch den Stadt- und Verkehrsplaner angestrebten Systemoptimums (Infrastrukturgrößenverteilung eines Gebietes) mit dem durch den einzelnen Verkehrsteilnehmer angestrebten Nutzenoptimum (Verkehrsnachfrage) ab. / This work basically introduces two model developments of traffic supply and traffic demand modeling. The first development refers to the simultaneous destination and mode choice into dependence of structure sizes and/or accessibility. New constraints are described and available constraints were defined newly. The new model enables the determination of minimal and maximum volumes of traffic (constraints). The new explanatory model is an expansion of the theoretical bases and the practical applicability. So all currently known constraints can be calculated by one algorithm (also within an origin destination group). The second approach is a tool which describes desirable quantitative traffic planningly land uses against the available traffic supply. It uses an algorithm that keeps minimal and maximum structure size limits while it determining e.g. minimal traffic work. Within the algorithm the complete traffic demand will be calculated. The complete model shows the important interactions of the infrastructure planning by the town and transport planer (a striven system optimum) with the traffic demand by the single road user (a striven user equilibrium).