I alla systemutvecklingsprojekt har kravhanteringen en stor inverkan på projektets framgång. Hela 56 procent av källor till fel inom informationssystem kommer från brister i kravhanteringen. Trots att de finns många metoder för kravhantering används inte dessa i speciellt stor utsträckning och vidare pekar forskningen på flera orsaker varför de inte används. En orsak är att systemutvecklare tenderar att lägga större vikt på tekniska funktioner och begränsningar än sociala aspekter, vilket ses som en orsak till att traditionella kravanalysmetoderna misslyckas. Det ses även som allmänt känt att grunden till en lyckad systemutveckling ligger i att förstå de sociala och organisatoriska aspekterna. För att åstadkomma ett så användbart system som möjligt är det därmed viktigt att involvera användare i utvecklingsprocessen. Statistik visar dock att en stor del av användare inte får vara med och påverka arbetet alls. Studien syftar till att utforska och beskriva kravhantering i praktiken med särskilt fokus på användarinverkan. Metoden för studien har varit kvalitativ och datainsamlingen har skett med semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från tre företag. Respondenterna utgjordes av fyra praktiker som arbetar med kravhantering inom systemutvecklingsprojekt och de resterande tre respondenterna är användare för dessa system. Empirianalysen redogör för studiens resultat som jämförs med teorin för att belysa intresseväckande eller viktiga kopplingar till hur praktiker anammar kravhantering i praktiken och hur användare involveras i denna process. Empirianalysen visar att praktiker mer tenderar att inspireras av kravhanteringsmetoder än att anamma dessa helt och hållet. Analysen visar även att standarder för kravhantering är bristfälliga i praktiken. Vidare visar studien att så kallade superusers har större möjlighet än andra användare att påverka kraven och att kommuniceringen av krav från utvecklare till användare kan förbättras. Det finns helt klart utvecklingspotential när det gäller att involvera fler användare för att undvika misstolkade eller uteblivna krav. / In every project within systems development, managing requirements in a proper way has a major impact on a project’s success. A total of 56 percent of sources of errors in information systems is a result of shortcomings in requirements engineering (RE). Although there are many methods for managing requirements, these methods are not used to a large extent, and furthermore research results within requirements engineering points to several reasons why they are not used. A reason is that system developers tend to focus on technical features and constraints, which is seen as a reason for the failure of traditional RE-methods. It is also widely known that the foundation of successful system development lies in understanding the social and organizational aspects. In order to provide a useful system, it is therefore important to involve users in the development process. However, there are statistics that shows that a large proportion of users are not involved within the process of requirements engineering. The study aims to explore and describe requirements engineering in practise with particular focus on user impact. The methodology for the study has been qualitative and data collection has been performed with semi structured interviews with respondents from three companies. The respondents consisted of four practitioners who work with requirements engineering in system development projects and the remaining three respondents are users of these systems. The empirical analysis presents the result of the study and is compared to the theory to highlight interesting or important links between how practitioners apply requirements engineering in practice and how users are involved in this process. The empirical analysis shows that practitioners more likely tend to be inspired by requirements engineering methods than to embrace them entirely. The analysis also shows that requirements engineering standards are inadequate in practice. Additionally, results of the study indicate that super users have greater potential to influence the requirements than other users and that the communication of requirements between system developers and users can be improved. It is clear that there are a lot of potential when it comes to involve users in order to avoid misinterpretation or missing requirements.

A presente pesquisa visa investigar o envolvimento do usuário final no desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Informação (SI) e sua influência na adoção do SI. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, em que foram analisados 133 artigos e cujo resultado é a proposição de uma modificação do Modelo de Aceitação de Tecnologia (TAM) incluindo variáveis relativas ao envolvimento do usuário: situacional e intrínseco. Em seguida, foi realizado o teste do modelo proposto a partir de uma survey com 114 respondentes, cujos dados foram analisados através de Análise Fatorial Exploratória (EFA), Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (CFA) e Modelagem por Equações Estruturais (SEM). O teste permitiu inferir que as hipóteses suscitadas estavam corretas e que o envolvimento do usuário é significativo dentro do contexto de adoção de um SI. Por fim, realizou-se um projeto de experimentos fatorial (DOE) fracionado para verificar de que forma envolvimento situacional e intrínseco estão relacionados Evidenciou-se que a composição do efeito de fatores principais e de interações duplas das atividades do envolvimento situacional explica até 57% da variação do envolvimento intrínseco. As principais contribuições teóricas da dissertação versam sobre a consistência aportada pelos métodos utilizados. O subsídio teórico aportado pela revisão sistemática permitiu elaborar relações teóricas com segurança. A utilização conjunta de EFA e CFA é indicada para conferir robustez à pesquisa. Da mesma forma, a modelagem por equações estruturais apresentou utilidade no contexto da pesquisa, embora se indique cuidado ao realizar as modificações no modelo para que se adeque aos parâmetros de qualidade da análise. Por fim, a realização de um projeto de experimento fatorial fracionado é algo incomum na literatura de adoção de SI, mas foi útil para verificação da qualidade da interação entre os tipos de envolvimento, bem como a verificação de quais fatores devem ser evitados. / The present research aims to understand the end user involvement in the Information System (IS) development influence in IS adoption by proposing and testing a specific theoretical model. A systematic review was carried out in which 133 articles were analyzed and its result is a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) modification proposition. This model includes variables related to the user's involvement: situational involvement and intrinsic involvement. Afterwards, the test of the proposed model was carried out from a survey with 114 respondents, whose data were analyzed through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The test allowed inferring that the hypotheses raised were correct and that user involvement is significant within IS adoption context. Finally, a fractional factorial design of experiments (DOE) with seven factors was done to verify how two types of involvement are related. It was evidenced that the composition of the effect of situational involvement major factors and double interactions explains up to 57% of intrinsic involvement variation The main theoretical contributions of the dissertation are about the consistency provided by the methods used. The theoretical subsidy provided by the systematic review allowed development of theoretical relations with safety. The combined EFA and CFA use is strongly indicated to give robustness to the research. Likewise, SEM presented significant utility in research context, although it is indicated caution when making model modifications to fit analysis quality parameters. Finally, fractional factorial DOE with seven factors is uncommon in the literature, but it was extra useful to verify interaction quality between types of involvement.

A presente pesquisa visa investigar o envolvimento do usuário final no desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Informação (SI) e sua influência na adoção do SI. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, em que foram analisados 133 artigos e cujo resultado é a proposição de uma modificação do Modelo de Aceitação de Tecnologia (TAM) incluindo variáveis relativas ao envolvimento do usuário: situacional e intrínseco. Em seguida, foi realizado o teste do modelo proposto a partir de uma survey com 114 respondentes, cujos dados foram analisados através de Análise Fatorial Exploratória (EFA), Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (CFA) e Modelagem por Equações Estruturais (SEM). O teste permitiu inferir que as hipóteses suscitadas estavam corretas e que o envolvimento do usuário é significativo dentro do contexto de adoção de um SI. Por fim, realizou-se um projeto de experimentos fatorial (DOE) fracionado para verificar de que forma envolvimento situacional e intrínseco estão relacionados Evidenciou-se que a composição do efeito de fatores principais e de interações duplas das atividades do envolvimento situacional explica até 57% da variação do envolvimento intrínseco. As principais contribuições teóricas da dissertação versam sobre a consistência aportada pelos métodos utilizados. O subsídio teórico aportado pela revisão sistemática permitiu elaborar relações teóricas com segurança. A utilização conjunta de EFA e CFA é indicada para conferir robustez à pesquisa. Da mesma forma, a modelagem por equações estruturais apresentou utilidade no contexto da pesquisa, embora se indique cuidado ao realizar as modificações no modelo para que se adeque aos parâmetros de qualidade da análise. Por fim, a realização de um projeto de experimento fatorial fracionado é algo incomum na literatura de adoção de SI, mas foi útil para verificação da qualidade da interação entre os tipos de envolvimento, bem como a verificação de quais fatores devem ser evitados. / The present research aims to understand the end user involvement in the Information System (IS) development influence in IS adoption by proposing and testing a specific theoretical model. A systematic review was carried out in which 133 articles were analyzed and its result is a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) modification proposition. This model includes variables related to the user's involvement: situational involvement and intrinsic involvement. Afterwards, the test of the proposed model was carried out from a survey with 114 respondents, whose data were analyzed through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The test allowed inferring that the hypotheses raised were correct and that user involvement is significant within IS adoption context. Finally, a fractional factorial design of experiments (DOE) with seven factors was done to verify how two types of involvement are related. It was evidenced that the composition of the effect of situational involvement major factors and double interactions explains up to 57% of intrinsic involvement variation The main theoretical contributions of the dissertation are about the consistency provided by the methods used. The theoretical subsidy provided by the systematic review allowed development of theoretical relations with safety. The combined EFA and CFA use is strongly indicated to give robustness to the research. Likewise, SEM presented significant utility in research context, although it is indicated caution when making model modifications to fit analysis quality parameters. Finally, fractional factorial DOE with seven factors is uncommon in the literature, but it was extra useful to verify interaction quality between types of involvement.

In 1996, the artillery regiment, A4, in Östersund was disbanded. Their former premises underwent remodelling to serve as the new campus for the Mid Sweden University. The express intention was that the new occupiers would be allowed to take part in the planning process. During 1997 the company Vasallen became the owner of the premises, by direction of the Ministry of Finance. Vasallen was charged with the management of former military premises and increasing their value with the aim of selling the property. Thanks to their well-defined mission and good financial resources, Vasallen became a new actor on the property market. In the same year, a number of architectural firms were invited to take part in a competition. At the beginning of 1998, SWECO FFNS was chosen as the winner, and the planning process started immediately. The new campus was inaugurated on September 6, 2002 with the Swedish Prime Minister, Göran Persson, in attendance. The aim of this study was to monitor how well the demands of the new occupiers regarding quality and environment were met, and how these demands were managed during the construction process. My ambition was to study the process as a case study in order to better understand and reflect on what actually happens in the communication between partners. The material on which the study is based was gathered by participation in planning meetings and by following the construction process. The Campus Östersund project was unique in many ways. In the first place, the existing buildings form a sound basis as they were intentionally designed with the needs and well-being of the individual in mind. Many qualities were thus already incorporated into the buildings on the site. The strict regulations imposed by the fact that these were classed as historical buildings set certain limitations, while at the same time posing a challenge to be overcome. The stark contrast between a military regiment and the activities of a modern university placed high demands on those involved in the project. The user’s wishes and demands, working environment factors, structural issues and demands on comfort always have a tendency to take second place after financial factors. In this case, however, the owner’s and user’s joint ambition led to the reconsideration of priorities concerning, for example, the working environment. Finally, the project was unique as a fully comprehensive view of the process and final product was adopted by the two main partners. This includes, for example, observing environmental assets throughout the whole project. In 1996, the artillery regiment, A4, in Östersund was disbanded. Their former premises underwent remodelling to serve as the new campus for the Mid Sweden University. The express intention was that the new occupiers would be allowed to take part in the planning process. During 1997 the company Vasallen became the owner of the premises, by direction of the Ministry of Finance. Vasallen was charged with the management of former military premises and increasing their value with the aim of selling the property. Thanks to their well-defined mission and good financial resources, Vasallen became a new actor on the property market. In the same year, a number of architectural firms were invited to take part in a competition. At the beginning of 1998, SWECO FFNS was chosen as the winner, and the planning process started immediately. The new campus was inaugurated on September 6, 2002 with the Swedish Prime Minister, Göran Persson, in attendance. The aim of this study was to monitor how well the demands of the new occupiers regarding quality and environment were met, and how these demands were managed during the construction process. My ambition was to study the process as a case study in order to better understand and reflect on what actually happens in the communication between partners. The material on which the study is based was gathered by participation in planning meetings and by following the construction process. The Campus Östersund project was unique in many ways. In the first place, the existing buildings form a sound basis as they were intentionally designed with the needs and well-being of the individual in mind. Many qualities were thus already incorporated into the buildings on the site. The strict regulations imposed by the fact that these were classed as historical buildings set certain limitations, while at the same time posing a challenge to be overcome. The stark contrast between a military regiment and the activities of a modern university placed high demands on those involved in the project. The user’s wishes and demands, working environment factors, structural issues and demands on comfort always have a tendency to take second place after financial factors. In this case, however, the owner’s and user’s joint ambition led to the reconsideration of priorities concerning, for example, the working environment. Finally, the project was unique as a fully comprehensive view of the process and final product was adopted by the two main partners. This includes, for example, observing environmental assets throughout the whole project. Brukarmedverkan i byggprocessen –en fallstudie 12 Building the “right product” is an important argument for including the end user in the project. By initiating a planning process in which the user’s demands and wishes are considered, one not only initiates the actual building process, but also a process in the client’s organisation. The capacity to participate in such a process within the organisation is, however, not always good. Clarity and respect for the processes initiated were not always particularly pronounced in this case. Lack of clarity sometimes led to confusion, which in turn led to complications in communication and thus delay in the project. The internal process in an organisation should, if possible, progress simultaneously with, and be firmly established before, meetings with the consultants. Theoretical studies have confirmed the importance of utilizing the process of change in internal organisational development in order to achieve a positive attitude among employees. Participation of the end user in a large organisation is often based on representatives in working parties. These representatives should be motivated, be given the time required within the framework of their job, and have the confidence of their colleagues. The opportunity to influence decisions is great in the initial stages. The user should have knowledge concerning the various phases of construction, the financial and legal framework, and the rules and regulations governing the project. Being able to participate in creating one’s own working environment elicits various degrees of commitment and levels of expectation in the user organisation. Both the occupants and the consultants should have the capacity for this kind of development, especially the latter as they constitute the “front line”. The user should understand the relation between desires and possible financial effects. The price tag for alternative demands/wishes and the effects these will have on the final rent should be clearly visible. It is an advantage if this is made clear very early on in the project. The dialogue between the parties should thus be supplemented by the architect explaining to the new occupiers where limitations and opportunities lie in the project. The parties involved must have a certain degree of pedagogical competence in order to explain and manage the project to everyone’s satisfaction. A good environment is seldom described in terms of formulated concepts outside the architectural community. Projects in which the end user is involved thus provide a unique opportunity to start building up a bank of knowledge including expressions used by non-experts to describe concepts of space. Difficulties are encountered when all these views are to be accepted and implemented in the building process through descriptions and drawings. Words are replaced by numbers, and more and more actors are involved, for example, engineering consultants. We simply do not have all the necessary tools with which to express wishes concerning the physical environment. We can, however, bridge the communication gap between users and consultants by using computer-aided information systems. The ideas expressed by the user can be transformed into three-dimensional video sequences, and thus be confirmed as being, “just what we meant”. It was apparent quite early on in this research that the technical terms available were not adequate to describe the events of this case. The end user’s feeling of not being able to keep up with the consultants’ technical concepts may lead them to feel that they are at a disadvantage, which certainly will not benefit the process. Here, the role of the architect as a pedagogue is important in leading the various participants into the planning process. One of the actors should perhaps have some kind of skills in behavioural science and Brukarmedverkan i byggprocessen –en fallstudie education. Perhaps changes should be made in the training of architects and other consultants. Respect for the common process is perhaps the most important factor for its success, together with clarity and openness. These are terms not traditionally used in construction projects. The interpretation of the customer’s wishes, explaining the opportunities and limitations of the building, and planning for future expansion are the responsibility of the architect. Does a single actor have a reasonable chance of coping with this in a large-scale project? All the participants should gain broad insight into each other’s jobs and roles early on in the project. Respect for the responsibilities and roles of others can be built up by concentrated efforts to exchange knowledge through dialogue early in the process. The incentive for participating varies from one actor to another. Theoretical studies, for example, give clear advice that each actor’s interests in the project be clarified. Trust is one of the most important mainstays in establishing good communication. Feelings of suspicion and unreliability can be disastrous in this kind of project. The development of legal issues and forms concerning contractors and their work is also desirable in order to aid the process. When the owner sees the opportunity to take an active part in the management of the premises, this leads to a continuous dialogue and process during and after the planning and construction phases. These studies have given me a greater respect for processes involving the end user, from planning to management. One of my most important personal  reflections, and a partly new realisation, is that the involvement of the user in the process has such a large influence on the building project. Communication and continuous information are essential in projects in which the user is involved. Communication can also be made easier if the parties regard each other as fellow partners and not opposing partners. The period spent in education and training is the most important in laying the foundation for these attitudes among professionals. A great deal of responsibility thus lies with teachers to ensure that end users have increased opportunity to participate in and influence the building process. There is no short cut to customer-focused working methods.

Context. The subject presented in this research is the fact that people resist IT induced change and want to maintain their current situation when implementing a new information system.  If no strategy is set to deal with it, resistance to change leads to Information System failure. Objectives. In this study, the author is investigating how to anticipate and handle resistance to change when implementing a new information system in order to succeed. This is followed by introducing the factors affecting user satisfaction which in turn affects user acceptance. Methods The data collection involves interviews in order to assemble appropriate, justifiable and relevant data, in addition to surveys to measure and validate the hypotheses in this thesis. The banking sector in Lebanon was selected as a source of data collection. Results. Three factors Perceived ease of use(PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and User Involvement react together to satisfy user and hence to make the user accept change. Conclusions. Based on the studies conducted so far with respect to this topic, there exists an indirect relationship between the three factors discussed in this thesis, the user satisfaction, and the user acceptance. The more the user finds the system easy to use (simple way of work with less efforts) and useful (the extent to which person’s work is improved) and the more he/sh  is involved, the more he is satisfied and hence the more he is willing to accept the change and causes system success.

Abstract The thesis critically examines discursive construction of ‘organizational culture’ and ‘user involvement’ in academia and in the information technology (IT) artifact product development industry. IT artifacts are perceived as texts that are written by the writer-designers and afterwards read by the reader-users. User involvement explored is indirect; ‘user surrogates’ labeled as usability specialists ‘represent the users’ in the development. Their work is labeled as ‘usability work.’ However, this work has proven to be challenging, especially in the product development context. Culture is an influential factor affecting the successes and failures of organizational change efforts. However, there is a clear lack of culture studies carried out in relation to user involvement, especially in the challenging product development context. Both ‘organizational culture’ and ‘user involvement’ are versatile concepts, and there are controversies in defining them. Therefore, this thesis first analyzes discourses on ‘organizational culture’ and ‘user involvement’ in academia. The thesis examines within what kind of discourses organizational culture has been studied, and suggested discourses within which it could be studied. Five discourses are identified. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes discursive construction of user involvement in academia. First, literature advocating indirect user involvement is reviewed. Afterwards, alternative notions of user involvement are introduced. Three academic discourses on user involvement are identified and contrasted with the discourses on organizational culture to highlight their similarities and to identify unexplored paths for future work. Finally, user involvement and its cultural context are empirically analyzed in IT artifact product development organizations by utilizing a discourse selected based on previous analysis. First, four ‘cultures of usability work’ are identified. Then, two ways usability work has been encultured in two product development organizations are outlined. In addition, five discourses on usability work are identified, and contrasted with the academic discourses on user involvement. Finally, the construction of the notions of ‘we’ and ‘the other’ is explored in the case organizations, concentrating specifically on the discourses of the ‘usability specialists’ and ‘the other.’ Some of the discourses are criticized for ‘silencing the users’ instead of ‘giving them a voice,’ and even representing ‘misuses of user involvement.’

Information and communication platforms are used by cities and municipality for government-citizen communication. Previous research has shown difficulties in purpose and use, as well as in implementation of ICT platforms. The use and satisfaction of ICT platforms by citizens have also been shown to differ, depending on user motives, city size or population. In order to study the concept of governmental ICT platforms on a regional level, the authors investigated ICT platforms in the municipality of Kalmar, Sweden. The purpose was to identify how the different platforms are used to involve and engage citizens. Furthermore, the purpose was to see how a platform can be designed to improve citizen involvement and engagement. Municipal workers within communication departments, as well as citizens of the municipality were interviewed in order to identify the current situation of ICT platforms. Moreover, the attitudes and use from a citizen perspective was also identified. Through categorizing and cross-examining the collected data, it could be argued that ICT platforms provided by the municipality of Kalmar exist, though due to internal and external communication problems, are unknown and not frequently used by the citizens. The collected data also provided a base for the design of a mobile application platform that encourages citizens to communicate with the municipality. By creating indictments for the citizens to use the platform, as well as creating an inviting environment and a community feeling, citizens felt more encouraged to engage in government-citizen communication. Using a user engagement model as a basis for design was also shown to be beneficial in creating a forum for user involvement and engagement. / Information- och kommunikationsplattformar används av kommuner för kommunikation mellan myndigheter och medborgare. Tidigare forskning har visat svårigheter i syfte och användning, samt implementation av IKT-plattformar. Användande och tillfredsställelse av IKT-plattformar visar sig variera hos medborgare, beroende på användarmotiv samt kommun- och befolkningsstorlek. För att studera konceptet IKT-plattformar på en regional nivå, undersöker författarna IKT-plattformar inom Kalmar kommun. Syftet med forskningen var att identifiera hur de olika plattformarna användas för att involvera och engagera medborgare. Syftet var även att studera hur en plattform kan designas för att öka medborgares involvering och engagemang. Kommunanställda inom kommunikationsavdelningar samt medborgare inom kommunen intervjuades för att identifiera det rådande läget angående kommunala IKT-plattformar. Attityder och användande från ett medborgarperspektiv identifierades också. Genom kategorisering och korsreferens av den insamlade datan kunde det argumenteras för att IKT-plattformar existerar i nuläget, men är för många medborgare okända och brukas sällan på grund av interna och externa kommunikationsproblem. Den insamlade datan bidrog med underlag för designen av en mobilapplikation som uppmanar medborgare att kommunicera med kommunen. Genom att skapa incitament för medborgare, samt att skapa en inbjudande miljö och samhällskänsla, kände sig medborgare mer villiga att engagera sig i kommunikation med kommunen. Genom att använda en modell för användarengagemang som grund för design visade sig också vara fördelaktigt för att skapa ett forum för användarinvolvering och användarengagemang.

The purpose of this study is to present the importance of user-involvement when designing a system. This is done by using an already implemented design of a digital service platform and analyzing it in order to with the help of user-gathered feedback provide examples of how user-feedback lead to improvements in the design. This is done by implementing user needs and requirements in a suggested new design. By a three-phase design process for a design project, the suggested design is made possible. This process is about creating a suggested design from a concept to a finished idea, where the concept builds on what the stakeholders of the project finds necessary (Arvola, 2014). The stakeholders in this case being end-users, but also representatives from the organization providing the digital service platform in the presented case. As a first step of this design process, a literature search was conducted in order to determine the theoretical framework for the study. This theoretical framework was later used for the final analysis as well as the final discussion of the study. The end-user feedback was collected through interviews and observations through a qualitative approach. This feedback was then analyzed from a qualitative approach in order to find user needs to implement in the suggested design. After completing the analysis, the suggested design was created, applying both end-user needs but also requirements from the organization making the platform available. Also applied were a group of selected design principles. After finalizing the suggested design, an analysis of the design was performed with the help of the theoretical framework in order to show the importance of user-involvement when designing a system. Conclusions have been drawn based on the suggested design and the theoretical framework and strives to answer the purpose of the study. / Syftet med denna studie är att visa på vikten av användarinvolvering vid systemdesign. Detta görs genom att utgå från en redan befintlig design av en digital tjänsteplattform, analysera desamma för att därefter visa exempel på hur användares återkoppling leder till förbättringar i designen. Detta görs genom att implementera användares behov och önskemål direkt i ett framtaget förslag för en ny design. Genom en designprocess i tre faser har designförslaget möjliggjorts. Processen innebär att skapa ett designförslag från ett koncept till en färdig idé, där konceptet bygger på vad projektets intressenter finner önskvärt (Arvola, 2014). Intressenterna är i detta fall slutanvändare, men också representanter från den organisation som tillhandahåller tjänsteplattformen i det presenterade fallet. Som ett första steg i denna designprocess så genomfördes en insamling av teori i syfte att bestämma studiens teoretiska ramverk som sedan användes i studiens analys samt diskussion. Åsikter från slutanvändare samlades in genom intervjuer och observationer med utgångspunkten i en kvalitativ ansats. Dessa åsikter analyserades därefter utifrån en kvalitativ analysmetod i syfte att hitta behov och önskemål att implementera i det sedan framtagna designförslaget. Efter att ha färdigställt analysen så skapades ett designförslag som tillämpar både slutanvändares behov och önskemål men också krav från organisationen som tillhandahåller plattformen. Ett antal valda designprinciper har också tillämpats i designförslaget. Efter att ha färdigställt designförslaget har det analyserats med hjälp av studiens teoretiska ramverk i syfte att visa på vikten av användarinvolvering vid systemdesign. Slutsatser har dragits baserat på det framtagna förslaget samt det teoretiska ramverket och avser att besvara studiens syfte.

Idag skiftar industrin sitt fokus från att producera fysiska produkter till att utveckla tjänster. En ökande konkurrens på marknaden gör att företag måste använda effektiva utvecklingsprocesser för att snabbt lansera tjänster av hög kvalitet. Tjänster definieras ofta utifrån deras immateriella karaktär vilket komplicerar mätning av kvalitet. För att bestämma kvalitet kan fysiska produkter kontrolleras mot en kravspecifikation genom att testas och mätas. Tjänster däremot utgår ifrån hur väl de uppfyller kundernas och användarnas behov. För att öka tjänsters kvalitet är det viktigt att förstå kunderna och användarna och i praktiken blir det allt vanligare att involvera dem i utvecklingen. Tjänster har nyligen fått stor uppmärksamhet i industrin och i forskningen och den allmänna beskrivningen av tjänster omfattar många olika ämnesområden. Detta innebär att det inte finns en entydig definition av vad en tjänst är och det saknas en vedertagen tjänsteutvecklingsprocess som möjliggör involvering av användarna. Vidare efterfrågar forskningen studier i hur kund- och användarinvolvering bör ingå i utvecklingen av tjänster, speciellt i ett tidigare skede, och hur det påverkar tjänsters resultat. Utifrån en litteraturstudie har denna studie föreslagit en process för att involvera centrala intressenter, till exempel kunder, användare och interna intressenter, i utvecklingen av tjänster. Processen implementerades sedan i ett praktikfall där examensarbetet samarbetspartner, ett mindre IT-företag, gett i uppdrag att utveckla ett koncept av en friskvårdstjänst. Praktikfallet omfattade endast de första delarna i utvecklingen där exempelvis teknisk utveckling och lansering inte ingick. Efter att processen implementerats levererades ett färdigt koncept till samarbetspartnern och en ny justerad process presenterades baserad på analyser från empirin. Denna studie styrker dagens forskning genom att påvisa att kund- och användarinvolvering i tjänsteutvecklingen kan bidra till en effektiv process, tjänster av hög kvalitet, en ökad kundlojalitet till företaget och en ökad marknadsacceptans. Däremot är det avgörande att involveringen sker på rätt sätt med rätt intressenter. Innan utvecklingen bör syftet med intressenternas involvering definieras omsorgsfullt så att involveringsmomenten kan anpassas därefter. Efter att syftet med intressenternas involvering bestämts kan processen från denna studie med fördel implementeras i all tjänsteutveckling. Sökord: tjänsteutveckling, tjänstedesign, kundinvolvering, användarinvolvering, process / Today the industry is shifting focus from producing goods to developing services. With increasing competition on the service market companies need to establish efficient development processes to quickly launch services of high quality. Services are often defined in terms of its intangible nature, which complicates the measurement of quality. Goods can be physically tested and measured to be checked against a requirement specification. On the other hand, quality in services is based on how well they meet customer and user needs. To gain quality the understanding of customers and users is crucial and in practice it is becoming increasingly common to involve customers and users in the service development. Services have recently gained attention within the industry and research. Furthermore, the general description of services includes a variety of subject areas. Because of this there is no established definition of what a service actually is and the research lack recognized processes for its development. In addition, the research request studies on how customer and user involvement should be part of the development of services, especially in the early stages, and how it affects the services’ results. Based on a literature study, this thesis has proposed a process for involving key stakeholders, including customers and users, in the development of services. The process was then implemented in a case where a small IT company commissioned to develop a concept of a wellness service. The case comprised only the first stages of the full development where, for example, technical design and launch was not included. After the process was implemented, a final concept was delivered to the business partner and a new adjusted process was presented based on the analysis of the empirical data. This study verifies today's research by demonstrating that customer and user involvement in service development can contribute to an efficient process, quality, increased customer loyalty to the company and a greater market acceptance. However, it is crucial that the right stakeholders are involved according to a purpose. Before the development, the purpose of the stakeholder involvement must be defined carefully so that activities can be designed accordingly. After this, the adjusted process presented in this study can advantageously be implemented in any service development. Keywords: Service development, Service design, Customer involvement, User involvement, Process

Att involvera användare i produktutvecklingsprocesser är centralt för att förstå kundens behov samt utveckla konkurrenskraftiga produkter och tjänster. Detta kan kopplas till samtliga företag som arbetar med produktutveckling, där tjänst- respektive produktbaserade företag båda präglas av kundens behov vid skapandet av innovativa lösningar. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur involveringen av användare skiljer sig mellan företag som är tjänst- respektive produktbaserade. Rapporten syftar även till att undersöka hur fas för involvering, involveringsmetod och grad av användarinvolvering påverkar produktutvecklingsprocessen. Denna rapport baseras på en förberedande litteraturstudie som senare används för att skapa en intervjuguide. Sex intervjuer genomfördes med fyra relevanta företag som transkriberades för att finna nyckelord samt teman. Intervjuguidens fyra teman är följande: insamling av användarinformation och feedback, hantering och applicering av information och användardata i produktutvecklingsprocessen, grad av användarinvolvering samt fördelar och nackdelar med användarinvolvering. Litteraturstudien kopplas till resultatet i analys och diskussion och slutligen ges en slutsats som besvarar syftet. Rapportens slutsats belyser att det finns en märkbar skillnad gällande användarinvolvering inom tjänst- och produktbaserade företag. De tjänstebaserade företagen involverar kunden från en tidigare fas och mer kontinuerligt under produktutvecklingsprocessen. De involverar även kunden till en djupare grad. Gällande de produktbaserade företagen integreras användaren även här, men inte i samma utsträckning. Dessa företag anser att kunden inte har den tekniska kunskap som krävs för att tillföra nyttig och relevant information. En djupare grad av användarinvolvering som sker tidigt och kontinuerligt med omfattande insamlingsmetoder ger positiva effekter på produktutvecklingen om rätt användare involveras i rätt tillfälle och grad. Företag får en bättre bild av kundens behov och kan utveckla designlösningar kontinuerligt. / Involving users in product development processes is vital for understanding customer needs and developing competitive products and services. This applies to all companies working with product development, where both service-based and product-based companies are influenced by the needs to create innovative solutions. The purpose of this study is to analyse how user involvement differs between service-based and product-based companies. The report also aims to analyse how the phase of involvement, involvement method, and degree of user involvement affect the product development process. This report is based on a preparatory literature study, which was used to create an interview guide. Six interviews were conducted and transcribed, to identify keywords and themes that led to a result. The four identified themes are: collection of user information and feedback, management and application of information and data in product development processes, degree of user involvement and advantages and disadvantages of user involvement. The literature study is linked to the result in the analysis and discussion, and finally, a conclusionis formed that answers the purpose. The conclusion of the report highlights a noticeable difference in user involvement between service-based and product-based companies. Service-based companies involve the customer from an earlier phase and more continuously throughout the product development process. They also involve the customer to a deeper degree. Regarding product-based companies, the user is also involved, but not to the same extent. A deeper degree of user involvement that takes place early and continuously with extensive collection methods has positive effects on product development if the right users are involved at the right time and to the right degree. Companies get a better understanding of customer needs and can continuously developdesign solutions.