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A pesquisa que aqui apresentamos tem como objetivo analisar, a partir da atual conjuntura política e econômica, as contradições entre as representações de desenvolvimento que perpassam o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), enquanto política de crédito, e os usos que os camponeses fazem dessa política, a partir da prática. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e da análise de dados secundários, este trabalho também se amparou em trabalho de campo. Sabendo que o PRONAF é uma política de desenvolvimento, julgamos necessário realizar uma reflexão acerca da prática e das representações mobilizadas pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, compreendendo-o enquanto discurso de dominação. Dessa maneira, situamos o PRONAF como uma política que veicula, a partir de suas ações, as representações de desenvolvimento, sem, contudo subsumir tal política ao movimento global, mas considerando a própria dialética inerente ao programa. Compreendidas as representações que dão sustentação ao PRONAF, partimos para um segundo movimento, que procura compreender os usos que os camponeses fazem do PRONAF. Assim selecionamos quatro comunidades camponesas do município de Sapé-PB, são elas: Barra de Antas, Padre Gino, Maraú e Lagoa do Félix. Nestas comunidades, pudemos apreender subversões quase ocultas que os camponeses impõem ao programa, subversões produzidas a partir da vida cotidiana. É nesse segundo momento que o concebido se encontra com o vivido, na vida cotidiana, sem reduzi-la à sua norma. / The present research aims to analyze, from the current political and economic situation, the contradictions between the representations of development that underlie the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), related to credit policies and its use by the peasants. Beyond the literature, documents and secondary data analysis, this paper also had been endorsed in fieldwork. Understanding PRONAF as a development policy, it was necessary to carry out a reflection on practices and representations deployed by development discourse, analyzing it as a discourse of domination. Thus, PRONAF is understood as a policy that conveys, from their actions, the representations of development, though without subsume such a policy to the global movement, but considering the very dialectics inherent to the program. As long as we understand the representations that support PRONAF, we are able to seek to understand the PRONAFs uses by the peasants. So we selected four rural communities in the municipality of Sapé-PB: Barra de Antas, Padre Gino, Maraú and Lagoa do Félix. In these communities, it was noticed some almost hidden subversions that peasants impose on the program, these subversions are produced from everyday life. In the second stage the conceived faces the lived in everyday life, without reducing it to its norm.

No description available.

In China, an increasing number of individuals and companies are adopting microblogging, a popular form of social media, in order to connect and interact with other people, and recent online events indicate the power of microblogging in Chinese society. Holding the belief that microblogging brings out the interactive nature of new media as well as the audiences, many companies are exploring microblogging in order to better communicate with their audiences. However, very little is known about how those brands use microblogging to promote themselves and what the audiences’ preferences are on this platform. Employing uses and gratifications and feminism theories, this study examined how fashion brands use Weibo.com, one of the main microblogging platforms in China, to promote themselves and what the Chinese women, the main audience of both Weibo.com and fashion brands, ask for from fashion brands’ tweets. The quantitative content analysis of the tweets of three major fashion brands, namely Burberry, Louis Vuitton, and Bvlgari, shows the general pattern of how microblogging are being deployed. A further investigation was conducted through ethnographic content analysis in order to examine the implicit values conveyed by fashion brand’s tweets and the audiences’ preferences towards these values. Results from the analyses revealed that the prevailing topics covered in the fashion brands’ tweets included their products, related celebrities, and the brands’ events or projects, and fashion brands usually combined several topics in one tweet in order to provide more information to the audiences. Taken a deeper look at the latent message of the tweets, fashion appears to play a positive role in emancipating contemporary Chinese women.

Estimates suggest that international reserves of the Eurosystem could be reduced by one third to half ($130-$170 bill.) of its existing level after the introduction of the Euro. While the ultimate decision, whether and how to use these excessive reserves (public debt repayment, financing of a fund, financing of a tax cut) is a political one, some general results can be stated: First, since reserves earn interest revenue, a large part of which is transferred to the government anyway, moderate (but still positive) economic gains can be expected from a reserve reduction. Second, reserve reductions exceeding a certain threshold require the ECB's approval, which could, however, only be rejected if the envisaged measures were inconsistent with the ECB's monetary and exchange rate policy. Given that unintended macroeconomic effects can easily be avoided by a carefully planned and coordinated reserve reduction, such a rejection by the ECB - which is subject to the review by the European Court of Justice - is only hard to justify. Equally important from a legal point of view is that reserve reductions, effected as transfer of an extraordinary gain to the government, do not constitute monetary financing as prohibited under Art. 101 EC Treaty. Finally, reducing reserves to an adequate level would also eliminate incompatibilities and conflicts of interest between monetary and investment policy by the central banks and reduce their field of operation to their core task: the conduct of monetary policy. Thus, a carefully planned and coordinated reserve reduction can be supported from both an economic as well as legal point of view. / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

Online social networking sites continue to grow as a medium of consumption, acting as a changing force for interpersonal communication and media interaction. It is important to understand how and why each demographic segment is using these sites. Facebook is the most popular social networking site in the U.S., with older adults representing a substantial portion of the site’s growth. Previous studies have investigated the use of Facebook among college students and young adults; however, older age demographics are a fairly new segment to the online social networking landscape that has not yet been investigated. Through a large-scale online survey, this study represents the first empirical investigation of Facebook members age 35 and older. Findings provide a baseline of knowledge for understanding time spent, frequent activities and gratifications obtained by this audience on Facebook. Results indicate adults 35 and older allocate a substantial amount of time to the site and use it most often for communication with people in their network. While many activities on the site were found to be similar between older and younger audiences, adults 35 and older in this study reported more passive activities of surveillance rather than participation. Factor analysis yielded five gratification factors for Facebook of which three were salient against the 35 and older audience: interpersonal habitual entertainment, passing time and self-expression. Exploratory open-ended questions also revealed some additional unique possible motives to be considered in future research among this audience.

The purpose of this paper was to examine understandings of uses of history in teachers’assignments. Inspired by grounded theory an analysis was made of teachers’ assignments anddifferent concepts, categories and propositions were found. The main finding concerningunderstandings of uses history was that it relied upon the consideration’s teachers had madeduring the process of creating assignments. This one-sidedness was the springboard forsuggestions made for future undertakings in didactical research pertaining to understandingsof uses of history.