A STUDY OF VERBAL IMMEDIACY IN ARMY SIMULATOR MAINTENANCE TRAINING Robin Leigh Fulkerson August 2004 48 pages Directed by: Sally Hastings, Judith Hoover, and George Musambira Department of Communication Western Kentucky University Rapid development of computer technology has encouraged the use of computers in education; however, understanding the impact this technology has on classroom communication is just beginning. At present, no studies explore the impact computer systems (e.g., virtual reality simulation) have on verbal immediacy. This study examines the influence simulator training has on verbal immediacy and quality of instruction between students and instructors in Army maintenance training. Thirty-nine Army maintenance students in simulator and instructor-based training responded to the verbal immediacy survey designed to measure the significance of instructors’ verbal immediacy behaviors as perceived by students. Overall verbal immediacy ratings were high, but no significant differences were found between instructors’ verbal immediacy behaviors in the two training types. Possible reasons for the simulator ratings are explored. A second study was performed on instructors to determine the perceived effectiveness of simulator training versus instructor-based methods. Nineteen instructors completed a questionnaire comparing the two training methods, including their communication differences. The first half of the questionnaire yielded significant results on four variables of effective simulator training: replication, adequate instruction for students, full interaction with students, and effective instruction of maintenance and repair. Simulator training was not perceived as an vii overall effective method of instruction. Thematic analysis of the second half of the questionnaires provided comparisons of simulator and instructor-based training, focusing on reasons for effectiveness, problems with simulator training, and communication and other differences in the two methods.

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Nous proposons de mener une analyse du fonctionnement du matériel verbal, paraverbal et non-verbal dans l’interaction humoristique à travers l’étude de trois one-man- shows disponibles sur DVD : Djurdjurassique Bled de Fellag, Décalages de Gad El Maleh et 100% Debbouze de Jamel Debbouze. Ces humoristes francophones d’origine maghrébine véhiculent une image rompant résolument avec les stéréotypes dévalorisants qui stigmatisaient l’immigré maghrébin en France ou les cantonnaient dans la situation de l’exilé nostalgique. C’est par l’humour qu’ils subvertissent ces stéréotypes, en transformant en avantage ce qui pouvait auparavant apparaître comme handicap : l’entre-deux langues et l’entre-deux cultures. Leur humour est lié à des phénomènes d'interférences langagières et culturelles. Le but essentiel de cette recherche est de démontrer comment ces artistes impliquent le public en faisant éclater barrières, tabous et préjugés aussi bien sur le plan linguistique que culturel pour arriver non seulement à s'intégrer socialement, mais aussi à construire des ponts solides entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée. Ces artistes sont ainsi porteurs d'espoir de changement de par leur créativité et leur satire constructive. / The thesis undertakes the analysis of the functioning of verbal, paraverbal, and non-verbal content in humorous interaction through the study of three one-man shows available on DVD, namely Djurdjurassique Bled of Fellag, Décalages of Gad El Maleh, and 100% Debbouze of Jamel Debbouze. These Francophone comedians, with Maghrebian origins, convey an image breaking with all stereotypes that have for long stigmatized the North African in France or confined him/her to the situation of a nostalgic outcast. Through humor, the comedians have subverted these stereotypes and transformed what was once a major handicap: living between two languages, hence two cultures. Humor, in this respect, is linked to phenomena of linguistic and cultural interference. The main purpose of this research is to demonstrate how these artists involve the audience by breaking barriers, taboos, and prejudices both linguistically and culturally to enhance social integration and build new strong bridges between the two shores of the Mediterranean. In so doing, the artists rely on their creativity and constructive satire to symbolize a deep hope for change.

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Moreira Almeida Verdu / Banca: Deisy das Graças de Souza / Banca: Maria Regina Cavalcante / Resumo: O presente estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos de leitura de contingências descritas em uma história sobre o desempenho verbal e não-verbal das crianças. Foram realizados três estudos com objetivos semelhantes e algumas diferenças procedimentais. Participaram onze crianças entre oito e dez anos, quatro crianças no primeiro estudo, três no segundo e quatro crianças no terceiro. O procedimento foi dividido em três etapas: (i) aplicação do WISC; (ii) etapa de ambientação; (iii) etapa experimental. Na última etapa, as crianças foram divididas em três condições. Na Condição 1, a criança foi exposta à História A, que descrevia o comportamento alvo de um garoto de pegar os doces antes da festa de aniversário. Esse comportamento supostamente não era seguido por consequência aversiva. Para avaliar a compreensão da história, o participante foi exposto a três testes de emparelhamento cujas perguntas se referiam à história. Em seguida, a criança era deixada sozinha sob filmagem. Decorridos cinco minutos, a experimentadora voltava para a sala e fazia uma sequência de perguntas que avaliavam quais eram as relações entre a história contada e o desempenho emitido e relatado pelos participantes. Após um período de atividades lúdicas, cada participante era exposto à História B, que descrevia o mesmo comportamento alvo. Dessa vez, o comportamento era seguido por consequência aversiva. Após essa leitura, as crianças eram expostas aos mesmos procedimentos subsequentes à leitura da primeira história. A Condição 2 teve a mesma sequência de passos, contudo, primeiramente foi lida a História B e depois a História A. Na Condição 3 também foi adotada a mesma sequência, porém os participantes foram expostos a outras duas histórias com temáticas semelhantes, mas sem menção aos comportamentos de pegar os doces antes da festa. Alguns resultados foram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to verify the effects of reading contingencies, described in a story, on verbal and nonverbal performance of children. Three studies with similar objectives and a few procedural differences were carried out. Eleven children between the ages of eight and ten participated in the studies: four children in the first study, three stages: (i) stage in which the children were submitted to WISC-tests; (ii) stage in which the children were adapting themselves to the new environment; and (iii) the experimental stage. During the last stage the children were divided into three conditions. In Condition 1, the children were exposed to Story A, which referred to the story. Then, the children were left alone and filmed. After five minutes, the person conducting the experiment went back into the room and asked a sequence of questions that assessed which were the relationships between the story told and the performance executed and reported by the subjects. After a period of ludic activities, each subject was exposed to Story B, which described the same target behavior. Only this time, the behavior was followed by an aversive consequence. After Story B was read to the first story. Condition 2 had the same sequence of steps; however, Story B was read first, followed by StoryA. The same sequence was also adopted for Condition 3; yet, the subjects were exposed to two other stories with themes that were similar to those of Story A and Story B but without mentioning the behavior of grabbing the sweets before the party. Some of the results were common to all three experiments. None of the children ate the sweets after the stories were read under all three conditions. Nevertheless, the frequency of behavior towards the sweets was higher after Story. A was read, as compared to when Story B was read, both under Condition 1 and Condition 2. Such results suggest that stories... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Sonia Maria Lazzarini Cyrino / Banca: Maria Aparecida Torres Morais / Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo / Banca: Eva Ucy Soto / Resumo: Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo um estudo descritivo-comparativo do Pretérito Perfeito Simples (PPS) e do Pretérito Perfeito Composto (PPC) do modo Indicativo do Português. Buscamos (i) testar a hipótese de uma caracterização dessas formas verbais que parta de uma definição semântica abstrata para chegar a uma explicação dos possíveis usos e funções atribuídos às duas formas pretéritas no Português; (ii) realizar um estudo diacrônico em textos escritos do Português Brasileiro (PB), do século XVI ao XX, procurando verificar se a forma composta nunca teve os mesmos valores semânticos que a forma simples e (iii) identificar semelhanças e/ou diferenças nos usos e funções desses tempos em duas diferentes variedades do português atual (Português Brasileiro e Português Europeu). Esse estudo mais aprofundado do PPC e do PPS justifica-se com base, principalmente, em argumentos tais como (i) as características aspectuais do Pretérito Perfeito Composto (PPC) e do Pretérito Perfeito Simples (PPS), (ii) o contraste entre o uso do PPC no português e nas demais línguas românicas, (iii) a baixa freqüência do PPC no Português Brasileiro atual. Dessa forma pretendemos, por um lado, estabelecer com mais clareza as diretrizes que norteiam as mudanças no sistema verbal do Português Brasileiro (PB) e, por outro lado, na comparação com o Português Europeu (PE) atual, verificar se lá essas formas possuem o mesmo uso e funções, como parece apontar Silva (1998). Tomamos como fundamentação teórica uma análise reichenbachiana, que utiliza três momentos na definição formal dos tempos verbais - momento da fala (MF), momento do evento (ME) e momento da referência (MR) - e outros estudos semânticos sobre Tempo e Aspecto Verbal, complementados por trabalhos que levam em conta a utilização das duas formas verbais estudadas em textos escritos do PB, de diferentes modalidades e estilos. / Abstract: This research aims at providing a descriptive and comparative study of the use of Pretérito Perfeito Simples (Simple Past Tense) and Pretérito Perfeito Composto (Compound Past Tense) in Portuguese. We searched: (a) a characterization that goes from an abstract semantic definition to arrive at an explanation of the possible use and functions attributed to the two past forms in Portuguese; (b) a diachronic study of these verbal forms in written Brazilian Portuguese, from 16th to 20th century; (c) the identification of similarities and/or differences in the use and functions of these verbal forms in two different varieties of current Portuguese (European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese). Some arguments justify our study, such as: (i) the aspectual features of Pretérito Perfeito Simples and Pretérito Perfeito Composto in Portuguese, (ii) the contrast of the use of Pretérito Perfeito Composto in Portuguese and other Romance languages, (iii) the decrease of frequency of Pretérito Perfeito Composto in current Brazilian Portuguese. The analysis is based on Reichenbach's temporal points - Speech, Reference and Event Point - and on other semantic and pragmatic approaches to tense and aspect. We have tried to show that both forms must be distinguished according to aspectual features, rather than on a temporal basis. To confirm our hypotheses, we build a corpus of written texts in Brazilian Portuguese (16th to 20 th century) and of European Portuguese (20th century); and we selected the cases of Pretérito Perfeito Composto and Pretérito Perfeito Simples. In the diachronic study, these data have been analyzed according to some groups of factors that help on the interpretation of the simple and complex forms: real time, aspectual features, presence and/or absence of adverbs, telic/atelic verbs and degree of formality of the texts. / Doutor

Orientador: Maria Helena de Moura Neves / Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Juliano Desiderato Antonio / Resumo: O objetivo geral do estudo é a observação, no uso efetivo da língua, de construções vigentes examinando-as em confronto com cânones prescritos em obras normativas da atualidade. O objetivo específico é o exame da tensão entre o que propõe essas obras e o que ocorre na língua escrita de 1900 a 1950 quanto à regência de alguns dos verbos mais tratados pelos manuais normativos: esquecer(-se), lembrar(-se), pagar, perdoar, assistir, obedecer, ir e chegar. Paralelamente se buscará um confronto com os resultados obtidos em pesquisa anterior, na qual se estudou a regência verbal na segunda metade do século passado. A análise se serviu de uma amostra do corpus do Laboratório de Lexicografia da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara (UNESP), que contém cerca de duzentos milhões de ocorrências. A investigação, de base funcionalista, concentra-se nos processos ligados à manifestação da transitividade verbal. / Abstract: The general goal of this research is the observation of real constructions in the effective use of the language, examining them in confrontation with prescribed models in normative manuals. The specific goal of the research is the examination of the tension between what these manuals propose and what occurs in the written language, in the period between 1900 and 1950, according to the regency of some of the most treated verbs in the normative Portuguese manuals: esquecer(-se) (to forget), lembrar(-se) (to remember), pagar (to pay), perdoar (to forgive), assistir (to watch), obedecer (to obey), ir (to go) and chegar (to arrive). Besides, it will be made a confrontation with the results of a previous research, in which it was studied the verbal regency in the second half of the last century. The analysis has a sample of the corpus of the Laboratory of Lexicographical Studies of the College of Sciences and Letters of Araraquara (UNESP), which has almost two hundred million occurrences. The investigation, that has a functionalist basis, is concentrated in the processes linked to the manifestation of the verbal transitivity. / Mestre

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Published Article / The main objective of this paper is to point out the crucial role that colour plays in human perception of stimuli, and how we may use this information to promote and enhance our communicational objectives. If we can educate consumers to use colour codes at the point of purchase, we will assist them to make the best purchasing decision and in the end save the consumer money.

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