This thesis deals with the topic of protection of victims of crime. The topic is quite broad therefore the main focus is at the assistance for victims of crime and forms of such assistance. The thesis is divided into three main parts which are further divided into chapters and subchapters. The first part is concerned with victimology in general. It contains four chapters. First chapter describes the science of victimology. The knowledge of basic principles of victimology is fundamental for further understanding of the topic of crime victims. Brief overview of the evolution of victimology is also mentioned. The second chapter defines the basic concepts of victimology, such as the term victim, victimity, harm and factors that influence the extent of the harm caused by a crime to the victim. The third chapter is closely focused on the process of victimization and its specific issues. It contains more detailed subchapters on primary, secondary, terciary victimization and on repeated victimization. The fourth chapter concludes this part. It is concerned with sources of information about crime victims that are available. Particularly it deals with official statistics and victimology researches and studies. The second part is contained in chapter number five and its subchapters. Its main focus is on...

Thesis title: Secondary victims in law: a comparative analysis This thesis deals with the secondary victims in the Czech and German law. The aim of the paper is to analyse mentioned issue of the secondary victims, to determine mutual similarities and differences in both jurisdictions and to suggest a possible inspiration from the German law in the future also. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the secondary victims in the Czech Republic. The paper defines the general concept of harm, the secondary victims and their particular groups. The thesis also describes the evolution of their position with the respect to the Czech case law. The main emphasis in this chapter is put on the individual claims of secondary victims, but the paper deals with the claims for non-pecuniary damages and its limits in detail. In this context, the thesis provides a detailed interpretation of § 2959, which grants a compensation to the close persons in case of death or serious bodily injury, and of problematic § 2971 Czech Civil Code, under which the another non-pecuniary damage can be replaced to the wide range of people. The second part deals with the secondary victims in Federal Republic of Germany. Its structure is similar to that in the first chapter. The paper analyses the secondary...

Over the past 20 years, human trafficking has gained international attention and resulted in the creation of anti-trafficking laws in the United States. Politicians, scholars, and organizations have called for more professional efforts against human trafficking and advocated for better education and awareness to identify victims and prosecute traffickers. Local law enforcement is recognized for its ideal position in communities to combat this crime. In 2011, North Carolina implemented a statewide human trafficking training program for law enforcement. This research study examines the communication constitution of law enforcement and the use of power through this training program and as officers work trafficking cases. I position this research study within the literature of interorganizational collaboration (ICO), high- reliability organizations (HROs), and the Four Flows Model – a communication constitution of organizations (CCO) theory. I then provide a comprehensive methodical review of this research, which includes organizational documents and ethnographic data collected over a two-year period. The research results are divided into two discussions of law enforcement’s organizational constitution. First, I discuss law enforcement’s communication constitution through its human trafficking opposition and traffickers’ power to control victims. Second, I discuss law enforcement’s communication constitution through roles and partnerships in anti- trafficking efforts and power through government sanctioned authority. Finally, I conclude with a review of the research, contributions to the field, and recommendations.

Magister Legum - LLM / By any standard, victim participation is a relatively new phenomenon in international criminal law proceedings. Incredible advances have been made in the effort to end impunity for crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide and, more recently, aggression. As a result, great strides have been made in ensuring the direct participation of victims of grave violations of human rights in court proceedings against their perpetrators. Prior to this, grave violations of human rights committed during conflicts or periods of mass violence were either largely ignored or even if action was taken, victims of the crimes hardly had a ‘say’ in the proceedings. With the advent of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) a new dawn in the proceedings of international criminal law has emerged. The statutes that govern the ICC and ECCC have given a voice to victims in court proceeding buy ensuring victims participation. Despite these advances, scholars have criticized victim participation for being inconsistent in its application at the International Criminal Court. The criticism has come from scholars who have highlighted the unintended consequences of victim participation in court proceedings, arguing that their participation has resulted in the under- or misrepresentation of the actual experience of survivors of war, mass violence, or repression. These problems have arisen largely because the need to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused and to protect their due process rights, to abide by the rules of evidence and procedure, and to conserve judicial resources all cut against victim-witnesses' ability to tell their stories at these tribunals thereby resulting in a limited, and sometimes inaccurate, record of victims' experience. Background: The idea that victims should be allowed to participate in international criminal proceedings stems from a broader movement over the last several decades advocating for restorative, as opposed to merely retributive justice. Proponents of this restorative justice movement maintain that “justice should not only address traditional retributive justice, i.e., punishment of the guilty, but should also provide a measure of restorative justice by, inter alia, allowing victims to participate in the proceedings and by providing compensation to victims for their injuries.” In other words, advocates of this movement believe that criminal justice mechanisms should serve the interests of victims, in addition to punishing wrongdoers, and that the participation of victims in criminal proceedings is an integral part of serving victims' interests. Although the concept of victim participation in criminal proceedings is not easily defined, it has been described as victims “being in control, having a say, being listened to, or being treated with dignity and respect.” Human rights activists supported the concept for several reasons. Many believed, as did victim advocates more generally, that participation in criminal proceedings has a number of potential restorative benefits, including the promotion of victims' “healing and rehabilitation.” Indeed, in its recommendations to the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of the International Criminal Court (Preparatory Committee I), “participation is significant not only to protecting the rights of the victim at various stages of the proceeding, but also to advancing the process of healing from trauma and degradation.” Some believed that victim participation would bring the court “closer to the persons who have suffered atrocities” and thus increase the likelihood that victims would be satisfied that justice was done. set of recommendations on the ICC elements of crimes and rules of procedure and evidence, noted “the right of victims to participate in the proceedings was included in the Rome Statute to ensure that the process is as respectful and transparent as possible so that justice can be seen to be done . . .” Finally, and significantly for the purpose of this study, human rights activists thought that victim participation might help address the under- or misrepresentation of the experiences of victims. Research questions and objectives of the study: The question this research paper poses is whether victim participation has increased the visibility of the actual lived experience of survivors in the context of war, mass violence, or repression? Under the Rome Statute, victims of the world's most serious crimes were given unprecedented rights to participate in proceedings before the court. Nearly a decade later, a similar scheme was established to allow victims to participate as civil parties in the proceedings before the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, created with UN support to prosecute atrocities committed by leaders of the Khmer Rouge during the period of 1975 to 1979. Although there are some significant differences in how the schemes work at the ICC and ECCC, both courts allow victims to participate in criminal proceedings independent of their role as witnesses for either the prosecution or defence. In other words, both have victim participation schemes intended to give victims a voice in the proceedings. Have these new participation schemes before the ICC and ECCC, in fact, helped in satisfying the victims? What impact have they had on the ability of survivors of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide to tell their story and to talk about their experiences in their own words? In particular, has victim participation enabled more of them to tell their stories than would have been possible under the more traditional adversarial model employed by the ad hoc tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Has it allowed them to expand the historical record produced by these tribunals with narratives that would otherwise have been left out because of prosecutorial or judicial decisions not to prosecute violations committed against them? Has it enabled victims to communicate a richer, more nuanced picture of their experiences than they were able to in the context of prior tribunals? The aim is to explore whether these novel victim participation schemes, as implemented by the ICC and ECCC thus far, have actually allowed for greater recognition of victims' voices and experiences than was possible in proceedings before their predecessor tribunals. Have these schemes actually allowed victims to communicate a fuller and more nuanced picture of their experiences than they would have been able to do as victim-witnesses before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)? In other words, can the victim participation schemes at the ICC answer the call for increased visibility of the actual lived experience of survivors of human rights violations in the context of war, mass violence, or repression?.

The thesis deals with the issue of cyberbullying at the University of Economics in Prague. In the theoretical part is defined cyberbullying, describes the individual elements, specifics, used tools and forms of cyberbullying. There is also described cyberbullying in relation to the law of the Czech Republic and several other countries. The thesis also included the results of several studies and the best-known cases of cyberbullying. The practical part presents the evaluation and analysis of the results of the quantitative research from the University of Economics in Prague. The result is an analysis of the incidence of cyberbullying among students of the university and recommendations on how to behave on the social networks in order to prevent cyberbullying.

This study focused on the emotional abuse suffered by victims, who were professional women, within a marriage or a cohabitating relationship. Researcher made use of various sources to obtain data concerning the phenomenon of emotional abuse and its context within domestic violence. Several components of various theoretical perspectives were utilised to design an explanatory model, the Interactional model of the process of victimisation by an emotionally abusive partner, to direct the research and to interpret the data. Researcher made use of non-probability sampling strategy. All respondents were selected by means of the snowball and purposive sampling methods. The sample consisted of 11 professional women who came from professions that belong to a governing body, such as medical doctors, dentists, psychologists, attorneys, teachers and a veterinarian. The sample consisted of women of various age groups who were in abusive relationships for periods ranging from five to 27 years, therefore providing a wide range within the research sample. Researcher did case analyses of the different backgrounds of both the victims and their abusers, made possible from information obtained from the respondents during in-depth interviews. This was done in order to reach a holistic understanding of the dynamics within these relationships and the victimisation process throughout the duration of these relationships. Against this background, researcher was better able to analyse and interpret the data obtained from the respondents, with the use of the Interactional model of the process of victimisation by an emotionally abusive partner, and various other authors. A rich and insightful understanding of the phenomenon of emotional abuse within the lives of these professional women was reached. The research concludes with a number of recommendations for the healing process of the victims of emotional abuse and recommendations for further research. Researcher also makes several conclusions based on findings from the interviews conducted with respondents in this study. / Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / Unrestricted

This thesis focuses on the presence of mobbing and its forms in a chosen health care facility, its aim is to prove awareness of this phenomenon by the superiors and their knowledge about solution techniques. The goal of this thesis is to find out the influence of mobbing on the atmosphere at a working place (efficiency), eventually if its presence is observed by patients.

La question de la responsabilité du salarié demeure essentielle encore aujourd'hui. En raison de la subordination qui caractérise le travail salarié, des aménagements semblent nécessaires pour organiser les rapports que le travailleur entretient avec l'employeur et les tiers. Deux logiques président à la responsabilité du salarié. Une logique de protection d'abord, qui permet de soustraire le salarié du droit commun. L'ordonnancement d'une protection s'analyse en un impératif dont la finalité est de rétablir le déséquilibre inhérent au contrat de travail. L'effectivité de cet impératif se traduit avec force par l'octroi d'une immunité d'origine légale et jurisprudentielle. Cette protection ne se veut pas absolue pour autant. Certains comportements justifient la réapparition du droit commun et la sanction du salarié du point de vue pénal et civil. Sa protection suscite alors une question : qu'advient-il de l'indemnisation des dommages qu'il aura causés à l'occasion de son travail ? Dans un premier temps, cette logique de protection semble mal s'articuler avec l'indemnisation de la victime. En écartant l'application du droit commun, on prive en effet la victime d'un débiteur. C'est sans compter sur la diversité des mécanismes offerts par le droit positif et qui assurent l'efficacité de la logique indemnitaire. Efficace, elle n'est pas infaillible et présente des limites qui ne pourront pas toujours être corrigés et conduiront à priver d'indemnisation la victime du salarié. / The matter of employee's liability still remains essential. Because of the subordination underlying paid labor, some adjustments seem necessary to set up the worker's relationship with his employer and a third party. Two main ideas rule the worker's liability. First, a protectionist point of view, allowing the employee to shield him from common-law. Organizing the worker's protection is commanding and its goal is to bring in balance the work contract. To be effective, this shield needs to have immunity through a legal source and a case law. This protection, however, isn't unerring. Some behaviors justify the reappearance of common law and the penal and civil sanction of the employee. Second, this protection gives rise to a question: what about compensating the damages the employee may have caused while working. First of all, this protectionist's logic doesn't seem to function well. By ignoring the common law, we rob the victim of a debtor. Let's not forget about the vast diversity of techniques that the law offers, which also provides efficient reparation. Efficient though, this kind of logic is not absolute, it has its limitations that we won't be able to adjust, and these limitations will leave the victim with no compensation.

Position of Victims within the Judiciary System of the Czech Republic By Eva Kaplova My Diploma Thesis pursues position of victims within the judicial system of the Czech Republic; especially from the point of view of statutes which the victims may wish to rely upon when seeking legal assistance. In this work, I describe and distinguish understanding of two basic concepts; the concept of an "aggrieved party" (an injured party) and, the concept of a "victim". I also take into consideration the rights to compensation already vested in the current Czech jurisdiction. I review and assess the laws currently in force, especially from the point of view of adequate protection of a victim; as compared to final amendments to the Czech Body of Law, to be enacted by 2013. I bring up numerous issues concerning primary and secondary victimisation. Furthermore, I compare some problematic issues concerning the victim from an international perspective, especially then within several states of the European Union. Finally, my Thesis brings up several suggestions of improving as well as increasing the threshold of victims' protection within the framework of the Judiciary of the Czech Republic.

Research has linked rape victim-blaming attitudes (VBAs) with gender role stereotyping, negative peer attitudes towards women, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. The current study analyzed longitudinal questionnaire data of college men (n=166) from White and Smith's (2001) study of college student victimization. Results indicate that VBAs can be conceptualized as either overt or covert, and that the covert VBA was more strongly correlated with alcohol use, sexualized peer attitudes, traditional gender stereotypes, need for sexual dominance, and perpetration of dating aggression. The covert VBA was also correlated with rape proclivity one year later, and partially mediated relationships between earlier variables and later rape proclivity. Additionally, endorsement of chivalry moderated the relationship between traditional gender stereotypes and the covert VBA, casting new perspective on the role of chivalry. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of targeting subtle expressions of VBAs in educational programs, and the need for longitudinal studies on rape attitude development.