Une situation de violence intentionnelle infligée de l’extérieur, propulse le sujet sur une scène qui infiltre le présent d’une actualisation du passé et provoque un vertige abyssal qui invite à une figurabilité interne de traumas primordiaux conjugués à l’évènementiel. Cette expérience a valeur d’épreuve et force la mise au travail psychique.En s’appuyant sur la clinique des violences conjugales et de celle des victimes d’agression « sur la voie publique », trois axes de recherche sont proposés :- Les processus de répétition agis, cauchemardés ou oralisés, agents de changement.- Le corps et la psyché en tant que surfaces de réception et de figuration des violences- La prégnance du détail comme moteur essentiel du traitement du trauma.A la suite d’une agression, le processus astériforme fournit des points d’accroche pour faire bord au risque d’anéantissement grâce à un mouvement de reprise, par diffraction, focalisation, et unification-différenciation. Faute de pouvoir se représenter l’irreprésentable, à savoir le Réel de la mort, le sujet trace une esquisse, et met en place les prémices d’une figuration dont il va pouvoir se saisir. Après l’effondrement se dessine une possibilité de reconstruction. / In situations where violence is deliberately inflicted from outside, the victim is propelled into a position where the present is infiltrated by an actualisation of the past and provokes a deep confusion linked to internal experiences of past events and primordial traumas. This experience has a test value and forces the beginning of the psychical work.Three axes of research are proposed in considering the victim experience in domestic as well as public violence:- To consider using acted, nightmares and verbalisation process of repetition as agents of change.- The body and the psyche as surfaces for reception and figuration of violence.- The use of expressed salient details as a driving force of the trauma treatment.Following an attack, the psychic asterism approach provides reference points and is able to promote the recovery process by way of diffraction, focusing an reunifying. In an attempt to represent the unrepresentable together with the reality of death, the victim will start to sketch the beginning of a figuration which he will be able to grab.Following a collapse, there begins to appear a possibility of rebuilding.

Acts of violence on farms and smallholdings are continuing unabated in spite of the efforts of the government and the agricultural unions to quell attacks on members of the farming community. Although research has been done on various aspects of farm attacks, empirical information regarding farmers’ perceptions of their susceptibility to attacks, the consequences that are suffered and the coping strategies that farmers apply after victimisation, is limited to that contained in the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. In order to gain first-hand information with regard to this phenomenon, the researcher interviewed 15 direct victims of attacks on a one-on-one basis. All the attacks occurred in the Mpumalanga Province and the adjoining Nokeng Tsa Taemane region in the Gauteng Province. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the data, it was found that most of the respondents felt unsafe on their farms. In spite of this, they were all taken by surprise by their attackers. While the majority of the respondents believed that their homes were reasonably secure, financial and familial constraints prevented some from improving the guardianship on their farms. Those who had good security systems in their homes, were attacked outside or in the early evening before the systems were activated. The findings also revealed that the immediate reactions of victims of farm attacks do not differ fundamentally from those of other victims of crime. Reactions include surprise, fear of being killed, injured and/or raped and powerlessness. After the attacks they often experienced anger and bitterness. Analysis of the data furthermore indicated that physical injuries ranged from minor to serious injuries that necessitated hospitalisation. Emotional and social harm were also experienced by victims, causing them to be fearful and distrustful of black persons, as the attacks were all black on white. Farm attacks also had negative financial consequences for the victims. Capital that might have been used for other purposes had to be used to pay medical and funeral bills and upgrade security, especially since most victims feared re-victimisation. After the attacks some respondents preferred to relocate. While many of the respondents found it too costly to implement the necessary target hardening measures, avoidance behaviour in the form of alertness was identified as the most effective means of preventing victimisation in the future. Other avoidance tactics included feeding dogs in the afternoon when visibility is still good and sending employees out to establish the reason for the visit of black strangers who arrive on the farm without an appointment. Erroneous perceptions with regard to the motives for attacks and the profile of attackers, as well as complacency about security which often sets in because of the routine nature of farmers’ lifestyle, were identified as the main reasons for farmers’ susceptibility to victimisation. It was also found that the respondents’ coping strategies varied. While some relied on their Christian faith and the support of family and friends, others exerted their inner strength to regain their emotional equilibrium. On the basis of the above findings, recommendations were made regarding further research and measures that might be implemented by both the government and farmers to reduce the number of farm attacks. It was highlighted that factors such as hate speech, socio-economic conditions in rural areas, the acceleration of land reform and education deserve further attention. Farmers must guard against complacency and make informed decisions about security on the farms. As coping strategies vary, it was furthermore stated that victimised farmers need to persevere until they have assimilated the negative experience. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Denna studies syfte är att fördjupa förståelsen för hur anonyma aktörer kan diskutera brottsoffer och förövare på ett anonymt forum. Studien utgår från tre trådar på forumet Flashback där brott diskuteras och således brottsoffer och förövare. För att analysera empirin har Michel Foucualts (2003) teori om panoptismen samt Erving Goffmans (2011) teori om stigmatisering och sociala avvikare använts. Foucault har använts då han beskriver hur övervakningen får individer att handla utifrån rådande normer genom övervakning och straff. Goffmans teori har bidragit med en förståelse för hur de individer som inte passar in i normer stämplas som avvikare och således stigmatiseras. Dessa två har förenats för att förklara hur anonyma aktörer framställer brottsoffer och förövare samt hur information kan delas och spekuleras. Studien har en abduktiv ansats då empiri och teori har växelverkat för att skapa en djupare förståelse för diskursen kring brottsoffer och förövare. Studien antar ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv och är främst inspirerat av Bacchis diskursanalys (2011, refererad i Bergström & Boréus, 2018) och Foucaults (1993) tankar om diskursens ordning. Resultatet visar bland annat att aktörer kan övervaka varandra likt panoptismen (Foucault, 2003) och detta kan ske utifrån normer och socialt avvikande beteende från normerna (Goffman, 2011). Vidare visar resultatet att det finns både skillnader och likheter när det kommer till hur brottsoffer och förövare framställs på Flashback. Exempelvis så diskuterar aktörerna i vissa fall huruvida både förövare och offer passar in i bilden som sociala avvikare baserat på deras inblandning i brott. Således stigmatiseras personerna både genom deras inblandning i brott och den information som sprids om dem på internet. Dock skiljde sig diskursen åt kring brottsoffer och förövare när brottet var en olyckshändelse. Då jämfördes istället inblandade, i viss mån, med varandra. Resultatet visar även att aktörer ofta positionerar sig som sanningssägare oavsett om det rör sig om spekulation eller informationsdelning. Genom att hänvisa till en personlig relation eller kännedom till inblandade personer lämnas lite utrymme för felsägning. Detta kan skapa diskussioner i diskursen som resulterar i stigmatisering även aktörer emellan. / This report fulfils the purpose of expanding the understanding of how anonymous actors can discuss victims of crime and perpetrators at an anonymous forum. The study is based on three discussion threads at the Flashback Forum where crimes are discussed and accordingly victims of crime and perpetrators. To analyze the data, Michel Foucualt's (2003) theory of panopticism and Erving Goffman's (2011) theory of stigmatization and social deviants has been used. Foucault’s theory has been used to describe how the surveillance causes individuals to act on the basis of prevailing norms through surveillance and punishment. Goffman's theory has contributed to an understanding of how individuals, who do not fit into norms, get labelled as deviants and therefore get stigmatized. These two theories have been combined to explain how anonymous actors describe victims and perpetrators, and how information can be shared/speculated. The study has an abductive approach as the empiricism and theory interact to create a deeper understanding of the discourse regarding victims of crime and perpetrators. The study assumes a discourse analytic perspective and it is primarily inspired by Bacchi's discourse analysis (2011, referenced in Bergström & Boréus, 2018) and Foucault's (1993) thoughts about the order of discourse. The results show that, among other things, actors can monitor each other like panopticism (Foucault, 2003) and this can be done based on norms and socially deviant behavior from the norms (Goffman, 2011). Furthermore, the results show that there are both differences and similarities when it comes to how victims of crime and perpetrators are portrayed at Flashback. For example, in some cases, the actors discuss whether both the perpetrators and the victims fit into the picture as social deviants or not, based on their involvement in the crime. Thus, the persons involved are stigmatized both through their involvement in the crime and the information that is spread about them over the internet. However, the discourse of the victims of crime and the perpetrators was different when the crime was an accident. In that case the involved, to some extent, were compared with each other. The results also show that actors often position themselves as truth-tellers, whether it is speculation or sharing information. By referring to a personal relationship or knowledge of the people involved, there are little room for misinterpretation. This can create discussions in the discourse that result in stigmatization even among the actors.

The purpose of the current study was to determine if there are potential mediating factors to a student being victimized by school violence. Results from 5,409 middle school and high school student participants who completed the 2007 School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey, a nationally collected survey on victimization, were used to determine if there was a relationship between student victimization and extracurricular activity involvement. Specifically, the questions about victimization (bullying), extracurricular activity involvement, a relationship with an adult at school, and a relationship with a friend were used. Seven specific types of extracurricular activities (athletic teams, spirit groups, performing arts groups, academic clubs, student government, community service/volunteer clubs, and other) were examined to determine if a specific type of extracurricular activity might be related to lower victimization scores. Relationships with an adult and a peer were examined in association with a student's involvement in extracurricular activities. Reported victimization status was also explored in connection with the student's relationships with an adult and peer. The results of this study indicate statistically significant relations among many of the variables above. However, the large sample size was the reason for the significant findings. The results indicate that protecting a student from victimization may not be a benefit of extracurricular involvement; however, extracurricular activities may be a useful tool to connect students to friends and caring adults at school.

Bakgrund: En av sjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser är säker vård och detta ska konstant genomsyra omvårdnaden. Men det inträffar vårdskador och då är det inte bara patienten som drabbas utan även vårdpersonalen. Arbetsgivaren har då ett ansvar för att vårdpersonalen som varit involverad i vårdskada, även kallat ”second victim”, får stöd. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av stöd på samt utanför arbetsplatsen efter att ha varit involverad i vårdskada. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Databassökningar utfördes i CINAHL och PubMed, där tio relevanta artiklar påträffades. Dessa kvalitetsgranskades varefter tre bedömdes ha hög kvalitet och sju ha medelhög kvalitet. En innehållsanalys utfördes i fem steg. Resultat: Fem kategorier kunde urskiljas; Avlastande samtal, Rättvist bemötande, Bekräftelse av kliniskt självförtroende, Känslomässigt stöd samt Rutiner och riktlinjer för stöd. Dessa beskriver de behov som vårdpersonal har efter att ha varit involverad i vårdskada.Konklusion: Chefen behöver aktivt arbeta med att skapa en arbetsmiljö med öppenhet där behoven kan tillgodoses för att vårdpersonalen ska kunna återhämta sig och återfå sitt kliniska självförtroende för att stanna kvar på sin arbetsplats. Nyckelord: Patientsäkerhet, ”second victim”, sjuksköterskor, stöd, vårdskada, vårdpersonal. / Background: One of the key competences of the registered nurse is patient safety which should permeate the patient care. But adverse events are a reality and when it occurs not only the patient comes to harm but also the health care professional. The employer has the responsibility to take care of the healthcare professionals involved in adverse events, “second victims”, and give them the support needed. Aim: To describe the health care professionals´ experiences of support at work but also outside after an adverse event. Method: The study was carried out as a literature review with a qualitative approach. Database searches were made in CINAHL and PubMed, ten relevant articles were found. The quality of these were examined and three of them showed high quality and seven of them showed medium high quality. A content analysis was made in five steps.Results: Five categories were distinguished; Relieving discussions, Fair treatment, Clinical self-confidence, Emotional support and Routines and guidelines regarding support. These describes the needs that healthcare professionals have after being involved in an adverse event. Conclusion: The employer has to build a working environment permeated by openness where the health care professionals can recover and regain their clinical self-confidence in order to continue working. Keywords: Adverse event, health care professionals, nurses, patient safety, ”second victim”, support.

Modern Slavery is a complex type of crime. It may take many forms starting from the forced labor, servitude, sexual exploitation, organ harvesting, slavery, to trafficking and others. UK’s Modern Slavery Act, 2015 is undoubtedly an admirable effort to tackle such heinous crimes in the society however the act is criticized as weak regarding the victim support and wellbeing during and after the identification. All potential victims upon consent are referred at first by the first responders to National Referral Mechanism (NRM) process which is a UK framework adopted in 2009 in line with the council of Europe’s directives to identify & support victims of modern slavery. There are two separate guidance’s regarding the NRM process one is for England & Wales and the other is for Scotland & Northern Ireland. The aim of this literature review study is to explore the wellbeing status of the modern slavery victims during the post identification (NRM) period and how does the act support such victims. The study finds that it lacks a needs-based support system for victims that addresses issues like safe housing, advocacy, adequate so called “reflection and recovery” time period of support resulting in poor trust and confidence among the victim groups upon the authorities. Moreover, structural changes like amendments to the labor, immigration laws are required to make a long-term meaningful impact on the lives of the victims. At last the author provides some recommendations about the matters affecting the lives of the victims the most.

Bakgrund: Varje år drabbas 100 000 svenska patienter av vårdskador. Bakom varje vårdskada står minst en vårdpersonal som gjort ett misstag eller en felbedömning. Världen över beskrivs liknande situationer där den som förorsakat en vårdskada också beskrivs som ett “offer”, ett så kallat “second victim”. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att ha förorsakat en vårdskada - ur ett individ- och systemperspektiv. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en litteraturstudie där 12 vetenskapliga artiklar bearbetades genom metasyntes. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. En kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes med hjälp av SBUs kvalitetsgranskningsmall, sammanställdes i en matris och slutligen kodades i olika erfarenheter varpå olika kategorier växte fram genom metasyntes. Resultat: Fem kategorier identifierades: 1. Psykosomatiska tillstånd, 2. Känslor och reaktioner, 3. Påverkansfaktorer, 4. Behov och 5, Anpassning. Konklusion: Två huvudsakliga slutsatser formuleras. 1. Begreppet “second victim” beskriver väl de erfarenheter vilka vårdpersonal som förorsakat en vårdskada uttalar. 2. Det råder en diskrepans mellan huruvida arbetet för minskat antal vårdskador tillämpar ett systembaserat eller ett individbaserat perspektiv. Denna diskrepans är sannolikt inte gynnsam i arbetet för ökad patientsäkerhet. / Background: Every year, 100,000 Swedish patients are affected by medical errors. Every medical error is the result of at least one health care professional who made a mistake or misjudgment. Objective: The aim of this literature review study was to describe healthcare professionals’ experiences of causing a medical error- from an individual and system perspective. Method: The study has been conducted as a literature study in which 12 scientific articles were processed through meta-synthesis. Searches were done in databases Cinahl and PubMed. Quality control was performed with the help of SBUs quality control template. The studies were organized into a matrix and finally coded into different experiences whereupon different categories emerged through meta-synthesis. Results: Five categories were identified: 1. Psychosomatic conditions, 2. Feelings and reactions, 3. Influences 4. Needs and 5. Adaption. Conclusion: Two main conclusions were drawn. 1. The concept of “second victim” portrays the way in which healthcare professionals describe their experiences after causing a medical error, 2: There is a discrepancy regarding whether the patient safety work, within the healthcare system applies an individual- or system-based perspective. This discrepancy is probably not favorable in efforts to improve patient safety.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important social problem, but historically the scientific research has focused mostly on the female victims. Several reviews exist on female victims, but no on male victims. The prevalence rates presented in the literature are very heterogeneous, which has been explained by variations in methodology, a lack of a clear recognized definition and a missing golden standard. This thesis reviews prevalence rates in studies on IPV with a male victim, and answers the following questions; (1) What are the total prevalence rates in relation to the different study characteristics and do we see any significant differences within these characteristics? (2) How does the definition of intimate partner violence and study characteristics affect the prevalence rate? (3) What type of relationship do we see between the quality of studies and prevalence rate?A systematic review has been carried out resulting in 49 relevant studies on male victims of IPV. The data from these 49 studies have been extracted based on the operationalization of “definition” in categories of type of violence, type of instrument and number of survey questions and in the operationalization of study quality based on a quality index by Looney et al. (2000). A students t-test and linear regression models was conducted to answer the research questions. This study finds that men are more often victims of psychological violence than physical violence, which is in contrast to female victims. The study also finds that the introduction of each of the definition-variables results in higher prevalence rates. This indicates, that factors related to the definition are important elements in the study of IPV prevalence in male victims.

Sexual assault on college campuses continues to be a pervasive public health issue with approximately one in five women experiencing sexual assault. Stranger rape is most commonly what people think of when they think of sexual assault, however, acquaintance rape is the most common form of sexual assault. Yet, victims are blamed more in acquaintance rape as compared to stranger rape situations. Thus, the perceptions of sexual assault occurring in various romantic relationships warrants further attention. Using an online survey at a large southern university, the current study examines the perceptions of college students, in various sexual assault scenarios, including stranger, acquaintance, committed dating, cohabitating, and marital. In addition, the levels of victim blame, rape myths, sexual attitudes and beliefs, and hostility toward women are examined. Findings may help inform future prevention efforts to help reduce rape myths regarding dating and marital rape.

An injured party and a victim of crime Abstract This master's thesis deals with the legal status of the injured party and the victim of a crime. The aim of this master's thesis is to describe the legal regulation of the victim and injured party in the Czech Republic, to draw attention to its shortcomings and to present proposals de lege ferenda. The author uses a descriptive method and critical analysis. The first and seventh chapters also contain a comparison with foreign legislation. The master's thesis is composed of the introduction, eight chapters and the end. The first half of this master's thesis deals with crime victims. The first chapter deals with the general definition of the victim of crime. It also mentions the importance of the victim to criminal law. The next chapter is focused on victimology and its elemental terms. The third chapter includes legal regulation in the Czech Republic. The author deals with situation before the Act 45/2013 Coll., the Victims of Crime Bill, its executive legal regulations and Act 59/2017 Coll. The fourth chapter discusses in detail the rights of victims: the right to professional assistance, the right to information, the right to protection from imminent danger, the right to privacy, the right to protection from secondary harm and the right to financial...