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Strict Photo ID, Voter Turnout, and RaceLa Voy, Thomas 12 July 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Métodos estocásticos aplicados à transição de fase / Applications of stochastic methods to phase transitionChiappin, Jose Raimundo Novaes 12 January 2005 (has links)
A presente pesquisa se refere à aplicação dos métodos estocásticos para estudar fenômenos críticos em modelos de sistemas classificados como desordenados que apresentam transição de fase do tipo-ordem desordem. Essa pesquisa é definida tanto no quadro teórico da Mecânica Estatística dos fenômenos críticos e transição de fase de equilíbrio e fora de equilibrio, com os recursos associados à análise de escala de tamanho finito quanto no quadro dos recursos aos processos estocásticos markovianos, descritos pela equação-mestra e associados a técnicas essencialmente numéricas como o método estocástico computacional de Monte Carlo. Na primeira etapa desta pesquisa, os modelos estudados são da classe denominada de votante majoritário. Eles são indexados pelo número z de vizinhos mais próximos com spin central, tem dois estados e são construidos em redes quadradas. A evolução dinâmica é dada pela regra da maioria junto com regradfe desempate. Eles não satisfazem a propriedade do principio do balanceamento detalhado, portanto, são classificados como descrevendo fenômenos fora do equilíbrio. Contudo, eles satisfazem a propriedade de simetria de inversão de sinal, o que os coloca teoricamente na classe de universalidade do modelo de Ising. Desta forma, a evolução dinâmica desses modelos é estudada com os recursos da equação mestra ou equação de evolução. No entanto, essa abordagem teórica é feita apenas na aproximação de campo médio, a qual fornece, na solução estacionária, os valores clássicos para os parametros relevantes. Em contrapartida, os valores numéricos exatos para os valores do ponto crítico e dos expoentes críticos, que são não clássicos, é dada por meio do recurso ao método de simulação computacional e à análise de escala de tamanho finito. Esses valores confirmam o resultado teórico quanto à classe de universalidade para cada modelo específico. Na sequência, estudam-se as propriedades dos modelos resultantes da combinação convexa do votante majoritário. Os resultados são semelhantes aos anteriores. Um resultado extra permitido por essas combinações convexa éa construção de uma relação contínua entre o valor crítico indutor da transição de fase e o número de vizinhos. Neste contexto foi apresentada uma solução para o problema do modelo mais simples desta classe de modelos. Com o modelo mais simples ilustram-se as condições universais de transição de fase, em particular o papel da dimensão do sistema. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, cvonstrí-se, então, outra classe de modelos do votante que, por analogia com o modelo de Ising, tem como estado fundamental a fasse antiferromagnética: a classe dos modelos do votante minoritário. Essa classe de modelos possue as mesmas propriedades da classe de modelos do votante majoritário e por isso obtem-se os mesmos resultados. A analogia com o modelo de Ising é levada um pouco mais longe com a construção de um análogo aos modelo +-J: a construção da combinação convexa do votante majoritário com o minoritário. Para esse novo modelo constrói-se tanto o diagrama com as três fases, ferromagnética, paramagnética e antiferromagnética quanto as concentrações críticas que as distinguem. Não se obtém uma possível fase de vidro de spin. Uma vez que os modelos do votante são originalmente tidos como sistemas desordenados, comparam-se, para um mesmo modelo, resultados obtidos pela aplicação de dois diferentes métodos de tratar os modelos de sistemas desordenados: o método temperado-\"quenched\" - e o método recozido - \"annealed\". Na terceira etapa desta pesquisa e na mesma linha dos modelos estocásticos irreversíveis tratados anteriormente, estuda-se ainda outro modelo, classificado como jogo espacial nos sítios de uma rede quadrada. Simulações mostram que além de dois estados absorventes ha\'também a presença de um estado ativo definido por uma densidade finita de cooperadores e não cooperadores e que esse modelo se encontra na classe de universalidade do modelo de percolação direcionada. Nesta mesma etapa, mas, agora, no contexto da Mecânica sStatística de Equilíbrio, aborda-se o modelo de Ising quântico unidimensional com campo transverso por meio de simulação de Monte Carlo.Com o uso do método estiocástico e por meio da curva do colapso calculam-se os valores do ponto crítico e dos expoentes críticos desse modelo. / This research refers to the applications of the stochastic methods to the study of the critical phenomena in models of systems classified as disordered that undergo phase transition of the order-disorder kind. This research is defined as in the theoretical framework of the Statistical mechanics of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium of the critical phenomena and phase transition with the resources associated to the analysis of finite-size scale, as in the frame of the resources of markovian stochastic process described by the master equation associated with essentially numerical techniques such as stochastic computational method of Monte Carlo.l In this first stage of this research, the studied models belong to the class of the majority voter. They are described by a lattice with spins in each site with two states. The dynamic of these models is described by the majority rule together with a rule for solving problems of indecision. These models do not obey the principle of microscopic reversibility therefore they are classified as describing phenomena of non-equilibrium. However, they satisfy the property of \"up-down\" symmetry which make theoretically belong to the universality class of the Ising model. The mean field approach to the master equation is done and the exact value is pursued by the use of the method of the computational simulation with theuse of the analysis of finite-size scale. The results obtained for the critical exponents support the hypothesis of universality class of these models. There are constructions of the convex combination of these models. A question is raised about the simplest model and a possible solution is presented. There is a search for another kind of majority voter, but with an antiferromagnetic ground state, which leads to the minority voter. It is also to be classified in the same universality class. A natural unfold of this research is making the convex combination of the minority and majority voter models by analogy with the Ising model +- J and ask for the phase diagram class.Some results are also obtained by comparing the quenched and annealed approach to a same majority voter model. Finally, there are two more applications of these methods for obtaining critical point and critical exponents. The first refers to a model with absorbing state which is classified in the universality class of direct percolation. The second refers to a quantum model with transverse field.
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The Twenty-Sixth Amendment as a Teachable Moment: Young Adult Voter Turnout in U.S. Elections, 1972-2006Wright, David Lee January 2013 (has links)
Ratification of the 26th Amendment in 1971 was a watershed event in America's long and often tumultuous electoral reform journey. The persistently low voter turnout of newly enfranchised 18-20 year-olds since then not only is troubling from a democratic perspective but also is puzzling in light of the rapidly rising educational attainment of this age group during the same period. In this investigation, I develop an original theoretical frame by which to examine relationships between the 1972-2006 voter turnout patterns of 26th Amendment eligible voters and a large complement of educational and non-educational influences manifested during the end of high school and the years immediately following high school. Drawing upon multiple data sources, including a greatly under-utilized national survey series that is maintained under National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) auspices, I reaffirm the overall strength of educational attainment as a young adult voter turnout predictor while providing new evidence that attainment effects are attenuated by other educational and non-educational circumstances and traits. My results, which also reveal the dynamism of these influences in predicting young adult voter turnout, are suggestive of five areas in which the 26th Amendment can serve as a teachable moment to strengthen the democratic education mission through: (1) expanded post-high school enrollment opportunities; (2) energized high school citizenship training; (3) strengthened connections between the high school literacy and civics curricula; (4) improved use of technology to deliver civically relevant messages; and (5) more aggressive voter registration efforts on high school and college campuses.
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Métodos estocásticos aplicados à transição de fase / Applications of stochastic methods to phase transitionJose Raimundo Novaes Chiappin 12 January 2005 (has links)
A presente pesquisa se refere à aplicação dos métodos estocásticos para estudar fenômenos críticos em modelos de sistemas classificados como desordenados que apresentam transição de fase do tipo-ordem desordem. Essa pesquisa é definida tanto no quadro teórico da Mecânica Estatística dos fenômenos críticos e transição de fase de equilíbrio e fora de equilibrio, com os recursos associados à análise de escala de tamanho finito quanto no quadro dos recursos aos processos estocásticos markovianos, descritos pela equação-mestra e associados a técnicas essencialmente numéricas como o método estocástico computacional de Monte Carlo. Na primeira etapa desta pesquisa, os modelos estudados são da classe denominada de votante majoritário. Eles são indexados pelo número z de vizinhos mais próximos com spin central, tem dois estados e são construidos em redes quadradas. A evolução dinâmica é dada pela regra da maioria junto com regradfe desempate. Eles não satisfazem a propriedade do principio do balanceamento detalhado, portanto, são classificados como descrevendo fenômenos fora do equilíbrio. Contudo, eles satisfazem a propriedade de simetria de inversão de sinal, o que os coloca teoricamente na classe de universalidade do modelo de Ising. Desta forma, a evolução dinâmica desses modelos é estudada com os recursos da equação mestra ou equação de evolução. No entanto, essa abordagem teórica é feita apenas na aproximação de campo médio, a qual fornece, na solução estacionária, os valores clássicos para os parametros relevantes. Em contrapartida, os valores numéricos exatos para os valores do ponto crítico e dos expoentes críticos, que são não clássicos, é dada por meio do recurso ao método de simulação computacional e à análise de escala de tamanho finito. Esses valores confirmam o resultado teórico quanto à classe de universalidade para cada modelo específico. Na sequência, estudam-se as propriedades dos modelos resultantes da combinação convexa do votante majoritário. Os resultados são semelhantes aos anteriores. Um resultado extra permitido por essas combinações convexa éa construção de uma relação contínua entre o valor crítico indutor da transição de fase e o número de vizinhos. Neste contexto foi apresentada uma solução para o problema do modelo mais simples desta classe de modelos. Com o modelo mais simples ilustram-se as condições universais de transição de fase, em particular o papel da dimensão do sistema. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, cvonstrí-se, então, outra classe de modelos do votante que, por analogia com o modelo de Ising, tem como estado fundamental a fasse antiferromagnética: a classe dos modelos do votante minoritário. Essa classe de modelos possue as mesmas propriedades da classe de modelos do votante majoritário e por isso obtem-se os mesmos resultados. A analogia com o modelo de Ising é levada um pouco mais longe com a construção de um análogo aos modelo +-J: a construção da combinação convexa do votante majoritário com o minoritário. Para esse novo modelo constrói-se tanto o diagrama com as três fases, ferromagnética, paramagnética e antiferromagnética quanto as concentrações críticas que as distinguem. Não se obtém uma possível fase de vidro de spin. Uma vez que os modelos do votante são originalmente tidos como sistemas desordenados, comparam-se, para um mesmo modelo, resultados obtidos pela aplicação de dois diferentes métodos de tratar os modelos de sistemas desordenados: o método temperado-\"quenched\" - e o método recozido - \"annealed\". Na terceira etapa desta pesquisa e na mesma linha dos modelos estocásticos irreversíveis tratados anteriormente, estuda-se ainda outro modelo, classificado como jogo espacial nos sítios de uma rede quadrada. Simulações mostram que além de dois estados absorventes ha\'também a presença de um estado ativo definido por uma densidade finita de cooperadores e não cooperadores e que esse modelo se encontra na classe de universalidade do modelo de percolação direcionada. Nesta mesma etapa, mas, agora, no contexto da Mecânica sStatística de Equilíbrio, aborda-se o modelo de Ising quântico unidimensional com campo transverso por meio de simulação de Monte Carlo.Com o uso do método estiocástico e por meio da curva do colapso calculam-se os valores do ponto crítico e dos expoentes críticos desse modelo. / This research refers to the applications of the stochastic methods to the study of the critical phenomena in models of systems classified as disordered that undergo phase transition of the order-disorder kind. This research is defined as in the theoretical framework of the Statistical mechanics of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium of the critical phenomena and phase transition with the resources associated to the analysis of finite-size scale, as in the frame of the resources of markovian stochastic process described by the master equation associated with essentially numerical techniques such as stochastic computational method of Monte Carlo.l In this first stage of this research, the studied models belong to the class of the majority voter. They are described by a lattice with spins in each site with two states. The dynamic of these models is described by the majority rule together with a rule for solving problems of indecision. These models do not obey the principle of microscopic reversibility therefore they are classified as describing phenomena of non-equilibrium. However, they satisfy the property of \"up-down\" symmetry which make theoretically belong to the universality class of the Ising model. The mean field approach to the master equation is done and the exact value is pursued by the use of the method of the computational simulation with theuse of the analysis of finite-size scale. The results obtained for the critical exponents support the hypothesis of universality class of these models. There are constructions of the convex combination of these models. A question is raised about the simplest model and a possible solution is presented. There is a search for another kind of majority voter, but with an antiferromagnetic ground state, which leads to the minority voter. It is also to be classified in the same universality class. A natural unfold of this research is making the convex combination of the minority and majority voter models by analogy with the Ising model +- J and ask for the phase diagram class.Some results are also obtained by comparing the quenched and annealed approach to a same majority voter model. Finally, there are two more applications of these methods for obtaining critical point and critical exponents. The first refers to a model with absorbing state which is classified in the universality class of direct percolation. The second refers to a quantum model with transverse field.
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Návrh metodologické optimalizace volebního modelu Median na základě poznatků Czech Household Panel Study / Methodological Optimization of the Median Research Agency's Likely Voter Model Based on Findings from Czech Household Panel StudyKunc, Michal January 2019 (has links)
The aim of this graduate thesis is proposing an optimization of the likely voter model parameter values utilized by Median (research agency) based on secondary analysis of data from the third wave and post-election follow-up of the Czech Household Panel Study 2017 and the Median omnibus survey. The theoretical chapter presents selected aspects of the analyzed likely voter model parameters. Secondary data analysis confirms hypotheses regarding the relationships of: 1) voter turnout, prior voting behavior and the intent to vote, 2) pre-election voting preferences and actual voting behavior, 3) reported prior voting behavior and time elapsed since the prior election. Hypotheses are confirmed, and analysis results are utilized in construction of an optimized likely voter model. This model's results are then compared to the results of four currently or formerly published likely voter models (MEDIAN, CVVM2017, CVVM2018, KANTAR), all computed using an identical dataset (September/October 2017 Median omnibus survey). Based on prior-set comparison criteria, the proposed model has the highest ranking out of all the compared models. Areas of future research proposed, namely exploring the relationship between prior voting behavior misreporting and voting preference trends, in accordance with cognitive...
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As the World Turns Out: Economic Growth and Voter Turnout From a Global PerspectiveKoch, Luther Allen 11 June 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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The determinants of voter turnout in OECD : An aggregated cross-national study using panel dataOlsén Ingefeldt, Niclas January 2016 (has links)
This paper examines in a descriptive manner how two groups of variables, institutional and socio-economic, correlate with voter turnout respectively and if their magnitude have changed over time in OECD countries. Previous research is often based on data from the 70’s and 80’s. Since then, voter turnout in democratic countries has decreased and more citizens do not use their fundamental democratic right of being involved in the process of choosing their representatives. To answer the paper hypotheses i.e. analyzing what factors that correlates with voter turnout, panel data between 1980 and 2012 are used which is estimated by an OLS approach. The outcome of the empirical estimations indicates that 13 out of 19 variables have a significant relationship with turnout. Most of the variables magnitudes are a bit lower than previous literature. From the time sensitivity analysis the result indicates that voters are less influenced by the significant variables that focus on the voting cost. It seems that voters in the 21st century meet voting costs in different manner than previously.
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Representation Yesterday and Today: The Changing Link between Public Opinion and Policy Outcomes over TimeIrvine, Michael 01 January 2016 (has links)
Who gets represented in America? How does representation change over time? This thesis attempts to answer both questions, which are necessarily linked to one another. I investigate long-term trends in representation and temporary fluctuations in group influence by using a probit model to examine the link between socioeconomic groups’ policy preferences and outcomes in year-groups roughly corresponding to presidential terms. I find evidence for the suggestion in the literature that American policymaking contains a strong bias in favor of the status quo, but I depart from the literature in finding little evidence for a suggested link between income and political influence. I find evidence of declining policy activity in the 1990s and 2000s relative to the 1980s but little evidence of a long-term trend towards less policy output. In general, I find little evidence of long-term trends in representation, including the idea that our policy outcomes are becoming more correlated with the views of minority groups such as African-Americans and Hispanics.
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Cat Videos or Campaign Websites: Does Internet Access Make You More Likely to Vote?Linssen, Sara L 01 January 2016 (has links)
Recent election campaigns generated extensive attention for their creative use of Internet, from President Obama’s 2008 Facebook tactic of allowing Facebook friends to share their support with each other to tools that allow supporters to mobilize and influence offline. This thesis asks whether Internet access alone can influence an individual to vote, within the context of American Presidential elections. First, I replicate similar literature by conducting a series of Linear Probability Models that indicate that Internet does have a significant impact on an individual’s decision to vote. However, one major issue that previous studies fail to address is the likelihood of endogeneity between self-reported Internet access and voting behavior. To address this, I introduce a measure of Internet Service Providers available in a given Congressional District as an instrumental variable. Once instrumented, it appears that Internet is largely insignificant. However, there is a key exception in 2008, where Internet access is significant. I argue that this is due to the developments in social media technology that revolutionized the ways in which candidates engaged with voters and voters engaged with one another.
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The role of congruence in policy priorities between citizens and elites in citizens' political attitudes and behaviourReher, Stefanie January 2014 (has links)
This thesis shows that citizens whose policy concerns are higher on political elites' agendas are more likely to be satisfied with democracy and to vote in elections. It develops a theoretical framework to explain the influence of the previously neglected variable priority congruence on democratic satisfaction and turnout and provides empirical evidence for it. The thesis thereby makes significant contributions to our knowledge about the ingredients of democratic legitimacy. Previous research shows that political representation, as measured by proximity between citizens' and elites' policy positions, is linked to democratic satisfaction. In this thesis, it is argued that congruence in priorities has a similar effect because citizens are likely to perceive elites who emphasise their concerns as responsive to societal needs and public opinion. The empirical analyses suggest that democratic satisfaction is indeed influenced by priority congruence, yet less so amongst more politically sophisticated individuals as well as in younger democracies and countries with lower levels of democracy and governance. These differences are probably due to variation in citizens' expectations towards elite behaviour and the democratic system. Elite attention to citizens' concerns moreover influences their decision to turn out in elections. If voters' issue priorities are salient in the campaign, they are likely to perceive the election to be more important. Moreover, they will find it easier to evaluate parties and make their vote choice. These mechanisms are shown to be less relevant amongst partisans, since party attachment mobilises voters and facilitates their vote choice. Again, previous policy-based explanations of turnout focus on positions, largely ignoring priorities. The hypotheses are tested through statistical analysis of data from voter and candidate surveys as well as media content analyses. The data come from all 27 European Union countries in 2009, whereby several hypotheses are only tested in Germany due to data availability.
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