This thesis aims to present several combined methods for the morphological processing of Turkic languages, such as Turkish, which pose a specific set of challenges for computational processing, and also aims to make larger data sets publicly available. Because of the highly productive, agglutinative morphology in Turkish, data sparsity---besides the lack of the publicly available large data sets---impose difficulties in natural language processing, especially with regards to relying on purely statistical methods. Therefore, we evaluate a publicly available rule-based morphological analyzer, TRmorph, based on finite state transducers. In order to enhance the efficiency of this analyzer, and to expand its lexicon; we combine statistical and heuristics-based methods for the named entity processing (and construction of gazetteers), morphological disambiguation task and the multiword expression processing. Experiment results obtained so far point out that the use of heuristic-methods provides promising coverage increase for the text being processed by TRmorph, while the statistical approach is used as a back-up for more fine-grained tasks that may not be captured by pattern-based heuristics approach. This way, our proposed combined approach enhances the efficiency of a morphological analyzer based purely on FST...

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Hospitality Management and Dietetics / Rebecca Gould / Chihyung Ok / Offering memorable experiences to customers is an effective marketing strategy in hospitality and tourism. However, the effects of memorable experiences have remained largely unexamined. Two research models were proposed through a literature review to present the antecedents that effectively lead to memorizing travel experiences. Since researchers in customer service management have recently claimed the significance of creating good memories related to consumption experiences, this study developed the discussion on links among the antecedents and memory and hypothesized the sequential relationships among the constructs. Study 1 examined the relationships between antecedents (experience quality, hedonic value, utilitarian value, and satisfaction) and post-experience memory in cruise tourism. Using an online survey, 375 vacationers who traveled on an ocean cruise ship were recruited. Structure Equation Modeling showed that the experience quality of cruise travel consisting of seven experience dimensions had a positive influence on helping memory formation through hedonic value and utilitarian value. The results underscored the critical effect of memory on word-of-mouth. This study documented that hedonic value driven by travel experience quality had a more important role in delivering the effect to memory than utilitarian value. However, in the research model of study 1, satisfaction was not connected to memory. Mediation effect analysis individually tested the partial mediating role of memory in the relationship between hedonic value/utilitarian value/satisfaction and word-of-mouth. Study 2 examined the effects of emotions on memory, particularly the potential moderating effect of arousal on the relationship between valence and memory. This study not only proposed the direct influence of arousal and valence on memory, but also hypothesized the quasi-moderating effect of arousal in amplifying the influence of valence on increasing memory. The results of hierarchical regression analysis using the dataset of 375 samples presented the direct relationships between arousal/valence and memory were shown although the hypothesis regarding the moderating role of arousal was rejected. Two emotional dimensions (arousal and valence) were found to be significant predictors of increased memory quality, but the moderating effect of arousal was not supported. Based on the findings of this study, practical implications for the tourism industry are provided, along with future research ideas.

The focus of this study is to explore the effect social media have on influencing consumers’ purchase intentions for different brands. More specifically, this paper aims to examine how different social media communication styles for a brand, such as firm generated content (FGC) and user generated content (UGC), influence consumers’ purchase intentions for different brands when valenced either positively or negatively. Firm-generated content is a communication style which is essentially a form of advertising that is completely controlled by a brand and follows a marketing strategy (Schvinski & Dabrowski, 2016). User-generated content is an original communication style created by consumers that are unrelated to any specific brand and is disseminated via the internet (Daugherty, Eastin, & Bright, 2008). The participants of this study were 61 undergraduate liberal arts college students from southern California. Participants in the study were exposed to various brand descriptions and social media posts and tasked with indicating their purchase intentions for these brands. The results of this study imply that different communication styles as well as different brand valences significantly influence consumers’ purchase intentions. Positively valenced brands positively influenced purchase intentions while negatively valenced brands negatively impacted purchase intentions. FGC was shown to have a more positive effect on purchase intentions than UGC, however, UGC was shown to have a strong negative influence on purchase intention when UGC posts were valenced negatively.

Objective: To examine nutrient-specific and individual-specific correlates of valenced and arousal-based affective evaluations of foods across the spectrum of disordered eating, as well as to examine the validity of automatic and controlled processes of affective evaluation. Methods: 283 undergraduate women provided implicit and explicit valence and arousal-based evaluations of 120 food photos with known nutritional information (i.e., high or low added fat, high or low added sugar). Participants completed structurally similar indirect and direct affect misattribution procedures (AMP; Payne et al., 2005; 2008). These AMPs were paired with novel arousal-based AMPs to investigate both fundamental dimensions of affective evaluations of foods: valence and arousal. Participants completed questionnaires assessing body mass index, hunger, eating restriction, and binge eating. Results: Nomothetically, added fat and added sugar enhance the pleasantness and arousal of affective evaluations of foods. Idiographically, hunger and binge eating are associated with higher arousal, whereas BMI and restriction enhance pleasantness ratings. Added fat enhances the pleasantness ratings of women who are hungrier, or who endorse greater restriction, and enhances both the pleasantness and the arousal ratings of heavier women. In contrast, added sugar is especially influential on the pleasantness and arousal ratings of less hungry women. Restriction was related only to valenced affective evaluations, whereas binge eating related only to arousal affective evaluations. Finally, patterns of findings are largely similar across implicit and explicit affective evaluations, albeit stronger for explicit. Conclusions: Findings support the utility of distinguishing nutrients in future work, underscore the importance of examining both the valence and the arousal dimensions of affective evaluations, and provide modest support for the validity of dual-process models of affective evaluation of foods.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-196).

<p>Peptide bond formation and translational termination on the ribosome have been simulated by molecular mechanics, free energy perturbation, empirical valence bond (MD/FEP/EVB) and automated docking methods. Recent X-ray crystallographic data is used here to calculate the entire free energy surface for the system complete with substrates, ribosomal groups, solvent molecules and ions. A reaction mechanism for peptide bond formation emerges that is found to be catalyzed by the ribosome, in agreement with kinetic data and activation entropy measurements. The results show a water mediated network of hydrogen bonds, capable of reducing the reorganization energy during peptidyl transfer. The predicted hydrogen bonds and the structure of the active site were later confirmed by new X-ray structures with proper transition states analogs. </p><p>Elongation termination on the ribosome is triggered by binding of a release factor (RF) protein followed by rapid release of the nascent peptide. The structure of the RF, bound to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer center (PTC), has not been resolved in atomic detail. Nor is the mechanism known, by which the hydrolysis proceeds. Using automated docking of a hepta-peptide RF fragment, containing the highly conserved GGQ motif, we identified a conformation capable of catalyzing peptide hydrolysis. The MD/FEP/EVB calculations also reproduce the slow spontaneous release when RF is absent, and rationalize available mutational data. The network of hydrogen bonds, the active site structure, and the reaction mechanism are found to be very similar for both peptidyl transfer and termination. </p><p>New structural data, placing a ribosomal protein (L27) in the PTC, motivated additional MD/FEP/EVB simulations to determine the effect of this protein on peptidyl transfer. The simulations predict that the protein N terminus interacts with the A-site substrate in a way that promotes binding. The catalytic effect of L27 in the ribosome, however, is shown to be marginal and it therefore seems valid to view the PTC as a ribozyme. Simulations with the model substrate puromycin (Pmn) predicts that protonation of the N terminus can reduce the rate of peptidyl transfer. This could explain the different pH-rate profiles measured for Pmn, compared to other substrates.</p>

Peptide bond formation and translational termination on the ribosome have been simulated by molecular mechanics, free energy perturbation, empirical valence bond (MD/FEP/EVB) and automated docking methods. Recent X-ray crystallographic data is used here to calculate the entire free energy surface for the system complete with substrates, ribosomal groups, solvent molecules and ions. A reaction mechanism for peptide bond formation emerges that is found to be catalyzed by the ribosome, in agreement with kinetic data and activation entropy measurements. The results show a water mediated network of hydrogen bonds, capable of reducing the reorganization energy during peptidyl transfer. The predicted hydrogen bonds and the structure of the active site were later confirmed by new X-ray structures with proper transition states analogs. Elongation termination on the ribosome is triggered by binding of a release factor (RF) protein followed by rapid release of the nascent peptide. The structure of the RF, bound to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer center (PTC), has not been resolved in atomic detail. Nor is the mechanism known, by which the hydrolysis proceeds. Using automated docking of a hepta-peptide RF fragment, containing the highly conserved GGQ motif, we identified a conformation capable of catalyzing peptide hydrolysis. The MD/FEP/EVB calculations also reproduce the slow spontaneous release when RF is absent, and rationalize available mutational data. The network of hydrogen bonds, the active site structure, and the reaction mechanism are found to be very similar for both peptidyl transfer and termination. New structural data, placing a ribosomal protein (L27) in the PTC, motivated additional MD/FEP/EVB simulations to determine the effect of this protein on peptidyl transfer. The simulations predict that the protein N terminus interacts with the A-site substrate in a way that promotes binding. The catalytic effect of L27 in the ribosome, however, is shown to be marginal and it therefore seems valid to view the PTC as a ribozyme. Simulations with the model substrate puromycin (Pmn) predicts that protonation of the N terminus can reduce the rate of peptidyl transfer. This could explain the different pH-rate profiles measured for Pmn, compared to other substrates.

Les émotions ont été considérées en philosophie, et ce depuis l'Antiquité, tantôt comme des aides tantôt comme des obstacles aux décisions rationnelles. Les rapports entre émotions et décisions ne constituent donc pas donc un objet inédit de réflexion mais récemment cette question a été reprise et le champ théorique renouvelé. Des développements montrent que les émotions pourraient intégrer les raisonnements de manière constructive, et pas nécessairement comme des éléments perturbateurs et responsables d'erreurs. Il s'avère que malgré la complexité du phénomène émotionnel, et la diversité des conceptions à son égard, l'étude des impacts émotionnels dans les choix fait intervenir la distinction entre émotions positives et négatives de manière récurrente. La caractéristique permettant d'établir cette distinction se nomme la valence. D'apparence claire et pratique, elle comporte plusieurs difficultés importantes. En plus d'être un concept ambigu au sens variable d'une théorie à l'autre, la distinction simple qu'elle recoupe s'applique difficilement à certaines émotions plus complexes qui semblent mélanger des valences différentes. Face à ces problèmes, nous pensons qu'il n'est ni nécessaire ni souhaitable d'abandonner la notion de valence, mais qu'il convient plutôt de la réformer afin qu'elle puisse rendre compte avec plus de réalisme des émotions concrètes. D'une part, nous entendons apporter des clarifications sur ce concept central dans l'étude des émotions et de leur impact dans les choix et décisions; d'autre part, nous montrerons la nécessité de porter une attention renouvelée à la valence des émotions pour comprendre ces impacts avec plus de finesse et de précision. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Émotion, rationalité, heuristique, décision, affect, valence.

Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) is an experimental form of radiation treatment which has the potential to improve the treatment of many types of cancer. In MRT, the radiation is applied as a grid by passing the collimated X-ray beam from a synchrotron through a microplane collimator, which is a stack of parallel plates of two materials with dramatically different X-ray transparencies. The peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) is the difference between the dose in the microbeams and the dose delivered between the beams. It is the PVDR that is of biological importance in MRT. Therefore a dosimeter for MRT requires a combination of a large dynamic range for dose response into the kilo-Gray regime, and high spatial resolution on the micron scale. This project characterizes fluorophosphate glasses doped with trivalent samarium ions as a potential valency conversion dosimeter for MRT using the conversion of Sm3+→Sm2+ to measure the delivered dose. Samples irradiated at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron showed X-ray induced conversion that could be optically characterized by changes in the photoluminescence emission spectra to obtain irradiation dose. The conversion efficiency depends almost linearly on the irradiation dose up to 150 Gy and saturates at doses exceeding 1500 Gy. The conversion shows a strong correlation with an observed increase in absorbance of the glass in the range of 200-750 nm. The absorbance increases with X-ray dose and is related to the formation of phosphorous-oxygen hole centers (POHC) and POn electron centers. The presence of these defects within the irradiated glass was determined by examination of the induced optical absorbance and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The formation of these hole centers along with the conversion of Sm3+→Sm2+ under X-ray irradiation suggests that the X-rays cause the formation of electron-hole pairs in the glass. The electrons are then primarily captured by the Sm3+ ions, becoming Sm2+ ions, with some of the electrons being captured by POn electron centers. The holes are captured by the POHCs. This process can be represented chemically as Sm3+ + e-→ Sm2+ and PO + h+→POHC. The stability of the Sm conversion under illumination was examined using photoluminescence spectra and the stability of the X-ray induced defects was examined via the induced optical absorbance and EPR spectra.

This study is an investigation of how semantic and syntactic properties interact in a regular way in variants of a common expression type or Snowclone. Conventional variants of this construction are (someone is) a few (French) fries short/shy of a Happy Meal, (someone is) one sandwich short of a picnic and (someone is) one card short of a full deck. All the instances of the expression examined here have the same structure: X (be)(quantifier) Y short/shy of Z. The research questions used when analysing this construction are the following: What are the specific semantic and syntactic properties found in the expression X (be) (quantifier) Y short/shy of Z? What characterises the interaction between these properties? Is there any significance in how they interact for the meaning expressed by specific examples of this construction? The focus is on variants of the construction which have the same or quite similar idiomatic meaning. These are part of an expression group called “Fulldeckisms”, and they are used for stating that someone is mentally inadequate, mildly insane, or that something is not up to standard in a euphemistic and humoristic manner (Moon 1998, p. 159). The context in which the expression is used is important for its regularly metaphorical interpretation. However, what is interesting is that the construction itself appears to be an equally important recognisable factor for this metaphorical interpretation. The formulaic construction, previous cultural knowledge, and a certain level of cognitive ability are required for users of English to interpret the metaphor. The variants discussed have different literal or source meanings, but they all have the same kind of figurative or target meaning. The literal meanings cover a wide range of discourse or cognitive domains. However, the specific source domains appear to be almost irrelevant for forming the figurative meaning as long as the constraints on certain semantic and syntactic features of this expression are observed. Keywords: metaphor, source meaning, target meaning, meronymy, snowclone, construction, valence