O presente trabalho é a uma pesquisa empírica, de caráter qualitativo que tem como objeto de estudo a formação inicial de licenciandos de Ciências e Biologia. O objetivo central da investigação foi analisar se ela tem contribuído adequadamente para a tematização e construção de valores humanos e verificar sob a ótica dos licenciandos seu papel na formação ético-moral dos futuros estudantes e seu nível de preocupação sobre a dimensão ética dos saberes científicos e tecnológicos. O percurso metodológico consistiu em duas fases. Na primeira, licenciandos de Ciências e Biologia de três Instituições de Ensino Superior distintas responderam a um questionário referente à importância da formação ético-moral do estudante de ensino fundamental e médio e, para tanto, sua qualificação como docente. A segunda fase caracterizou-se pela aplicação de outro questionário com quatro casos com conteúdos dilemáticos e conflitos éticos nos quais os licenciandos identificaram ou opinaram sobre como os tratariam em sala de aula. Com base nas referências teóricas fornecidas pelo estudo na literatura voltada especificamente à educação ético-moral na perspectiva filosófica e psicológica, como também da Bioética de proteção, constatou-se que os licenciandos admitem que o aspecto ético-moral é fundamental para a formação do estudante, crêem que a escola, bem como outros ambientes sociais são co-participantes no desenvolvimento moral. Reconhecem a contribuição da disciplina de Ciências e Biologia como espaço de promoção de valores ético-morais e identificam assuntos que suscitam discussões éticas. Alguns obstáculos foram identificados que, direta e indiretamente, contribuem para o despreparo do professor em tratar dessas questões polêmicas, entre outros: a dificuldade de estimular e conduzir uma discussão, a insegurança quanto à perda do controle da classe, a não aceitação da divergência. Essas dificuldades podem ser atribuídas à sua trajetória de formação. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de implementação de novas estruturações para os cursos de formação destas disciplinas. A educação em Bioética favorece a inclusão da educação em valores no ensino de Ciências e Biologia, desde que os professores reconheçam que não podem se eximir de auxiliar seus futuros alunos a desenvolver habilidades necessárias para a reflexão sobre um problema e suas dimensões sociais, políticas e éticas requeridas na tomada de posição de todo o cidadão. / This is a qualitative empirical research, which aims at studying the initial training period of Science and Biology apprentice teachers. The main objective of the study was to analyze if this period has actually contributed properly to fostering human values, and, from the apprentice teachers point of view confirm his role in the ethical and moral training/education of his future students and his level of preoccupation with the ethical dimension of the scientific and technological knowledge. The methodological course of action consisted of two phases. In the first one, Science and Biology apprentice teachers from three different Universities answered a questionnaire about the importance of ethical and moral education for the Junior and High School student and consequently their qualification as teachers. The second phase consisted of another questionnaire containing four dilemmatic and conflicting cases in which the apprentice teachers identified or pointed out how the cases would be dealt with in class. Based on theoretical references provided by related literature concerning specifically the ethical and moral education from the philosophical and psychological perspectives, as well as the Bioethics of protection, the apprentice teachers admit that ethical and moral aspects are essential for the students education. Also, teachers believe that the schools, as well as other social environments are co-participants in the moral development of their students. Teachers also identify issues that raise ethical discussions and recognize the contribution of Sciences and Biology as a way of promoting ethical and moral values. Some obstacles were detected, which directly or indirectly contribute to the teachers lack of preparation regarding those polemic issues, such as: the difficulty in stimulating and guiding a discussion, the lack o self-assurance in handling the group, the non-acceptance of divergencies. Such difficulties may stem from their educational background. The results show the need to implement new structures for the training course of these subjects. Bioethics education favors the inclusion of values education when teaching Science and Biology, provided that teachers acknowledge they cannot do without helping students develop the necessary skills to reflect on a problem in its social, political and ethic dimensions. These skills are essential for every citizen when taking a stand.

<p>Both international and local authors argue strongly that state education systems have an important role to play in the development and nurturing of positive values and attitudes in learners. In some instances, as is the case in South Africa, the education system may even prescribe the values that ought to be taught in the institutions of learning. While I agree that education institutions have a responsibility to teach positive values to learners, it is my contention that it is unlikely that educators will be able to fulfil this role in any meaningful way, without an informed understanding of how to reconcile the tensions between personal and common values, the nature of values knowledge and the complexities and challenges that surround the teaching and assessment of values. This study begins to explore some of these complexities by addressing the historical events, education initiatives and policy decisions that have informed and shaped values education policies in South Africa. I conclude that while the inclusion of values in the curriculum is a commendable education initiative to root democratic values in society, it must be acknowledged that values education inevitably, has a political role to fulfil. The teaching of values knowledge cannot be limited to behaviourist approaches. Learners deserve an education that offers opportunities to them to develop into responsible, caring and morally just citizens. A central aim of values education should thus be to provide learners with opportunities and tools to construct meaning around moral concepts and positive values. I strongly believe that it is unlikely that this will occur if educators are not appropriately capacitated to provide such opportunities to their learners.</p>

<p>Local and international pundits concur that education systems play a pivotal role in fostering and developing values in learners. In some countries, like South Africa, the values and rights&nbsp / enshrined in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights resonate in the Schools Act. As one of the concerns of education is nationbuilding, my study investigates if the integration of the values does&nbsp / achieve tolerance and co-operation in the classroom by examining how learners make sense of values in the Mathematical Literacy curriculum. While I firmly believe that educational&nbsp / institutions have a responsibility to integrate positive values into all aspects of the school curriculum, it is my contention that learners cannot fully benefit from values specifically related to the&nbsp / Mathematical Literacy curriculum itself on their own. All stakeholders in education need to come together to establish an informed understanding of policy documents and reconcile the complexities and challenges that surround the transmission of values, so that educators will be able to assist learners in a meaningful way. The classroom life of a learner is intricately woven&nbsp / with that of the teacher. In order to unearth the views and practices of learners and teachers, I adopted a participatory approach. The qualitative study that ensued was conducted in three Mathematics Literacy classrooms at secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa. The observation sessions afforded me the opportunity to experience and appreciate how the teachers&nbsp / integrate values into the Mathematical Literacy lessons while observing learners‟ behaviour in the classroom. The interactions and interviews with both learners and teachers aided in further unravelling their understanding and implementation of values in the Mathematical Literacy lessons. For learners to develop into responsible, caring and morally just citizens who arecapable of critical thought, they&nbsp / equire an education that provides them with the necessary opportunities and tools to develop. Mathematical Literacy is able to provide learners with the relevant opportunities and thinking&nbsp / tools to construct meaning around moral concepts. I strongly believe that for learners to accomplish this goal, educators need to be appropriately capacitated to facilitate opportunities for their&nbsp / learners.I did not find any evidence in the literature that suggests a fail-safe theoretical approach to success in values education. I am of the opinion that for any measure of success in values education, a combination of these theories of learning and moral development has to be employed.</p>

The purpose of my study was to find out how staff in after-school activities thinks they work with norms and values, we may call this values education, and how this in turn may influence children's norms and values. By extension, how children are socialized with each other and develop socially. In my research, I have interviewed five of the after-school activities staff who work with children aged 6-9 years at a school in the neighbourhood Rinkeby-Kista in northwestern Stockholm.The results show that after-school activity according to the staff can play a very important and sometimes crucial role in children's social development. Staff believes that if they do not learn the social rules by participating in playing and games in early childhood, when growing up they are outside and cannot participate. By their pedagogical approaches, in terms of values and norms, the adults in after-school activities can help children to become socialized into a community of solidarity and eventually as adults become responsible citizens able to function and participate in society.

ABSTRACT JUSTICE IN SCHOOL PRACTICES: 6th AND 7th GRADE STUDENTS&rsquo / PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR SCHOOL EXPERIENCES &Ccedil / elikkaya, T&uuml / lay M.S., Department of Educational Sciences Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Cennet Engin Demir September 2008, 65 pages This study aims to investigate primary school students&rsquo / perceptions of justice based on their school experiences and to examine whether their perceptions show significant differences with respect to certain background variables. The sample of this study consisted of 526 students from seven primary schools in different neighborhoods in Ankara. The data was gathered through a questionnaire developed by the researcher in order to measure the students&rsquo / perceptions of justice based on their school experiences. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for the analysis of the data. The principal component analysis extracted four dimensions of justice, namely distributive justice, interactional justice, procedural justice and retributive justice. The results of the repeated measures analysis indicated that dimensions can be listed from the most fair to least fair as procedural justice, retributive justice, interactional justice and distributive justice. Students perceived their schools&rsquo / practices most fair with respect to procedural justice and retributive justice. The results of the MANOVA indicated that gender and achievement level has significant effect on students&rsquo / perceptions of justice. Compared to males, female students perceived their school experiences more fair. Results also revealed that compared to low achievers, high achievers perceived their school environment more fair with respect to retributive justice. Principals and teachers should pay attention to the distribution of the grades, praises, punishment, since students perceived their school practices least fair with respect to distributive justice.

This study focuses on the identification of didactic guidelines for presenting values education in secondary schools. The studied literature sends a clear message that values education is of cardinal importance in education, teaching and training. In 2000 the National Department of Education of South Africa assembled a task team to identify a set of values in particular relevant to education and training. In the report Manifesto on Values Education and Democracy (DOE, 2001) six core values are singled out as of primary importance to the new dispensation in South Africa: equality, equal rights, tolerance, multilingualism, transparency, accountability, and social responsibility. The Report focuses only on national, political and social values, however. From research performed by Rens (2005), Hattingh (1999) en Bagarette (1995), it is clear that an individual needs to be educated as a holistic being and all life values thus need to be addressed integratively . A literature study was undertaken to clarify the concepts values, value orientation and values education, and also to determine how adolescents experience values education. Consequently, different values education programmes currently implemented in foreign countries were analysed . It was found that the 'Cornerstone-waardes" programme of John Heenan, applied in New Zealand, could reasonably easily be adapted for the South African context. From the discussion of the curriculating process as applicable to values education, didactic guidelines could be formulated for values education in South African schools. To identify the current orientation to values as manifested by learners, teachers and school principals in South Africa, the values questionnaire compiled by Vreken and Rens (2001) for research on the values orientation of university learners, was adapted and completed by the population involved in this study. Principals were subjected to partly-structured interviews to gain their opinions on values education in schools. Interviews on possible guidelines for values education in South Africa were also conducted by e-mail with international experts. Since the primary aim of the study was to determine the values orientation of secondary school learners and to recommend didactic guidelines for values education, the aim was mainly attained by means of the empirical study. Noteworthy is, however, that there is no symmetry between learners' views on important values and those that the Department of Education finds it necessary to be promoted. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

<p>Both international and local authors argue strongly that state education systems have an important role to play in the development and nurturing of positive values and attitudes in learners. In some instances, as is the case in South Africa, the education system may even prescribe the values that ought to be taught in the institutions of learning. While I agree that education institutions have a responsibility to teach positive values to learners, it is my contention that it is unlikely that educators will be able to fulfil this role in any meaningful way, without an informed understanding of how to reconcile the tensions between personal and common values, the nature of values knowledge and the complexities and challenges that surround the teaching and assessment of values. This study begins to explore some of these complexities by addressing the historical events, education initiatives and policy decisions that have informed and shaped values education policies in South Africa. I conclude that while the inclusion of values in the curriculum is a commendable education initiative to root democratic values in society, it must be acknowledged that values education inevitably, has a political role to fulfil. The teaching of values knowledge cannot be limited to behaviourist approaches. Learners deserve an education that offers opportunities to them to develop into responsible, caring and morally just citizens. A central aim of values education should thus be to provide learners with opportunities and tools to construct meaning around moral concepts and positive values. I strongly believe that it is unlikely that this will occur if educators are not appropriately capacitated to provide such opportunities to their learners.</p>

<p>Local and international pundits concur that education systems play a pivotal role in fostering and developing values in learners. In some countries, like South Africa, the values and rights&nbsp / enshrined in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights resonate in the Schools Act. As one of the concerns of education is nationbuilding, my study investigates if the integration of the values does&nbsp / achieve tolerance and co-operation in the classroom by examining how learners make sense of values in the Mathematical Literacy curriculum. While I firmly believe that educational&nbsp / institutions have a responsibility to integrate positive values into all aspects of the school curriculum, it is my contention that learners cannot fully benefit from values specifically related to the&nbsp / Mathematical Literacy curriculum itself on their own. All stakeholders in education need to come together to establish an informed understanding of policy documents and reconcile the complexities and challenges that surround the transmission of values, so that educators will be able to assist learners in a meaningful way. The classroom life of a learner is intricately woven&nbsp / with that of the teacher. In order to unearth the views and practices of learners and teachers, I adopted a participatory approach. The qualitative study that ensued was conducted in three Mathematics Literacy classrooms at secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa. The observation sessions afforded me the opportunity to experience and appreciate how the teachers&nbsp / integrate values into the Mathematical Literacy lessons while observing learners‟ behaviour in the classroom. The interactions and interviews with both learners and teachers aided in further unravelling their understanding and implementation of values in the Mathematical Literacy lessons. For learners to develop into responsible, caring and morally just citizens who arecapable of critical thought, they&nbsp / equire an education that provides them with the necessary opportunities and tools to develop. Mathematical Literacy is able to provide learners with the relevant opportunities and thinking&nbsp / tools to construct meaning around moral concepts. I strongly believe that for learners to accomplish this goal, educators need to be appropriately capacitated to facilitate opportunities for their&nbsp / learners.I did not find any evidence in the literature that suggests a fail-safe theoretical approach to success in values education. I am of the opinion that for any measure of success in values education, a combination of these theories of learning and moral development has to be employed.</p>

This study focuses on the identification of didactic guidelines for presenting values education in secondary schools. The studied literature sends a clear message that values education is of cardinal importance in education, teaching and training. In 2000 the National Department of Education of South Africa assembled a task team to identify a set of values in particular relevant to education and training. In the report Manifesto on Values Education and Democracy (DOE, 2001) six core values are singled out as of primary importance to the new dispensation in South Africa: equality, equal rights, tolerance, multilingualism, transparency, accountability, and social responsibility. The Report focuses only on national, political and social values, however. From research performed by Rens (2005), Hattingh (1999) en Bagarette (1995), it is clear that an individual needs to be educated as a holistic being and all life values thus need to be addressed integratively . A literature study was undertaken to clarify the concepts values, value orientation and values education, and also to determine how adolescents experience values education. Consequently, different values education programmes currently implemented in foreign countries were analysed . It was found that the 'Cornerstone-waardes" programme of John Heenan, applied in New Zealand, could reasonably easily be adapted for the South African context. From the discussion of the curriculating process as applicable to values education, didactic guidelines could be formulated for values education in South African schools. To identify the current orientation to values as manifested by learners, teachers and school principals in South Africa, the values questionnaire compiled by Vreken and Rens (2001) for research on the values orientation of university learners, was adapted and completed by the population involved in this study. Principals were subjected to partly-structured interviews to gain their opinions on values education in schools. Interviews on possible guidelines for values education in South Africa were also conducted by e-mail with international experts. Since the primary aim of the study was to determine the values orientation of secondary school learners and to recommend didactic guidelines for values education, the aim was mainly attained by means of the empirical study. Noteworthy is, however, that there is no symmetry between learners' views on important values and those that the Department of Education finds it necessary to be promoted. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

O presente trabalho é a uma pesquisa empírica, de caráter qualitativo que tem como objeto de estudo a formação inicial de licenciandos de Ciências e Biologia. O objetivo central da investigação foi analisar se ela tem contribuído adequadamente para a tematização e construção de valores humanos e verificar sob a ótica dos licenciandos seu papel na formação ético-moral dos futuros estudantes e seu nível de preocupação sobre a dimensão ética dos saberes científicos e tecnológicos. O percurso metodológico consistiu em duas fases. Na primeira, licenciandos de Ciências e Biologia de três Instituições de Ensino Superior distintas responderam a um questionário referente à importância da formação ético-moral do estudante de ensino fundamental e médio e, para tanto, sua qualificação como docente. A segunda fase caracterizou-se pela aplicação de outro questionário com quatro casos com conteúdos dilemáticos e conflitos éticos nos quais os licenciandos identificaram ou opinaram sobre como os tratariam em sala de aula. Com base nas referências teóricas fornecidas pelo estudo na literatura voltada especificamente à educação ético-moral na perspectiva filosófica e psicológica, como também da Bioética de proteção, constatou-se que os licenciandos admitem que o aspecto ético-moral é fundamental para a formação do estudante, crêem que a escola, bem como outros ambientes sociais são co-participantes no desenvolvimento moral. Reconhecem a contribuição da disciplina de Ciências e Biologia como espaço de promoção de valores ético-morais e identificam assuntos que suscitam discussões éticas. Alguns obstáculos foram identificados que, direta e indiretamente, contribuem para o despreparo do professor em tratar dessas questões polêmicas, entre outros: a dificuldade de estimular e conduzir uma discussão, a insegurança quanto à perda do controle da classe, a não aceitação da divergência. Essas dificuldades podem ser atribuídas à sua trajetória de formação. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de implementação de novas estruturações para os cursos de formação destas disciplinas. A educação em Bioética favorece a inclusão da educação em valores no ensino de Ciências e Biologia, desde que os professores reconheçam que não podem se eximir de auxiliar seus futuros alunos a desenvolver habilidades necessárias para a reflexão sobre um problema e suas dimensões sociais, políticas e éticas requeridas na tomada de posição de todo o cidadão. / This is a qualitative empirical research, which aims at studying the initial training period of Science and Biology apprentice teachers. The main objective of the study was to analyze if this period has actually contributed properly to fostering human values, and, from the apprentice teachers point of view confirm his role in the ethical and moral training/education of his future students and his level of preoccupation with the ethical dimension of the scientific and technological knowledge. The methodological course of action consisted of two phases. In the first one, Science and Biology apprentice teachers from three different Universities answered a questionnaire about the importance of ethical and moral education for the Junior and High School student and consequently their qualification as teachers. The second phase consisted of another questionnaire containing four dilemmatic and conflicting cases in which the apprentice teachers identified or pointed out how the cases would be dealt with in class. Based on theoretical references provided by related literature concerning specifically the ethical and moral education from the philosophical and psychological perspectives, as well as the Bioethics of protection, the apprentice teachers admit that ethical and moral aspects are essential for the students education. Also, teachers believe that the schools, as well as other social environments are co-participants in the moral development of their students. Teachers also identify issues that raise ethical discussions and recognize the contribution of Sciences and Biology as a way of promoting ethical and moral values. Some obstacles were detected, which directly or indirectly contribute to the teachers lack of preparation regarding those polemic issues, such as: the difficulty in stimulating and guiding a discussion, the lack o self-assurance in handling the group, the non-acceptance of divergencies. Such difficulties may stem from their educational background. The results show the need to implement new structures for the training course of these subjects. Bioethics education favors the inclusion of values education when teaching Science and Biology, provided that teachers acknowledge they cannot do without helping students develop the necessary skills to reflect on a problem in its social, political and ethic dimensions. These skills are essential for every citizen when taking a stand.