Ce mémoire intitulé L’impact du nombre. Vers une neutralisation de l’érotisme dans les œuvres de Vanessa Beecroft et de Spencer Tunick explore les liens entre érotisme et nudité dans les œuvres de Vanessa Beecroft et de Spencer Tunick. Les œuvres de ces deux artistes contemporains présentent une multitude de corps dénudés, qui semblent pourtant se détacher de la dimension érotique. Afin de montrer les différentes façons par lesquelles les œuvres tendent vers une neutralisation de l’érotisme, nous interrogerons le rapport entre les corps présentés et la tradition du nu artistique, tout en nous intéressant aux problématiques plus actuelles en art comme la position du spectateur et l’influence de la biopolitique. Nous proposons ainsi que la neutralité qui traverse les œuvres de Beecroft et de Tunick n’est pas seulement un problème de nudité, mais qu’elle est liée aux différents enjeux soulevés par la représentation du corps dans un contexte spécifique.

本研究以台灣衛生棉條科技網絡的開展為例，目的在於探討使用者的力量如何帶動一個社會技術網絡的擴充。衛生棉條引進台灣已逾30年，但卻因為台灣社會文化脈絡中根深蒂固的價值觀腳本，再加上法令、市場與知識等結構性障礙的阻力，讓衛生棉條這項技術物與使用衛生棉條的價值觀無法順利擴散。當政府當局與權力宰制都間接「不鼓勵」使用衛生棉條，台灣的生理用品市場現況與價值觀腳本又阻礙著衛生棉條科技網絡的開展時，推廣型使用者選擇從台灣主流的經期處理中方式出走，藉由推動生理教育與傳遞相關知識來打破傳統的價值觀腳本，利用創造多元選擇與開拓流通管道來掙脫台灣限縮的衛生棉條市場。台灣衛生棉條科技網絡的開展以「使用者」作為主要行動者，打破專家知識由上而下的擴散模式，創造出使用者主導的社會結構模型。當社會環境與市場機制處於「獨占」的情況，再加上傳統主導創新擴散的權威機構都處在反對的角色時，實際使用產品與經歷生理期的使用者為了追求更佳的身體經驗與取得產品的管道，便發揮她們改變社會技術環境的能動性並進行社會創新。性別結構的鬆動與新式觀念的出現也幫助推廣型使用者改寫台灣衛生棉條科技的社會腳本，台灣近年來開拓女性身體的潮流與社會價值觀漸趨開放的訊號，讓社會創新與社會文化風氣的轉變相輔相成，再加上網際網路所帶動的多元知識生產與資訊流通的跨國性質，讓推廣型使用者成功帶動一個日常生活科技的知識革命。凡妮莎等推廣型使用者的出現也型塑出新的常民專家文化，開啟另一種呈現社會技術網絡擴充的方式。本研究期望藉由使用者為衛生棉條科技網絡開展所作的努力，提供政府政策、教育單位、醫療權威與所有台灣民眾一個認識衛生棉條的機會與反思的空間，希望透過友善的政策環境與生理教育的配合，能夠成功改寫台灣女性的經期處理習慣與傳統的價值觀腳本。 / The purpose of this case study “Network of Tampon Technology in Taiwan” is to explore how users can do to expand a social-technical network. Tampon has been introduced to Taiwan over 30 years. However, this technical object and tampon usage cannot be spread successfully because of the deep-rooted script of values and the structural barriers of law, market and knowledge. As government and authority discourage indirectly from tampon usage, the restricted feminine hygiene products market and the script of values both disadvantage expansion of tampon technology, Promoter-Users choose to run away from the main menstrual management. They break the traditional script of values by strengthening physical education and delivering relevant knowledge, free themselves from the restricted tampon market by creating multiple choices and developing commodity circulation channels. “Users” are primary actors in network of tampon technology in Taiwan. They break the expert-oriented distribution model and create another user-driven structural model. As social environment and market mechanism are both monopolized, plus traditional authority in charge of distributing innovations is on the opposite side, users who use products and experience menstruation can still show their agencies and promote social innovations in order to pursue better body experiences and commodity channels. Loosening of gender structure and emergence of modern values help Promoter-Users rewrite the social scripts of tampon technology in Taiwan. Liberation of female body and unrestricted social climate make social-cultural transformation complement social innovations well. Diversified knowledge and international communication allow Promoter-Users to advocate a revolution of everyday-life technology. Promoter-Users such as Vanessa also initiate a new culture of lay-experts and offer another way of expanding a social-technical network. This study expects to provide governmental policy, educational organization, medical authority and the pubic an opportunity to know more about tampon and a space for introspection by introducing Promoter-Users’ efforts. We look forward to a more friendly policy environment and better physical education in order to rewrite the fixed menstrual management and the traditional script of values.

Exchange between musical cultures has always occurred, but in the age of the global music industry, marketing categories have multiplied and often created boundaries between musics. Today the term “crossover” is attached to many of the musical exchanges that occur across these boundaries. One such exchange is represented by the intersection between Western art music string instruments and popular musics. A well-known commercial niche, this particular crossover is often discussed in popular media, but has been examined by relatively few music scholars. By way of addressing this gap, this study considers the crossover between Western art music string instruments and popular musics in the context of extra-musical promotion and critical reception. It examines four artists in the period 1995 to 2005. These four examples are: U.K./Australian string group bond; Australian string group FourPlay; U.K. violinist Nigel Kennedy; and U.K. violinist Vanessa-Mae. It also draws on other relevant cases to illuminate the discussion. The primary aim of the study is to discover and analyse the complex ways that parties engage, consciously or unconsciously, with the term “crossover”. The inherent complexity of the term is not commonly captured by scholarly musical writing since crossover is often regarded simply as a marketing term. The study begins by establishing the scholarly and popular context of the crossover between the Western art music string tradition and popular forms. Nine constructions or layers of meaning evoked by the term “crossover” are then identified. In the context of each of these nine constructions, the work continues by exploring how the term “crossover” is used in the promotion and critical reception of the examples. It is argued that crossover is constructed as a marketing category, to mark individuality, to provide media shortcuts and signposts, to evoke associations of prestige and of credibility, to increase accessibility, to encourage confrontation and to take part in larger musical debates. This research thus identifies multiple layers of meaning evoked by the term that are “subject to change” and that, in turn, illuminate deeper social and cultural implications of “crossingover”, ones which no doubt themselves continue to change. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1338922 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2008

Migratory insects are vital components of global ecosystems and provide important ecosystem services, yet the migration phenomenon is understudied in insects compared to vertebrates. In this thesis, I aim to deepen our understanding of insect migration, using the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui (L.) as model systems. Studying insect migration is notoriously difficult given the small size, high abundance, and short lifespans of insects. Isotope geolocation has shown promise for overcoming these obstacles. Here, I develop and apply metals and metal isotopes, specifically strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr), to increase the spatial precision of isotope geolocation and demonstrate how isotopic geolocation tools can advance our understanding of insect migration at the population level. In the first chapter, I test the validity of using ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, lead isotopes, and a suite of 23 metals and metalloids to estimate the natal origins of migratory insects, by investigating the pathways of metal incorporation into butterfly wing tissues. Using an 8-week diet-switching experiment, I show that the concentrations of many metals in insect wings can be altered through the adult diet or dust deposition, making them poor candidates for geolocation but potentially interesting tools to study insect physiology, diet, or toxicology. For example, lead was found to accumulate on butterfly wings from external sources, and lead isotopes could potentially be used to quantify the exposure of migratory insects to metal pollution. Some metals, including Ba, Cs, Mg, Na, Rb, Sr, Ti, Tl, and U, are good candidates for developing geolocation tools. I focused on ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and demonstrated that, despite some caveats, this tool is valid for isotope geolocation. In the second chapter, I outline the steps required to use ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr for the geolocation of insects, including the calibration of a spatial model of isotopic variation (i.e., an isoscape) using random forest regression. I then combine hydrogen isotope values (δ²H) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr into a dual assignment framework to estimate the natal origins of a single generation of monarch butterflies in eastern North America. I demonstrate that combining these two isotopes provides a more spatially constrained estimate of natal origin than using either isotope alone. In the third chapter, I apply this framework to characterize the migratory patterns and migratory connectivity of an insect species across a geographical barrier, the Sahara. Painted ladies journeying northwards across the Sahara appear to do so in a gradual progression, although spatiotemporal sampling limitations prevented a complete characterization of this movement. In contrast, painted ladies migrating southwards appear to journey in a broad front, parallel migration pattern with little longitudinal movement. Evidence for a leapfrog migration pattern was found in the western region, wherein butterflies of northernmost origin journey farther south than butterflies bred in more southerly regions. This leapfrog migration pattern suggests distinct migratory behaviours within painted lady butterflies wherein some individuals migrate longer distances than others. In the fourth chapter, I apply isotope geolocation to characterize the migration distances of multiple individuals and assess the potential genetic differentiation of butterflies migrating distinct distances. I use δ²H and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-based geographic assignment to confirm that some painted ladies migrate up to 4,000 km from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa, while others migrate shorter distances from Europe to the circum-Mediterranean region. Despite these differences in migration distance, genome-wide analysis revealed a lack of adaptive variation between short- and long-distance migrants. Instead, variation in migration distance in painted lady butterflies is likely the result of a plastic response to environmental conditions. Overall, the methodological developments presented in this thesis are a step forward in studying insect migration. The development and application of metals and metal isotopes for insect geolocation opens new avenues to study the migration phenomenon at different scales with widespread relevance for conservation and pest management.

There is anecdotal evidence that populations of the New Zealand endemic red admiral butterfly Bassaris gonerilla (F.) have declined since the early 1900s. This decline has been associated with the introduction of the generalist pupal parasitoids Pteromalus puparum (L.) and Echthromorpha intricatoria (F.). The former was deliberately introduced for the biological control of the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae (L.)); the latter is an adventitious arrival from Australia. The objective of this thesis was to quantify, using population models, the effect that P. puparum is having on B. gonerilla abundance. Population monitoring and a phenology model (based on temperature-related development rates) indicated that B. gonerilla has two full generations and one partial generation per summer in the Banks Peninsula region of New Zealand. B. gonerilla abundance was greatly reduced in drought summers, which was probably due to the negative effects of drought on the quality and quantity of the larval host plant Urtica ferox Forst. A life table study showed that egg parasitism by the unidentified scelionid Telenomus sp. was the largest mortality factor for the pre-imaginal stages of B. gonerilla, followed by "disappearance" mortality (predation and dispersal) in the larval stages. Pupal mortality due to P. puparum was lower compared with that caused by E. intricatoria, with 1-19% and 20-30% of pupae being parasitised by P. puparum and E. intricatoria, respectively. Collection of B. gonerilla pupae from the Christchurch, Dunedin and Wellington areas confirmed higher rates of percentage parasitism by E. intricatoria. B. gonerilla collected from the Banks Peninsula had a 50: 50 sex ratio and lifetime fecundity was estimated in the laboratory as 312 eggs per female. There was no evidence of density-dependent parasitism of B. gonerilla pupae by P. puparum in the field, although there was a significant positive relationship between life table estimates of E. intricatoria parasitism and B. gonerilla pupal abundance. Larval dispersal from the host plant showed a positive relationship with larval instar but no relationship with larval density. Rates of change in B. gonerilla adult abundance between generations within a year showed evidence of density dependence, and this negative feedback was stronger in a drought year. A discrete-time model for B. gonerilla population dynamics was constructed which had two summer generations per year and a partial overwintering generation. The model showed that the presence of this overwintering generation provides a temporal refuge from high levels of E. intricatoria parasitism. Removal of parasitoid mortality from the model suggested that P. puparum was suppressing B. Gonerilla populations on the Banks Peninsula by 5% and E. intricatoria by 30%. An important assumption of the model was that parasitism rates were independent of B. gonerilla density. This assumption appears valid for P. puparum parasitism, but may not be valid for E. intricatoria; therefore the estimated suppression levels due to this adventive parasitoid should be viewed with some caution. It is too soon to generalise on what determines the magnitude of non-target effects by arthropod biocontrol agents, this being only the second study to quantify effects at a population level. However, in this case retrospective analysis has shown that the impact of non-target parasitism by P. puparum on B. gonerilla abundance has been small. There is anecdotal evidence that populations of the New Zealand endemic red admiral butterfly Bassaris gonerilla (F.) have declined since the early 1900s. This decline has been associated with the introduction of the generalist pupal parasitoids Pteromalus puparum (L.) and Echthromorpha intricatoria (F.). The former was deliberately introduced for the biological control of the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae (L.)); the latter is an adventitious arrival from Australia. The objective of this thesis was to quantify, using population models, the effect that P. puparum is having on B. gonerilla abundance. Population monitoring and a phenology model (based on temperature-related development rates) indicated that B. gonerilla has two full generations and one partial generation per summer in the Banks Peninsula region of New Zealand. B. gonerilla abundance was greatly reduced in drought summers, which was probably due to the negative effects of drought on the quality and quantity of the larval host plant Urtica ferox Forst.. A life table study showed that egg parasitism by the unidentified scelionid Telenomus sp. was the largest mortality factor for the pre-imaginal stages of B. gonerilla, followed by "disappearance" mortality (predation and dispersal) in the larval stages. Pupal mortality due to P. puparum was lower compared with that caused by E. intricatoria, with 1-19% and 20-30% of pupae being parasitised by P. puparum and E. intricatoria, respectively. Collection of B. gonerilla pupae from the Christchurch, Dunedin and Wellington areas confirmed higher rates of percentage parasitism by E. intricatoria. B. gonerilla collected from the Banks Peninsula had a 50: 50 sex ratio and lifetime fecundity was estimated in the laboratory as 312 eggs per female. There was no evidence of density-dependent parasitism of B. gonerilla pupae by P. puparum in the field, although there was a significant positive relationship between life table estimates of E. intricatoria parasitism and B. gonerilla pupal abundance. Larval dispersal from the host plant showed a positive relationship with larval instar but no relationship with larval density. Rates of change in B. gonerilla adult abundance between generations within a year showed evidence of density dependence, and this negative feedback was stronger in a drought year. A discrete-time model for B. gonerilla population dynamics was constructed which had two summer generations per year and a partial overwintering generation. The model showed that the presence of this overwintering generation provides a temporal refuge from high levels of E. intricatoria parasitism. Removal of parasitoid mortality from the model suggested that P. puparum was suppressing B. Gonerilla populations on the Banks Peninsula by 5% and E. intricatoria by 30%. An important assumption of the model was that parasitism rates were independent of B. gonerilla density. This assumption appears valid for P. puparum parasitism, but may not be valid for E. intricatoria; therefore the estimated suppression levels due to this adventive parasitoid should be viewed with some caution. It is too soon to generalise on what determines the magnitude of non-target effects by arthropod biocontrol agents, this being only the second study to quantify effects at a population level. However, in this case retrospective analysis has shown that the impact of non-target parasitism by P. puparum on B. gonerilla abundance has been small.