Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The position sensorless controllability of the reluctance synchronous machine (RSM) is investigated in this thesis with the focus on industry applications where variable and dynamic torque is required from startup up to rated speed. Two low speed as well as one medium to high speed position sensorless control (PSC) method for RSMs are investigated. These methods are extended to operate in the entire rated speed region with a hybrid PSC structure that makes use of phase locked-loop synchronisation and a hysteresis changeover method. It is shown in this thesis that PSC of the lateral rib rotor RSM is not possible from zero up to ± 0.2 p.u current. It is shown through finite element (FE) simulations that PSC of the ideal rotor RSM however, is possible at zero reference current. A novel construction method is used to build two ideal rotor RSMs. Measured flux linkage curve results of the ideal rotor RSMs correlate well with simulation results and it is shown that the electrical angle of the machine can be tracked successfully at zero reference current. The FE simulation package is used to compare the saliency of the RSM on a per-unit scale to three types of field intensified permanent magnet (FI-PM) synchronous machines and a field weakening interior permanent magnet synchronous machine. It is shown that the saliency of the RSM is larger than that of the investigated PM machines from zero up to rated load. It is thus concluded that the RSM is well suited to saliency-based PSC (SB-PSC) methods, which are used to control synchronous machines at startup and low speeds. The hybrid PSC methods developed in this thesis, are tested and evaluated on three proposed industry applications. The first is a reluctance synchronous wind generator with an inverter output LC filter. The LC filter allows long cables to be used and reduces the voltage stress on the stator windings of the machine. The combination of the LC filter and hybrid PSC method allows the power electronics and controller to be stationed in the base of the turbine tower. A new stator quantity estimation method is derived to omit the need of current and voltage sensors on the machine side of the LC filter. Good maximum power point tracking laboratory results are shown with the high frequency injection-assisted hybrid PSC method. The second application investigated is a position sensorless controlled variable gear electric vehicle (EV) RSM drive. Simulation and measured results show good torque capabilities of the position sensorless controlled EV RSM. It is shown through simulation results that the fundamental current harmonic is dominant in the demodulation scheme of the high frequency injection position sensorless control (HFIPSC) method due to the high current rating of the proposed RSM. The HFI-PSC method is extended to reduce the effect of the fundamental current harmonic in the demodulation scheme without adding any additional filters. The final investigated application is a novel mine scraper winch, which uses two position sensorless controlled RSMs to retrieve ore from the blast site underground. The new design improves on the safety, efficiency and durability of the current scraper winch design. Measured results show that the position sensorless controlled winch RSM is able to deliver rated startup torque with both investigated SB-PSC methods. Finally an automation method is implemented and tested to limited the applied force on the scraper and automatically free itself when stuck. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die posisie sensorlose beheer eienskappe van die reluktansie sinchroonmasjien (RSM) word in hierdie tesis ondersoek met die fokus op industriële toepassings waar varierende dinamiese draaimoment vereis word vanaf stilstand tot by ken spoed. Twee lae spoed- en een ho¨e spoed posisie sensorlose beheer (PSB) metodes vir RSMe is ondersoek. Hierdie metodes is uitgebrei om twee hibriede PSB metodes to skep wat die RSM van stilstand tot by kenspoed posisie sensorloos kan beheer. Die ontwikkelde hibriede metodes maak gebruik van ’n histerese oorskakelings skema en fase geslote lus sinchronisasie Daar word in hierdie tesis bevestig dat die laterale rib RSM nie beheer kan word met die geondersoekte PSB metodes by nul stroom nie. Eindige element simulasie resultate wys egter daarop dat die ideale rotor RSM wel beheer kan word met die geondersoekte metodes by nul stroom. ’n Nuwe konstruksie metode is voorgestel om twee ideale rotor RSMe to bou. Gemete vloed omsluiting kurwes resultate korreleer baie goed met dié van die eindige element simulasies. Gemete resultate wys ook daarop dat PSB van die nuwe masjiene moontlik is by nul stroom. ’n Eindige element pakket is gebruik om die speek-koëffissiënt van die RSM te vergelyk met drie tipes veld-versterkte permanent magneet masjiene, asook een veld verswakte permanent magneet versinkte masjien. Die simulasie resultate wys dat die RSM se speek-koëffissiënt hoër is as die van die geondersoekte permanent magneet masjiene. Die RSM is dus geskik vir speek-koëffissiënt georienteerde PSB metodes, wat hoofsaaklik by stilstand en lae spoed gebruik word. Die ontwikkelde hibried PSB metodes is getoets en geëvalueer met drie voorgestelde industriële toepassings. Die eerste is ’n reluktansie sinchroon wind generator met ’n omsetter uittree laagdeurlaat filter. Die laagdeurlaat filter laat toe dat langer kabels vanaf die omsetter na die generator gebruik kan word. Die kombinasie van die laagdeurlaat filter en die PSB metodes laat toe dat die drywingselektronika en die beheerders in die toring basis geplaas kan word. Dit kan die gewig van die nasel verminder. Goeie maksimum drywingspunt volging laboratorium resultate word getoon met die hoë frekwensie ondersteunde hibried PSB metode. Die tweede geondersoekte toepassing is ’n posisie sensorlose beheerde, varierende ratkas elektriese voertuig RSM. Goeie simulasie en gemete draaimoment resultate van die RSM word getoon. Simulasie resultate toon dat die fundamentele q-as stroom harmoniek dominant is in die demodulasie skema van die hoë frekwensie PSB metode, as gevolg van die hoë ken stroom van die motor. Die hoë frekwensie PSB metode is uitgebrei om die fundamentele stroom harmoniek te onderdruk in die demodulasie skema sonder om enige filters by te voeg. Die finale toepassing is ’n nuwe myn windas wat van twee posisie sensorlose beheerde RSMe gebruik maak om klippe ondergronds te verplaas vanaf die ontploffings area. Die voorgestelde ontwerp verbeter die huidige ontwerp ten opsigte van die veiligheid, energie effektiwiteit en robuustheid. Gemete resultate wys dat ken draaimoment moontlik is met altwee speek-koëffissiënt metodes. ’n Automasie metode, wat die maksimum draaimoment op die windas beperk en automaties homself bevry indien hy vasval, is voorgestel en geëvalueer.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Milton Ernesto Barrios Aguilar 3.pdf: 9539969 bytes, checksum: 3ccd249e45fb24533b33236925ee74dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The increase in wind power integration into power systems is currently a general trend in many countries and the Variable-Speed Wind Turbine (VSWT) Equipped with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator System with back-to-back power converters are most often used for this purpose. There is the need for its control system to operate properly to ensure stability and to achieve the desired performance when they are subjected to different transient disturbances, which is a difficult taste due to nonlinearities and strong coupling between electrical and mechanical variables in this type of wind turbine. In this context, this work aims to tune the gains of the PI controllers that make up the control system using a collective intelligence meta-heuristic algorithm for two normal perturbations in the operation of a wind farm: a wind variation and electrical fault. For that, it was modeled the wind turbine taking advantage of detailed modeling, considering the stator voltage oriented control structure, with active and reactive power control loops and their respective current controls, all equipped with PI controllers. Therefore, a set of objective functions was generated penalizing the most important variables directly from the dynamic simulation. Next, a multi-objective PSO algorithm has been enhanced, to be used as a tuning tool. Then the algorithm was applied to the VSWT for Single-machine infinite bus system for wind speed variation and electrical fault. Finally, the robustness of the tunings was tested on the in Single-machine infinite bus system and a 32 nodes feeder. The PSO showed good ability to exploitation and intensification of the search space reaching the preset tuning requirements in all cases. Stability and satisfactory performance results were obtained for transient disturbances thanks to key variables penalty in the objective functions. The tuning resulted robust enough for variations of feeder parameters and operating conditions besides the proper stiffness coefficient of the turbine generator mechanical coupling, whenever the wind turbine was subjected to disturbances considered in the tuning. It is also noted that exploring the objective functions and the algorithm itself can attain a large improvement in the performance of the tuned wind turbine control system for wind variations and electrical faults / O aumento da integração da geração eólica em sistemas elétricos de potência é atualmente uma tendência generalizada em muitos países e os Aerogeradores de Velocidade Variáveis (AVV) com Geradores de Indução de Dupla Alimentação (DFIG) com conversores de potência de tipo back-to-back são os mais empregados para este fim. Existe a necessidade de que seu sistema de controle atue corretamente para garantir a estabilidade e obter o desempenho desejado quando estes são submetidos a diferentes perturbações transitórias, o que resulta difícil devido às não-linearidades e à forte relação entre as grandezas elétricas e mecânicas deste tipo de aerogerador. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo a sintonia dos ganhos dos controladores PI que compõem o sistema de controle, utilizando um algoritmo meta-heurístico de inteligência coletiva, para duas perturbações normais na operação de uma usina eólica: variação de vento e falta elétrica. Para isso, foi modelado o DFIG aproveitando modelos detalhados, considerando a estrutura de controle orientada pela tensão do estator, com malhas de controle de potência ativa e reativa e seus respetivos controles de correntes, todas equipadas com controladores tipo PI. Logo foi gerado um conjunto de funções objetivos, penalizando diretamente das simulação dinâmica as variáveis de maior importância. A seguir, foi aprimorado um algoritmo PSO multi-objetivo, o qual é utilizado como ferramenta de sintonia. Em seguida, o algoritmo foi aplicado ao DFIG na configuração máquina barra-infinita para variação de vento e falta elétrica. Finalmente foi testada a robustez das sintonias obtidas no sistema de máquina barra-infinita e em um alimentador de 32 nós. O PSO apresentou uma boa capacidade de exploração e intensificação do espaço de busca alcançando os requisitos de sintonia preestabelecidos em todos os casos. Os resultados de estabilidade e desempenhos foram satisfatórios para as perturbações transitórias utilizadas graças à penalização de variáveis chaves nas funções objetivos. A sintonia resultou suficientemente robusta para variações de parâmetros do alimentador e de condições operativas, além do próprio coeficiente de rigidez do acoplamento mecânico turbina-gerador, sempre que a usina esteja submetida a perturbações consideradas na sintonia. Observa-se também que explorando as funções objetivo e o próprio algoritmo pode-se atingir uma ampla melhoria no desempenho do sistema de controle do DFIG sintonizado para as variações de vento e faltas elétricas. Palavras-chave: Geração Eólica, Aerogeradores

Variable Speed Limits (VSL) are often used to improve traffic conditions on congested motorways. VSL can be implemented as mandatory or advisory. The objective of the thesis isto study in detail the effectiveness of VSL. The focus is on both, design parameters and conditions under which VSL are most effective. The MCS system on the E4 motorway inStockholm is used as a case study. The evaluation was conducted using empirical methods (including aggregate data from microwave sensors and other sources, and disaggregate data from a mobile study), and microscopic traffic simulation. The empirical analysis is based on before and after VSL data, including evaluation of individual measures of performance, and multivariate analysis in the form of the fundamental diagram, and speed-density relationships. The results from the empirical study are mixed with an indication that driver behavior has a strong impact on the effectiveness of the system. The microscopic traffic simulation analysis included the development of a platform for testing VSL and more generally motorway control strategies. The simulation platform was calibrated and validated with the empirical data and includes in addition to VSL, and Automatic Incident Detection (AID) system, the ALINEA ramp metering algorithm. The test-platform allows the testing of different control strategies and various combinations of control strategies, under different scenarios and in a controlled environment. The results from the simulation study indicate that driver compliance is an important factor and VSL performance quickly deteriorates as compliance rate drops. Hence, VSL should be implemented as mandatory instead of advisory. In addition, mandatory VSL can be effective both, under incident and moderately congested conditions. A combined VSL and ramp metering strategy can be most effective in reducing travel time, improving traffic conditions on the motorway. Furthermore, the results indicate that such a strategy also has the least impact on the flows entering the motorway from the ramps. / QC20100630

Energy efficiency and renewable energy use are two main priorities leading to industrial sustainability nowadays according to European Steel Technology Platform (ESTP). Modernization efforts can be done by industries to improve energy consumptions of the production lines. These days, steel making industrial applications are energy and emission intensive. It was estimated that over the past years, energy consumption and corresponding CO2 generation has increased steadily reaching approximately 338.15 parts per million in august 2010 [1]. These kinds of facts and statistics have introduced a lot of room for improvement in energy efficiency for industrial applications through modernization and use of renewable energy sources such as solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV).The purpose of this thesis work is to make a preliminary design and simulation of the solar photovoltaic system which would attempt to cover the energy demand of the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system at the SSAB steel plant. For this purpose, the energy consumptions of this hydraulic system would be studied and evaluated and a general analysis of the hydraulic and control components performance would be done which would yield a proper set of guidelines contributing towards future energy savings. The results of the energy efficiency analysis showed that the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system worked with a low efficiency of 3.3%. Results of general analysis showed that hydraulic accumulators of 650 liter size should be used by the initial part pickling line system in combination with a one pump delivery of 100 l/min. Based on this, one PV system can deliver energy to an AC motor-pump set covering 17.6% of total energy and another PV system can supply a DC hydraulic pump substituting 26.7% of the demand. The first system used 290 m2 area of the roof and was sized as 40 kWp, the second used 109 m2 and was sized as 15.2 kWp. It was concluded that the reason for the low efficiency was the oversized design of the system. Incremental modernization efforts could help to improve the hydraulic system energy efficiency and make the design of the solar photovoltaic system realistically possible. Two types of PV systems where analyzed in the thesis work. A method was found calculating the load simulation sequence based on the energy efficiency studies to help in the PV system simulations. Hydraulic accumulators integrated into the pickling line worked as energy storage when being charged by the PV system as well.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται την μελέτη και ανάλυση ενός αιολικού συστήματος με ασύγχρονη μηχανή διπλής τροφοδοσίας. Αρχικά, γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας, με ιδιαίτερη αναφορά στην αιολική ενέργεια. Κατόπιν, περιγράφονται τα κυριότερα ανεμολογικά χαρακτηριστικά οι διάφοροι τρόποι ταξινόμησης των ανεμογεννητριών που υπάρχουν σήμερα, τα δομικά στοιχεία αυτών, καθώς και οι βασικές τεχνικές ελέγχου που εφαρμόζονται σ’ αυτές. Ακολουθεί η γενική παρουσίαση μίας διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής γεννήτριας. Προκειμένου να γίνει μελέτη των μεταβατικών καταστάσεων, παρουσιάζεται το δυναμικό μοντέλο και ο διανυσματικός έλεγχος μίας διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής γεννήτριας διπλής τροφοδοσίας. Τέλος, γίνεται η προσομοίωση ενός αιολικού πάρκου, που περιλαμβάνει ανεμογεννήτριες αυτού του τύπου και μελετώνται τα δεδομένα που προκύπτουν για τυχαίες μεταβολές του ανέμου. / The subject of this thesis is the study and analysis of a variable speed wind turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). At first, an introduction is made of the renewable energy sources, with special mention of the wind energy. Then, there is the description of the different types of wind turbines than exist nowadays, their components and their aerodynamic conversion. A general presentation of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is made. After that, the dynamic model and the vector control doubly-fed induction generator are presented in order to study various transition phenomena. Finally, the simulation of a wind farm that includes wind turbines of this type, is made and we study the effects of sudden changes of the wind speed.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjami vėdinimo įrenginiai su integruotais šilumos siurbliais. Darbe atliekama tokios rūšies įrenginių literatūros apžvalga. Apžvelgiami šilumos siurblio komponentai, darantys didžiausią įtaką jo darbui. Darbo metu atlikti įrenginių projektavimo ir konstravimo darbai. Pateikiamos projektavimo rekomendacijos. Lyginami skirtingi kompresorių galios moduliacijos principai. Nagrinėjami įrenginių darbo režimai, kylančios problemos eksploatacijos metu, ieškomi problemų sprendimų būdai. Pateikiamos kintamo sukimosi greičio kompresorių galių moduliacijos ribos. Atliekamos energinė ir ekserginė analizės pagal eksperimentinio bandymo duomenis. Nustatomi realūs termodinaminio efektyvumo ir naudingumo koeficientai. Jautrumo analizės metu atliekami elektrinio šildytuvo efektyvumo ir naudingumo skaičiavimai. Pateikiami rezultatai, išvados ir rekomendacijos tokios rūšies įrenginių tobulinimui ir tolimesniam vystymui. Darbo apimtis – 94 psl. teksto be priedų, 66 iliustr., 7 lent., 43 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / Master's thesis examines air handling units with integrated air source heat pumps. Literature review about this type of units was carried out. An overview of mostly important heat pump‘s components are given. Thesis was an opportunity to design, construct and analyze these units. Different heat pump‘s operation modes examined and main issues turned out. Based on experimental data variable speed compressor's capacity modulation results defined. Moist air thermodynamic calculations have been made and air handling unit with integrated air source heat pump experimental energy and exergy efficiency was defined. Sensitivity evaluation changing heat pump with electric heater carried out. The main recommendation provided for units designing and further development. Thesis consist of 94 p. text without appendixes, 66 pictures, 7 tables, 43 bibliographical entries.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αναλύει και προτείνει κάποιες νέες λύσεις και μεθοδολογίες όσον αφορά στο πρόβλημα της βέλτιστης απομάστευσης ενέργειας από ένα αιολικό σύστημα. Στο πρώτο μέρος, προτείνεται μια νέα μεθοδολογία για τη βελτιστοποίηση της εκμετάλλευσης του ανέμου σε μια συγκεκριμένη περιοχή, καταλήγοντας στη βέλτιστη χωροταξική τοποθέτηση των ανεμογεννητριών σε ένα αιολικό πάρκο. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, ο σκοπός της βελτιστοποίησης είναι η μεγιστοποίηση της παραγόμενης ισχύος για κάθε τυχαία ταχύτητα ανέμου, μέσω της ανάπτυξης βέλτιστων τεχνικών ελέγχου. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις, η ανάλυση γίνεται με τη χρήση μοντέλων τα οποία αναπτύχθηκαν στο περιβάλλον του προγράμματος Matlab και τον υπολογιστικών εργαλείων που παρέχει αυτό. Τα μοντέλα που δημιουργήθηκαν, μας οδήγησαν σε μια σειρά προσομοιώσεων οι οποίες επαλήθευσαν τη θεωρητική ανάλυση και επιβεβαίωσαν ότι οι πρωτότυπες λύσεις που προτείνονται δίνουν βελτιστοποιημένα αποτελέσματα σε σχέση με αντίστοιχες γνωστές αναλύσεις. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το πρώτο μέρος αυτής της διατριβής επικεντρώνεται στη βέλτιστη επιλογή τόσο του αριθμού, όσο και της θέσης των ανεμογεννητριών σε μια συγκεκριμένη γεωγραφική περιοχή. Το κριτήριο που χρησιμοποιείται για την βελτιστοποίηση είναι η μέγιστη παραγωγή ενέργειας με το χαμηλότερο κόστος. Στην ανάλυση αυτή, εισάγεται μια νέα διαδικασία προσέγγισης αυτού του προβλήματος με τη χρήση της Μεθόδου Προσομοίωσης Μόντε Κάρλο. Στην παρούσα ανάλυση, όπως και σε παλιότερες αντίστοιχες, χρησιμοποιείται το ίδιο κριτήριο βελτιστοποίησης και γίνονται οι ίδιες παραδοχές, προκειμένου τα αποτελέσματα να είναι συγκρίσιμα. Τα αποτελέσματα που παρουσιάζονται είναι πολύ καλύτερα και όσον αφορά στην παραγόμενη ισχύ αλλά και το κριτήριο βελτιστοποίησης. Επιπρόσθετα, εξάγονται σημαντικά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με το μέγιστο αριθμό των ανεμογεννητριών και την χωροταξική τους τοποθέτηση, τα οποία επαληθεύουν ότι η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος είναι ένα λειτουργικό εργαλείο για την απόφαση τοποθέτησης ανεμογεννητριών σε ένα αιολικό πάρκο. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, που είναι και πιο εκτεταμένο, σκοπός είναι η σχεδίαση νέων ελεγκτών υψηλής απόδοσης, οι οποίοι επιτυγχάνουν τη μέγιστη παραγωγή ισχύος για συστήματα ανεμογεννητριών μεταβλητών στροφών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, αναλύεται ένα σύστημα ανεμογεννήτριας το οποίο αποτελείται από επαγωγική γεννήτρια βραχυκυκλωμένου κλωβού που συνδέεται στο δίκτυο με πλήρως ελεγχόμενο ac/dc/ac μετατροπέα με IGBT στοιχεία. Αρχικά παρουσιάζεται μια ανάλυση των μεθόδων που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα για τη μεγιστοποίηση και τον έλεγχο της ισχύος. Με βάση αυτή την ανάλυση, προτείνοντες εναλλακτικές λύσεις που είναι λιγότερο πολύπλοκες, πιο ακριβείς και πιο εύκολα εφαρμόσιμες, ένα γεγονός που αποδεικνύεται μέσω της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης. Για το σκοπό αυτό αναπτύχθηκαν και προτάθηκαν κατάλληλα μη γραμμικά μοντέλα για το σύστημα της ανεμογεννήτριας, για την περίπτωση της λειτουργίας υπό μεταβλητή, προσαρμοζόμενη ταχύτητα. Η εκτενής μαθηματική ανάλυση απέδειξε ότι το αρχικό μη γραμμικό σύστημα τηρεί τη θεμελιώδη ιδιότητα των Euler-Lagrange συστημάτων, την παθητικότητα. Αυτό σημαίνει πως το σύστημα έχει απόσβεση τόσο στο ηλεκτρικό όσο και στο μηχανικό μέρος. Επίσης, γίνεται ανάλυση του εφαρμοζόμενου σχήματος του διανυσματικού ελέγχου. Η ανάλυση αυτή αποδεικνύει ότι με κατάλληλη μετατροπή και προσαρμογή των PI ελεγκτών που χρησιμοποιούνται στην πλευρά της γεννήτριας και σημαντικές απλοποιήσεις του σχήματος του παραδοσιακού διανυσματικού ελέγχου, προκύπτουν δύο διαφορετικά σχήματα ελέγχου τα οποία επιτυγχάνουν αυτόματα τον προσανατολισμό στο πεδίο που απαιτείται από το διανυσματικό έλεγχο, ενώ διατηρούν και αυξάνουν την απόσβεση του αρχικού συστήματος. Οι έλεγχοι αυτοί επιτυγχάνουν εξαιρετική ρύθμιση των στροφών λειτουργίας της γεννήτριας σύμφωνα με την ταχύτητα του ανέμου, έτσι ώστε να οδηγούν στη βέλτιστη λειτουργία, δηλαδή αυτή της μέγιστης δυνατής εξαγόμενης ισχύος. Το πρώτο σχήμα ελέγχου είναι απευθείας συγκρίσιμο με τις υπάρχουσες εφαρμογές του διανυσματικού ελέγχου, ενώ το δεύτερο εισάγει μια πρωτοποριακή τεχνική, η οποία βελτιώνει σημαντικά την απόκριση του συστήματος. Ανάλογες βελτιώσεις προτείνονται και για την πλευρά του μετατροπέα προς την πλευρά της σύνδεσης με το δίκτυο της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Και για αυτή την περίπτωση αποδεικνύεται ότι ο προτεινόμενος σχεδιασμός μπορεί να δώσει απλοποιημένα σχήματα ελέγχου πολύ αποδοτικά όμως για τη διαμόρφωση της ποιότητας της παραγόμενης ισχύος Έτσι, επιτυγχάνεται πλήρης αντιστάθμιση της αέργου ισχύος με λειτουργία μοναδιαίου συντελεστή ισχύος της ανεμογεννήτριας. Επιπρόσθετα, επιτυγχάνεται η σαφής σταθεροποίηση της λειτουργίας της διασύνδεσης συνεχούς ρεύματος σε λειτουργία σταθερής dc τάσης. Οι αναλυτικές προσομοιώσεις οι οποίες διεξήχθησαν, βασίζονται σε ρεαλιστικά σενάρια λειτουργίας. Σύμφωνα με αυτά η απαίτηση για ρύθμιση της ταχύτητας στην βέλτιστη τιμή της συμβαίνει την ίδια χρονική στιγμή που εμφανίζεται αλλαγή της παρεχόμενης ισχύος και ροπής από τον άνεμο. Τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης επαληθεύουν τη θεωρητική ανάλυση και δείχνουν ότι και τα δύο προτεινόμενα σχήματα ελέγχου επιτυγχάνουν μεγιστοποίηση στην παραγωγή ισχύος με τρόπο αποδοτικό και με τους αναμενόμενους χρόνους απόκρισης. Συγκρίσεις με υπάρχουσες αντίστοιχες τεχνικές ελέγχου δείχνουν την υπεροχή των προτεινόμενων σχημάτων ελέγχου και την ικανοποιητική λειτουργία τους. / This dissertation analyses and suggests some efficient solutions for the optimization problem of the available power in a wind system. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, a new methodology is proposed for optimizing the manipulation of wind in a certain area, based on the optimal placement of wind turbines in wind parks. In the second part, the purpose of the optimization is to maximize the power production from the wind, through the development of new control techniques. In both cases, the analysis is made by using detailed nonlinear models, which were developed in computational environment of the Matlab program and all the computational tools that were available. The models that were developed lead us to a series of simulations that confirm the theoretical analysis and suggest original solutions and optimized results in comparison to known ones. Particularly, the first part of this thesis is concentrated in the optimal selection of the number and the positioning of the wind turbines in a certain geographic region. The criterion used for the optimization is the maximum power production with the minimum cost. In this analysis a novel procedure is introduced, based on the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. As in previous studies, we used the same optimization criterion and the other conditions in order the results to be comparable. The presented results are far better as long it concern the maximum power production and the optimization factor. Furthermore, important conclusions are made for the maximum number of the wind turbines and their location that confirm the proposed method as an efficient tool for the geographic distribution of wind mills in a wind park. In the second part of this dissertation, the goal is to design high efficient and simple controllers that achieve maximum power production for wind turbine systems. Particularly, a variable speed wind generation system is considered consisting by a squirrel cage induction generator connected to the grid by a fully controlled ac/dc/ac IGBT converter. To this end, first it is presented an analysis of the control method, namely the vector control method, which is used today for maximization and control of the active power. Based on this analysis, alternative solutions are proposed, that are less complicated, more accurate and easier to be accomplished, a fact that is proved through a theoretical analysis. Suitable nonlinear models have been developed and proposed for a wind turbine system, for the case of operating under variable, adjustable speed. Comprehensive mathematical analysis proves that the original nonlinear system has the fundamental property of Euler-Lagrange systems, which is passivity. This means that the system is damped in both the electric and the mechanical part. Also, an analysis of the existing, vector control based schemes is conducted. Then, by modifying properly the PI controllers used at the generator side and simplifying decisively the vector control scheme, we propose two different control schemes that simultaneously are free from the field oriented requirement of the vector control while they maintain and increase the damping of the initial system. The first control scheme is directly comparable with the existing vector control applications, while the second introduces an innovated technique that improves substantially the system response. Detailed simulations that carried out are based on realistic operation scenario, which mean that require demand for the adjustment of the speed in its optimal value, at the same time that a change at the supplied by the wind power and torque occurs. The simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis and show, that both the proposed control schemes achieve optimal power production in an efficient manner and in the expected response time.

Στις μέρες μας το ενεργειακό πρόβλημα αποτελεί ένα από τα σπουδαιότερα προβλήματα του πλανήτη, το οποίο μαζί με την ραγδαία κλιματική αλλαγή οδηγούν στην ανάγκη για παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με όσο πιο οικονομικό αλλά και φιλικό με το περιβάλλον τρόπο. Συνεπώς οι Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας και κυρίως η αιολική ενέργεια αποκτούν σπουδαίο ρόλο στο στόχο αυτό και αλλάζουν άρδην τόσο τον Ευρωπαϊκό όσο και τον Παγκόσμιο ενεργειακό χάρτη. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάμε μια διάταξη ανεμογεννήτριας, η οποία αποτελείται από μια σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη (PMSG), από έναν μετατροπέα συχνότητας (back-to-back converter) και από ένα R-L φίλτρο στην πλευρά του δικτύου. Επιπλέον, η απουσία μηχανικών εξαρτημάτων στην σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη (PMSG), όπως δακτυλίων ολισθήσεως και ψηκτρών, την κάνει, ελαφρότερη, με υψηλότερο λόγο ισχύος προς βάρος γεγονός που της προσδίδει μεγαλύτερη αποδοτικότητα και αξιοπιστία. Λόγω των προαναφερθέντων πλεονεκτημάτων, η σύγχρονη μηχανή με μόνιμο μαγνήτη (PMSG) αποτελεί μια ελκυστική λύση για τα αιολικά συστήματα. Σκοπός λοιπόν αυτής της εργασίας είναι να μελετήσουμε το πλήρες σύστημα της ανεμογεννήτριας στο d-q στρεφόμενο σύστημα κάθετων αξόνων μέσω του μετασχηματισμού Park και να εφαρμόσουμε την κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία ελέγχου ούτως ώστε να επιτύχουμε μέγιστη απομάστευση ισχύος από τον άνεμο με ταυτόχρονη ρύθμιση της τάσης της dc διασύνδεσης αλλά υπό μοναδιαίο συντελεστή ισχύος για την πλευρά του δικτύου. Τέλος, προσομοιώνουμε το πλήρες σύστημα με το Simulink του Matlab και στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζουμε τις αποκρίσεις των προσομοιώσεων και εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα. / Nowadays the energy problem is one of the most important global problems, which together with the rapid climate change lead to the need for power generation as more economical and environmentally friendly way. Therefore, the Renewable Energy Sources and especially wind power have a great role in this objective and radically change both the European and the global energy map. In this thesis we consider a wind turbine device, which comprises a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSG), a frequency converter (back-to-back converter) and an R-L filter on the grid side. Thus, the absence of mechanical parts in permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSG), as sliding rings and brushes, to make, lighter, with a higher power to weight ratio which gives greater efficiency and reliability. Due to the above advantages, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSG) is an attractive solution for the wind. Aim of this thesis is to study the complete wind turbine system in the d-q rotating vertical axes system through the Park transformation and to apply the appropriate control methodology in order to achieve maximum energy harvesting from the wind, with a simultaneous control of the dc link voltage under unit power factor for the grid side. Finally, we simulate the complete system with the Matlab Simulink and then we present simulations of the responses and draw conclusions.

This work presents contributions to the modeling, control and management of an hybrid uninterrupted power supply (UPS) based on Otto cycle power generator set and lead acid battery bank. The proposed configuration is called hybrid due to the presence of two energy storage elements: i) the fuel fed the Otto cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) of the generator set and ii) a lead acid battery bank, which can be recharged from the grid or from the generator. With the hybridization it is possible to add up the advantages of UPS’s such as uninterrupted power supply and high output energy quality with the advantages of power generator sets, such as high autonomy and lower installation cost for high autonomy. In addition, with the hybrid topology it is possible to explore degrees of freedom that do not exist in the independent configurations, such as: i) variable speed operation and ii) start-stop operation of the MCI in order to reduce consumption/ emissions in lower loads, (iii) use of Otto cycle engine with lower cost in relation to a Diesel ICE. The hybrid UPS is composed of an Otto cycle internal combustion engine (ICE), a three-phase/three-wire rectifier, which can be connected via contactors to the grid, or to the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), a battery bank connected to the DC bus through a bi-directional boost converter, and a three-phase/four-wire inverter at the output. Experimental results are provided indicating that variable speed operation can achieve a reduction of up to 32% in specific fuel consumption, depending on the load range. For start-stop operation, the reduction in specific fuel consumption can reach up to 39%, depending on the load range. / Este trabalho apresenta contribuições a modelagem, controle e gerenciamento de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia (UPS) híbrida baseada em grupo motor ciclo Otto e bateria chumbo ácido. A configuração proposta é denominada híbrida devido a presença de dois armazenadores de energia: i) o combustível para alimentar o motor a combustão interna (MCI) ciclo Otto do grupo motor gerador e ii) um banco de baterias chumbo ácido, a qual pode ser recarregado pela rede ou pelo gerador. Com a hibridização é possível agregar as vantagens das UPSs tais como, ininterruptibilidade de fornecimento de energia e alta qualidade de energia da tensão de saída, com as vantagens dos grupos motores geradores, tais como, elevada autonomia e menor custo de instalação para autonomias elevadas. Além disso, com a topologia híbrida é possível explorar graus de liberdade não existentes nas configurações independentes, tais como: i) utilização de velocidade variável e ii) operação em regime start-stop no MCI afim de reduzir consumo/emissões em baixas cargas, iii) utilização de motor ciclo Otto com menor custo em relação a um MCI Diesel. A UPS híbrida é composta por um motor a combustão interna (MCI), um retificador trifásico a três/quatro fios, o qual pode ser conectado através de contatoras à rede, ou ao gerador síncrono de ímãs permanente (PMSG), um banco de baterias conectado ao barramento através de um conversor boost bidirecional, e um inversor a quatro fios na saída. Resultados experimentais são apresentados indicando que a operação em velocidade variável pode alcançar um redução de até 32% no consumo específico de combustível, dependendo a faixa de carga. Já para a operação em regime start-stop a redução no consumo específico de combustível pode alcançar até 39%, dependendo da faixa de carga.

The growing demand for power and increased environmental concerns gave an impetus to the growth of clean and renewable energy sources like wind, solar etc. There is a remarkable increase in the penetration of wind energy systems in the last decade and this trend is bound to increase at a much faster pace in future. This ever increasing penetration of wind power generating systems pose multi-fold challenges related to operational and stability aspects of the grid. Present day wind energy systems mostly comprise of variable speed wind generators. A large fraction of present day variable speed wind turbine generators use doubly fed induction machine (DFIM). This thesis deals with modeling and grid coordination aspects of variable speed wind gener- ators. In particular, the short coming of the existing steady state equivalent circuit of a DFIM is identified and subsequently, an accurate equivalent circuit of a DFIM is proposed. Relevant mathematical basis for the proposed model is presented. The proposed steady state equivalent circuit of a doubly fed induction machine is further validated using dynamic simulations of a standalone machine. Based on the proposed equivalent circuit, two approaches for computing the initial values of state variables of a DFIM is proposed. The first approach is a linear formulation where the losses due to resistance of the stator and rotor windings are neglected. The second approach is a non-linear formulation which takes the losses into consideration. Further, analysis is carried out on grid connected doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). A framework to incorporate DFIG based variable speed wind farms in the steady state power flow analysis is proposed. The proposed framework takes into consideration important aspects such as voltage dependent reactive power limits and mode of reactive power control of associated converters. Some of the challenges in a grid connected DFIG especially during su- persynchronous mode of operation are identified. The advantages of a non-Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) mode of operation under certain operating conditions is highlighted. Finally, aspects pertaining to coordination of grid connected variable speed wind generators are studied. A trust region framework to determine the reference values to the control loops of converters in a variable speed wind generator is proposed. The proposed framework identifies the reference values considering other reactive power controllers in the grid. Moreover, the proposed framework ensures that the steady state voltage stability margin is maximized. On the computational front, trust region algorithms ensure global convergence. The mathematical models and initialization algorithms proposed in this thesis are tested on standalone systems under various control scenarios. The algorithms proposed to incorporate a grid connected DFIG in steady state analysis tools have been tested on a sample 6-bus system and a practical 418-bus equivalent system of Indian southern grid.