This thesis project focuses on the simulation, design, hardware realization, and performance evaluation of a Three-phase Three-level (3-L) Sparse Neutral Point Clamped Converter (SNPCC) for Industrial Variable Speed Drives (VSDs). The basic operating principle of the SNPCC is briefly described based on switching functions. Accordingly, the modulation strategies as a combination of switching sequences are introduced. Three representative strategies are selected to be verified in this project. Afterward, active and passive components are selected based on analytical analysis mainly focusing on semiconductors losses, AC-side differential mode and common mode stresses. Meantime, the analytical analysis enables a straightforward performance comparison among the selected modulation strategies. Additionally, the reverse recovery process in the anti-parallel diode is identified, of which the energy losses are calculated. A calorimetric method is adopted in this project, which allows accurate temperature rise monitoring and provides a reliable way to measure the power losses generated by semiconductors. Eventually, an 800V 7.5kW prototype is constructed and put under test. The performance of the designed SNPCC is therefore evaluated and compared from losses and AC-side flux-linkage ripples perspectives, with the promising features highlighted and limits indicated. / Projektet fokuserar på simulering, konstruktion, hårdvarutillverkning och utvärdering av en trefas tre-nivå (3-L) Sparse Neutral Point Clamped Converter (SNPCC) för industriella varvtalsstyrda motordrifter (VSD). SNPCC:s grundläggandefunktionsprincip beskrivs kortfattat utifrån så kallade switchningsfunktioner. Därefter introduceras moduleringsstrategierna som en kombination av switchningssekvenser. Tre representativa strategier har valts ut för att verifieras i detta projekt. Därefter väljs aktiva och passiva komponenter på grundval av en analys som främst fokuserar på halvledarförluster och ledningsbundna störningar på växelsströmssidan. Analysen gör det möjligt att göra en enkel jämförelse av prestanda mellan de valda moduleringsstrategierna. Dessutom identifieras body-diodens återhämtningsprocess och energiförlusterna beräknas. I detta projekt används en kalorimetrisk förlustberäkning, som möjliggör noggrann övervakning av temperaturökningen och ger ett tillförlitligt sätt att mäta energiförlusterna i effekthalvledarna. Slutligen konstrueras och testas en 800V 7.5kW-prototyp. Prestandan hos den konstruerade SNPCC:n utvärderas med hänseende till förluster och flödesrippel på växelströmssidan. Fördelarna för den föreslagna tekniken lyfts fram och begränsningarna anges.

Выпускная квалификационная работы выполнена на тему «Разработка принципов построения малогабаритного снегоболотохода с дистанционным управлением». Расчетно-пояснительная записка содержит 198 листов, 90 рисунков, 16 таблиц, 11 источников, 42 приложения. Объектом разработки является малогабаритный снегоболотоход с дистанционным управлением, предназначенный для инженерно-изыскательских работ. Цель работы – разработка принципов построения малогабаритного снегоболотохода с дистанционным управлением, в том числе разработка новых узлов, выбор из ранее представленных, модернизация и реконструкция элементов, разработанных для других машин. В результате проведенной работы спроектированы 3 шнековых движителя, 4 подвески, 2 системы управления, также рассмотрены блоки задания скорости, кольцевые распределители импульсов и преобразователи «Код-напряжение». В проекте также рассмотрены вопросы безопасности труда, радиационная безопасность и природопользование и охрана окружающей среды. В разделе технико-экономических показателей приведены единовременные, текущие и приведенные затраты. / The goal of the research was to justify the selection of various structural elements and control systems on the basis of both design parameters and the analysis of assigned tasks. Thus, a number of existing designs of machines, propellers and suspensions were considered in the course of the study, all of which could be used for different purposes: for example, it is more rational to utilize motor-in-wheel propellers to glide over the water, since those are most lightweight and waterproof of all, and to choose a spring suspension – since it contains the minimal number of elements which could fail in the water medium. As to the systems of control, the selection of their control blocks is made on the criteria of reliability, since it is necessary to ensure no-failure operation of the system as a whole. As a result of the work, 3 screw propellers, 4 suspensions, 2 control systems were designed, and a few speed assignment blocks, circular distributors of impulses and number-to-voltage converters were considered. The project also analyses the problems of work safety, radiation safety, conservation and environment control. The section on project feasibility cites nonrecurring, current and reduced costs.

Energy efficiency in electric machines is both environmentally and economically important. Water pumps with an integrated Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) have challenged the status quo of the Induction Machine (IM) for water pumps. The Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SynRM) is also a viable alternative that does not use permanent magnets. This degree project focuses on the control of SynRM, with particular attention on sensorless control methods. Simulation models for a SynRM and a Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (SPMSM), together with their control systems, were developed in MATLAB Simulink. Two sensorless control methods were implemented and examined: the Luenberger state observer and the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS). The control system was adapted to use sensorless control methods. The investigated sensorless control methods allowed the application of the speed-torque test profile for two method and motor type combinations, without causing instability. The Luenberger observer was stable with the SPMSM and the MRAS with the SynRM. Parameter sensitivity with respect to the variation of inductance and stator resistance values used by the sensorless methods was also tested. The Luenberger observer kept the control system stable with up to a ±5 % variation of inductance. The MRAS kept the control system stable down to −12 %, but only up to +2 % for an overestimation of the inductance. The variation of stator resistance had a limited impact on the stability of both sensorless schemes. / Energieffektivisering av elektriska maskiner är betydelsefullt både ur ett miljömässigt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Vattenpumpar med en synkron permanentmagnetsmaskin och en integrerad enhet för variabel hastighetsreglering (VFD) utmanar den mer konventionella lösningen baserad på en asynkronmaskin (IM). Den synkrona reluktansmaskinen (SynRM) är ett annat lämpligt alternativ som inte använder permanentmagneter. Det här examensarbetet behandlar huvudsakligen sensorlös reglering av SynRM. Simuleringsmodeller för reglering av en SynRM och en permanentmagnetiserad synkronmaskin med ytmonterade magneter (SPMSM) utvecklades i MATLAB Simulink. Två metoder för sensorlös reglering undersöktes, en på Luenbergers tillståndsobservatör och en baserad på adaptiv modellreferensreglering (MRAS). Systemet för reglering anpassades till metoderna för sensorlös reglering. De undersökta sensorlösa metoderna testades vid nominell hastighet med steg i vridmoment och hastighet. Luenberger observatören kunde köras med bibehållen stabilitet med en SPMSM och MRAS kördes med en SynRM, också den med bibehållen stabilitet. Även känsligheten för variationer i induktans och statorresistans för de sensorlösa reglermetoderna testades. Luenberger observatören kunde bibehålla stabiliteten med en variation i induktans på ±5 %. MRAS kunde bibehålla stabiliteten ner till en estimering av induktansen på −12 % av induktansen. På uppsidan nådde dock MRAS stabilitet endast upp till en överestimering av induktansen på 2 %. Felestimering av statorresistansen hade minimal påverkan på stabiliteten för båda sensorlösa reglermetoderna.

In industrial settings, a common challenge associated with electrical machines is the lack of parameters, which are not always available from the machine manufacturer. These parameters play a crucial role in tuning the control gains of Field-Oriented Control (FOC). Traditional parameter identification methods, widely accepted in the literature, are the standard IEEE tests such as DC measurement, no-load test, locked-rotor test, and short circuit test. However, their implementation can be impractical as they necessitate additional equipment that may be costly and not readily accessible. This thesis addresses self-commissioning procedures as a solution to this challenge, aiming to automatically identify electrical parameters of machine equivalent circuits. Specifically, this study focuses on the Imperix motor testbench, comprising Induction Machine (IM) and Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (SPMSM). Self-commissioning utilizes signal injection through a power converter and the available sensors, with minimal operator intervention and no additional equipment. For the SPMSM, the parameters under study include the stator resistance, the synchronous inductance, and the Permanent Magnets (PM)-flux. The resistance is estimated through DC current injection considering the inverter non-linearity. The synchronous inductance and its saturation characteristic are examined using high-frequency sinusoidal injection with and without DC bias via a Current Controller (CC), and square wave voltage injection through hysteresis control. The PM-flux is determined by accelerating the SPMSM using the IM as a prime mover in an open circuit configuration. This deviation from the standstill constraint of the self-commissioning procedure is necessary as the PM’s effect becomes visible only when the rotor speed is non-zero. For the IM, the stator resistance, the leakage inductance, the rotor resistance, and the magnetizing inductance are analyzed. The stator resistance and inverter non-linearity are identified using the same method as for the SPMSM. The leakage inductance is tested with a high-frequency sinusoidal injection with stepped DC bias, with which the saturation characteristic is built. Then, a DC-biased low-frequency sinusoidal injection identifies the rotor resistance. The magnetizing inductance is not identified in this work because of the extensive nature of the problem and time constraints. Comparison with standard IEEE tests serves as validation, demonstrating close alignment of the results, except for discrepancies in the unsaturated SPMSM synchronous inductance estimation. The introduced innovation involves adapting existing procedures, initially developed for other AC machines, to SPMSM applications, for which only limited literature is available. Overall, this work makes a valuable contribution to understanding the influence of inverter non-linearity and saturation behavior on parameter identification. It also opens the door to integrating saturation effects into control algorithms, which enables dynamic adjustment of FOC gains, potentially enhancing control performance. / I industriella miljöer är en vanlig utmaning i samband med elektriska maskiner bristen på parametrar, som inte alltid är tillgängliga från maskintillverkaren. Dessa parametrar spelar en avgörande roll för att ställa in kontrollförstärkningarna för fältorienterad kontroll (FOC). Traditionella metoder för parameteridentifiering, som är allmänt accepterade i litteraturen, är standard IEEE-tester som DC-mätning, nollbelastningstest, låst rotortest och kortslutningstest. Implementeringen av dessa kan dock vara opraktisk eftersom de kräver ytterligare utrustning som kan vara kostsam och svåråtkomlig. Denna avhandling behandlar procedurer för självavstängning som en lösning på denna utmaning och syftar till att automatiskt identifiera elektriska parametrar för maskinens ekvivalenta kretsar. Studien fokuserar särskilt på Imperix motortestbänk, som består av induktionsmaskiner (IM) och ytmonterad synkronmaskin med permanentmagnet (SPMSM). Självinkoppling är en stilleståndsprocedur som använder signalinjektion genom en kraftomvandlare och de tillgängliga sensorerna, med minimal operatörsintervention och utan extra utrustning. För SPMSM studeras parametrarna statorresistans, synkroninduktans och permanentmagneter (PM)-flöde. Motståndet uppskattas genom likströmsinjektion med hänsyn till växelriktarens olinjäritet. Den synkrona induktansen och dess mättnadskarakteristik undersöks med hjälp av högfrekvent sinusinjektion med och utan DC-bias via en strömstyrenhet (CC), och fyrkantsvåginjektion genom hysteresstyrning. Flödet PM bestäms genom acceleration av SPMSM med hjälp av IM som drivmotor i en öppen kretskonfiguration. Denna avvikelse från stilleståndsbegränsningen i förfarandet för självavstängning är nödvändig eftersom PM effekt blir synlig först när rotorhastigheten är skild från noll. För IM analyseras statorresistansen, läckinduktansen, rotorresistansen och den magnetiserande induktansen. Statorresistansen och inverterns olinjäritet identifieras med samma metod som för SPMSM. Läckageinduktansen testas med en högfrekvent sinusformad injektion med stegad DC-bias, med vilken mättnadskarakteristiken byggs. Därefter identifierar en DC-baserad lågfrekvent sinusinjektion rotorresistansen. Den magnetiserande induktansen identifieras inte i detta arbete på grund av problemets omfattande natur och tidsbegränsningar. Jämförelse med standard IEEE-tester fungerar som validering och visar att resultaten ligger nära varandra, med undantag för avvikelser i uppskattningen av den omättade synkrona induktansen för SPMSM. Den introducerade innovationen innebär att befintliga procedurer, som ursprungligen utvecklats för andra AC-maskiner, anpassas till SPMSM-tillämpningar, för vilka endast begränsad litteratur finns tillgänglig. Sammantaget ger detta arbete ett värdefullt bidrag till förståelsen av hur omriktarens icke-linjäritet och mättnadsbeteende påverkar parameteridentifieringen. Det öppnar också dörren för att integrera mättnadseffekter i regleralgoritmer, vilket möjliggör dynamisk justering av FOC-förstärkningar, vilket potentiellt kan förbättra reglerprestanda.

Η διατριβή αυτή επικεντρώθηκε στη διερεύνηση της λειτουργίας των ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων ισχύος τοπολογίας μήτρας (matrix converters) και, ειδικότερα, των άμεσων μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας. Ο άμεσος μετατροπέας τοπολογίας μήτρας με τρία σκέλη αποτελείται από 18 τρανζίστορ ισχύος και 18 διόδους ισχύος και χρησιμοποιείται για τη μετατροπή μίας τριφασικής εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε τριφασική εναλλασσόμενη τάση στην έξοδό του, με δυνατότητες ρύθμισης του πλάτους και της συχνότητας της τάσης εξόδου, διαμόρφωσης του ρεύματος εισόδου, ρύθμισης του συντελεστή ισχύος στην είσοδο και αμφίδρομης ροής ισχύος. Η μετατροπή αυτή γίνεται σε ένα στάδιο, χωρίς ενδιάμεσο στάδιο συνεχούς τάσης (ή συνεχούς ρεύματος), με αποτέλεσμα την αποφυγή χρήσης πυκνωτών μεγάλης χωρητικότητας και πηνίων μεγάλης επαγωγιμότητας. Οι μετατροπείς τοπολογίας μήτρας χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλούς βαθμούς απόδοσης, υψηλές πυκνότητες ισχύος και πολύ μεγάλους λόγους ισχύος προς μάζα, ενώ το αρμονικό περιεχόμενο της τάσης εξόδου και του ρεύματος εισόδου αυτών είναι μικρό. Η πολυπλοκότητα αυτών των μετατροπέων είναι υψηλή και η δυσκολία υλοποίησής τους σημαντική. Η διερεύνηση των άμεσων μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής εστιάστηκε κυρίως στην ανάπτυξη μεθόδων διάγνωσης σφαλμάτων ανοικτοκυκλώματος που συμβαίνουν στο μετατροπέα, καθώς και στην ανάπτυξη μεθόδων παλμοδότησης αυτών που βασίζονται στη χρήση φορέα για την κανονική και επανορθωτική τους λειτουργία. Η διατριβή αυτή περιλαμβάνει οκτώ κεφάλαια, το περιεχόμενο των οποίων περιγράφεται ακολούθως. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στους στόχους και τη διάρθρωση της παρούσας διατριβής. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στους ηλεκτρονικούς μετατροπείς ισχύος εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη τάση μεταβλητής συχνότητας και πλάτους. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνεται η περιγραφή και η σύγκριση διαφόρων μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας, καθώς και η περιγραφή των συμβατικών μετατροπέων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την ίδια μετατροπή τάσης και η σύγκριση τους με τις δύο βασικότερες παραλλαγές των μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 περιγράφονται οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόζονται για τον έλεγχο του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας. Συγκεκριμένα, περιγράφονται και συγκρίνονται διάφορες μέθοδοι παλμοδότησης που χρησιμοποιούνται σε αυτούς τους μετατροπείς, καθώς και οι βασικότερες μέθοδοι μετάβασης του ρεύματος. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνεται η περιγραφή μίας νέας μεθόδου παλμοδότησης με τη χρήση φορέα που αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής και οδηγεί σε μειωμένες διακοπτικές απώλειες για χρήση στην περίπτωση που ο επιθυμητός λόγος μεταφοράς τάσης είναι μικρότερος ή ίσος του 50%. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφονται ο άμεσος μετατροπέας τοπολογίας μήτρας που σχεδιάσθηκε και κατασκευάσθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας και τα υπόλοιπα στοιχεία της πειραματικής διάταξης. Επιπρόσθετα, παρατίθενται ορισμένα αποτελέσματα πειραματικών δοκιμών που αφορούν τη λειτουργία επιμέρους τμημάτων του μετατροπέα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, αρχικώς, γίνεται μία σύντομη περιγραφή του μοντέλου του υπό μελέτη συστήματος στο περιβάλλον του λογισμικού Matlab/Simulink, παρατίθενται οι τιμές διαφόρων παραμέτρων αυτού και παρουσιάζονται και σχολιάζονται αποτελέσματα προσομοιώσεων της κανονικής λειτουργίας του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας. Επιπρόσθετα, περιγράφεται μία μέθοδος διανυσματικού ελέγχου της ταχύτητας περιστροφής μίας ασύγχρονης μηχανής τροφοδοτούμενης από άμεσο μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας και παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα προσομοιώσεων της λειτουργίας ενός τέτοιου συστήματος. Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο αυτό παρουσιάζονται και σχολιάζονται αποτελέσματα πειραματικών δοκιμών της κανονικής λειτουργίας του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6 εξετάζονται τα πιθανά σφάλματα στον άμεσο μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας και παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά οι μέθοδοι διάγνωσης σφαλμάτων ανοικτοκυκλώματος και εντοπισμού ανοικτοκυκλωμένων τρανζίστορ σε αυτόν το μετατροπέα που αναπτύχθηκαν στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής. Περιγράφονται, επίσης, ορισμένες τεχνικές επεξεργασίας σήματος και στοιχεία της θεωρίας των ασαφών έμπειρων συστημάτων, τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται στις μεθόδους διάγνωσης που προτάθηκαν στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής. Στο Κεφάλαιο 7 περιγράφονται τοπολογίες και μέθοδοι παλμοδότησης για την επανορθωτική λειτουργία κινητηρίων συστημάτων με άμεσους μετατροπείς τοπολογίας μήτρας μετά την εμφάνιση σφαλμάτων στο μετατροπέα. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνεται η περιγραφή δύο μεθόδων παλμοδότησης με χρήση φορέα για την επανορθωτική λειτουργία του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας μετά από ένα σφάλμα ανοικτοκυκλώματος, μία για το μετατροπέα με πρόσθετο (τέταρτο) σκέλος και μία για το μετατροπέα χωρίς πρόσθετα στοιχεία, που αναπτύχθηκαν στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής. Τέλος, στο Κεφάλαιο 8 επισημαίνεται η συμβολή της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής στην έρευνα σχετικά με τους Μ.Τ.Μ., ανακεφαλαιώνονται τα αποτελέσματα αυτής και αναφέρονται σημεία που μπορούν να αποτελέσουν αντικείμενο επιστημονικής έρευνας στο μέλλον. / This thesis was focused on the research in the matrix converters domain and, particularly, in direct matrix converters. The 3-leg direct matrix converter consists of 18 power transistors and 18 power diodes and is used for the conversion of a three-phase AC voltage to a three-phase AC voltage of variable amplitude and variable frequency. This topology is also capable of modulating the input current and adjusting the input power factor, whereas bidirectional power flow is allowed. This conversion is achieved in one stage with the direct connection of the input phases with the output phases, without using an intermediate DC link stage, resulting in elimination of the use of large capacitors and large inductors. The use of the matrix topology in power converters results in high efficiency, high power density and very high power-to-mass ratio, whereas the harmonic distortion of the output voltage and the input current is low. The complexity of the matrix converters is high resulting in significant implementation effort. In this thesis, the research in direct matrix converters was focused mainly on the development of diagnosis methods for open-circuit faults that arise in the matrix topology, as well as the development of carrier-based modulation methods for the normal and remedial operation of these converters. This thesis contains eight chapters, the content of which is described below. In Chapter 1 an introduction and a brief description of the aims and the structure of this thesis are provided. In Chapter 2 an introduction to the AC-AC power converters used for the modulation of an output voltage of variable amplitude and variable frequency is provided. A description and a comparison of various matrix converter topologies, a description of the conventional topologies used for the same voltage conversion and a comparison of the latter with the two most popular matrix topologies are included in this chapter. In Chapter 3 the methods required for the control of the direct matrix converter are presented. In detail, various modulation methods are described and compared and the most significant commutation methods are presented. In this chapter a novel carrier-based modulation method that was proposed in this work is also described which results in reduced switching losses for use in cases that the required voltage transfer ratio is up to 50%. In Chapter 4 the direct matrix converter that was designed and constructed in this work is presented and other parts of the experimental setup are described. Additionally, some experimental results related to the operation of matrix converter parts are provided. In Chapter 5 a brief description of the studied system’s model that was created using the Matlab/Simulink software is provided, the value of various parameters of this model is given and simulation results of the normal (healthy) operation of the matrix converter are presented and commented. Additionally, a vector control method for the speed control of an induction machine fed by a matrix converter is described and simulation results of its operation are demonstrated. Finally, experimental results of the normal operation of the matrix converter are presented and commented. In Chapter 6 the possible faults in direct matrix converters are studied and the methods to detect open-circuit faults and the open-circuited transistors localization method that were developed in this work are presented. Additionally, a description of signal processing methods and the basic theory of fuzzy inference systems, which are used by the proposed diagnosis methods, are included. In Chapter 7 topologies and modulation methods used for the remedial operation of the direct matrix converter after the occurrence of a fault are presented. In this chapter two carrier-based modulation methods for the remedial operation of the direct matrix converter after an open-circuit fault occurrence that were developed in this work are also described, one for the case of using a redundant (fourth) leg and one for the case of not using any redundant switches. In Chapter 8 the contribution of this thesis to the research in the matrix converters domain is highlighted, its additional results are noted and subjects of possible future work are provided.

In high power induction motor drives, the switching frequency of the inverter is quite low due to the high losses in the power devices. Real-time PWM strategies, which result in reduced harmonic distortion under low switching frequencies and have maximum possible DC bus utilisation, are developed for such drives in the present work. The space vector approach is taken up for the generation of synchronised PWM waveforms with 3-Phase Symmetry, Half Wave Symmetry and Quarter Wave Symmetry, required for high-power drives. Rules for synchronisation and the waveform symmetries are brought out. These rules are applied to the conventional and modified forms of space vector modulation, leading to the synchronised conventional space vector strategy and the Basic Bus Clamping Strategy-I, respectively. Further, four new synchronised, bus-clamping PWM strategies, namely Asymmetric Zero-Changing Strategy, Boundary Sampling Strategy-I, Basic Bus Clamping Strategy-II and Boundary Sampling Strategy-II, are proposed. These strategies exploit the flexibilities offered by the space vector approach like double-switching of a phase within a subcycle, clamping of two phases within a subcycle etc. It is shown that the PWM waveforms generated by these strategies cannot be generated by comparing suitable 3-phase modulating waves with a triangular carrier wave. A modified two-zone approach to overmodulation is proposed. This is applied to the six synchronised PWM strategies, dealt with in the present work, to extend the operation of these strategies upto the six-step mode. Linearity is ensured between the magnitude of the reference and the fundamental voltage generated in the whole range of modulation upto the six-step mode. This is verified experimentally. A suitable combination of these strategies leads to a significant reduction in the harmonic distortion of the drive at medium and high speed ranges over the conventional space vector strategy. This reduction in harmonic distortion is demonstrated, theoretically as well as experimentally, on a constant V/F drive of base frequency 50Hz for three values of maximum switching frequency of the inverter, namely 450Hz, 350Hz and 250Hz. Based on the notion of stator flux ripple, analytical closed-form expressions are derived for the harmonic distortion due to the different PWM strategies. The values of harmonic distortion, computed based on these analytical expressions, compare well with those calculated based on Fourier analysis and those measured experimentally.

This thesis is an effort to investigate the operation and the performanceof modular multilevel converters (M2Cs). Proven to be the most promisingtopology in high-voltage high-power applications, it is necessary to put aneffort in understanding the physical laws that govern the internal dynamicsof such converters, in order to design appropriate control methods. AlthoughM2Cs belong to the well-studied family of voltage-source converters (VSCs),and claim a modular structure, their control is significantly more complicatedcompared to two- or three-level VSCs, due to the fact that a much highernumber of switches and capacitors are needed in such a topology. This thesishighlights the important parameters that should be considered when designingthe control for an M2C, through analyzing its internal dynamics, and alsosuggests ways to control such converters ensuring stable operation withoutcompromising the performance of the converter.Special focus is given on ac motor-drive applications as they are very demandingand challenging for the converter performance. Interactions betweenthe internal dynamics and the dynamics of the driven motor are experimentallyinvestigated. The problem of operating the converter when connectedto a motor standing still is visited, even under the condition that a greatamount of torque and current are requested, in order to provide an idea forthe converter requirements under such conditions. Finally, an optimization ofthe converter operation is suggested in order to avoid overrating the convertercomponents in certain operation areas that this is possible.All analytical investigations presented in this thesis are confirmed by experimentalresults on a laboratory prototype converter, which was developedfor the purposes of this project. Experimental verification proves the validityof the theoretical investigations, as well as the correct performance of thecontrol methods developed during this project on a real, physical converter,hoping that the results of this thesis will be useful for large-scale implementations,in the mega- or even giga-watt power range. / Denna avhandling är ett försök att undersöka drift och egenskaper avmodulära multinivåomvandlare (M2C:er). Eftersom denna topologi anses varaden mest lovande inom högspänings-högeffekt-tillämpningar är, och somett underlag för att kunna formulera lämpliga styrmetoder, är det nödvändigtatt lägga kraft i att försöka förståde fysikaliska lagar som styr den inredynamiken i sådana omvandlare. Även om M2C:erna tillhör den välstuderadefamiljen av spänningsstyva omvandlare (VSC:er), och har en modulärstruktur, är deras reglering avsevärt mer komplicerad jämfört med två- ellertre-nivåomvandlare, eftersom ett mycket större antal switchar och kondensatorerär nödvändiga i en sådan topologi. Denna avhandling sätter fingretpå de parametrar som måste beaktas när man konstruerar regleringen för enM2C, genom att analysera den interna dynamiken, samt att föreslå sätt attstyra sådana omvandlare såatt stabil drift kan säkerställas utan att negativtpåverka prestanda.Ett speciellt fokus läggs på växelströmsmotordrifter eftersom de är särskiltutmanande vad gäller prestanda. Växelverkan mellan den interna dynamikenoch motorns dynamik undersöks experimentellt. Problemet att driva motornvid stillestånd behandlas även i fallet med hög ström och högt moment för atterhålla kunskap om kraven påomvandlaren i sådana fall. Slutligen föreslås enoptimering av omvandlarens drifttillstånd för att undvika överdimensioneringav omvandlarens komponenter i de fall detta är möjligt.Alla analytiska undersökningar som läggs fram i denna avhandling är bekräftadegenom experimentella resultat från en laboratorieomvandlare, somutvecklats inom ramen för detta arbete. Den experimentella verifieringen bevisargiltigheten av alla teoretiska undersökningar. Den visar också på demycket goda prestanda som de utvecklade styrmetoderna har vid drift aven verklig fysisk omvandlare. Förhoppningen är att resultaten från detta arbetekan komma till använding i storskaliga implementerinar i mega- ellergiga-wattklassen. / <p>QC 20141201</p>

Ce travail s’intéresse à l’étude d’un système de pompage turbinage à vitesse variable avec une machine asynchrone doublement alimentée face aux perturbations de réseau électrique. L’objectif est d’assurer la continuité de service de cet élément stabilisateur de réseau électrique de sorte qu’il reste connecté au réseau même en cas de perturbations. Le contrôle du système dans les différentes phases de fonctionnement en mode sain a été tout d’abord développé ainsi qu'une étude de stabilité de système utilisant l’analyse modale. Les différents outils nécessaires pour cette analyse ont été tout d’abord mis en oeuvre. Ensuite, les limites de stabilité du système ont été étudiées tenant compte de la variation de longueur de ligne. Le comportement du système en présence des défauts a été par la suite étudié. Les défauts de réseau considérés sont les défauts symétriques et les défauts asymétriques. Une solution basée sur la modification de la stratégie de contrôle a été adoptée pour le cas des défauts symétriques et une solution basée sur l’ajout d’éléments au circuit de puissance a été adoptée pour les cas des défauts asymétriques. Un dispositif expérimental de 4kW a été mis en oeuvre pour la validation des développements menés dans le cadre de cette thèse. / This work focuses on the study of a variable speed pumped storage system based on a doubly fed induction machine in case of grid disturbances. Thus the main objective is to improve the fault ride through capabilities of this grid stabilizer and to guarantee its connection with the grid even under disturbances. The system control in the different operating phases in healthy conditions is developed and then a system stability study is conducted using the eigenvalue analysis. The system stability limits have been investigated taking into account the variation of grid line length so the grid impedance variation. Then the system behavior under disturbances is analyzed. Theconsidered grid faults are symmetric and asymmetric faults. The investigated fault ride through capabilities of the pumped storage system consist of two solutions, one based on the modification of the control strategy was adopted for the symmetric faults and one based on hardware modification has been adopted for the asymmetric ones. A 4kW laboratory set-up has been developed for experimental validation.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma nova proposta para sistema de refrigeração com controle dinâmico de temperatura, operando com estrutura de compressor aberto, acionado por motor de indução trifásico com velocidade variável, e estágio de entrada retificador com correção ativa do fator de potência. O estágio de entrada é composto por um retificador Boost monofásico com elevado fator de potência, com duas células entrelaçadas, operando no modo de condução crítica, empregando técnica de comutação não dissipativa e controlado por dispositivo FPGA, associado a um estágio de saída inversor de dois níveis convencional trifásico à IGBT, o qual é controlado por um Processador Digital de Sinais (DSP - Digital Signal Processor). A técnica de comutação não dissipativa para o estágio de entrada é baseada em células ZCS (Zero-current-switching). As principais características do retificador incluem a redução da ondulação da corrente de entrada, redução da ondulação da tensão de saída retificada, utilização de componentes com reduzidos esforços, reduzido volume do filtro de entrada para Interferências Eletromagnéticas (EMI - Electromagnetic Interference), elevado Fator de Potência (FP) e reduzida Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT) da corrente de entrada, atendendo os limites da norma IEC61000-3-2. O controle digital para o estágio de saída inversor foi desenvolvido usando duas diferentes técnicas, incluindo a técnica convencional controle escalar Volts/Hertz (V/Hz) e o controle Vetorial com Orientação pelo Fluxo do estator, com o propósito de verificar a aplicabilidade e a performance dos controles digitais propostos, para o controle contínuo da temperatura, aplicados a um protótipo de sistema de refrigeração. / Abstract: This work presents a new proposal for refrigeration systems with dynamic control of temperature, working with structure of open compressor, driving a three-phase induction motor with variable speed, and input rectifier with active power factor correction. The proposed system is composed of a single-phase high-power-factor boost rectifier, with two cells in interleaved connection, operating in critical conduction mode, and employing a softswitching technique, controlled by a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), associated with a conventional three-phase IGBT bridge inverter (VSI - Voltage Source Inverter), controlled by a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The soft-switching technique for the input stage is based on zero-current-switching (ZCS) cells. The rectifier’s features include reduction in input current ripple, reduction in output voltage ripple, use of low stress devices, low volume for the EMI input filter, high input power factor (PF), and low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the input current, in compliance with the IEC61000-3-2 standards. The digital controller for the output stage inverter has been developed using two different techniques, the conventional Voltage-Frequency control (scalar V/Hz control), and a simplified stator oriented vector control, in order to verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed digital controls, for continuous temperature control, applied at a refrigerator prototype. / Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Coorientador: Flávio Alessandro Serrão Gonçalves / Banca: Fabio Toshiaki Wakabayashi / Banca: João Onofre Pereira Pinto / Mestre

Verdrängergesteuterte hydrostatische Antriebssysteme mit drehzahlvariablem Pumpenantrieb zeichnen sich durch ihre im Vergleich mit ventilgesteuerten Antrieben gute Energieeffizienz und die Möglichkeit der einfachen Stillsetzung aus, weisen jedoch durch die mangelnde Einspannung des Aktors geringere Eigenfrequenzen auf, was die Einstellung von Standardregelkreisen erschwert und meist eine geringere Dynamik und Positioniergenauigkeit zur Folge hat. Hydraulische Achsantriebe, die ohnehin über zahlreiche dominante Nichtlinearitäten verfügen und schwach gedämpft sind können in der Folge das ihnen innewohnende Potential nicht ausschöpfen. Mit einem Vergleich von Dynamik und Präzision verschiedener Antriebssysteme an Hauptantriebsachsen von Kunststoff-Spritzgießmaschinen mittlerer Baugröße wird zunächst das Leistungspotential analysiert. Auf dieser Basis werden Methoden zur Verbesserung der statischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften drehzahlvariabler verdrängergesteuerter Antriebe in Positions- und Druckregelung entwickelt, welche sich durch eine einfache Parametrierung und hohe Robustheit auszeichnen, da sie ohne einen geschlossenen Regelkreis funktionieren. Die dynamische inversionsbasierte Vorsteuerung ermöglicht dabei ein initial gutes Folgeverhalten, das durch die Anwendung einer iterativ lernenden Regelung in jedem Zyklus weiter verbessert wird. Um die Dynamik von Folgeregelungen mit weiteren Randbedingungen zu maximieren wird eine Methode entwickelt, mit der es möglich ist, eine Bewegungsvorgabe entlang der physikalischen Leistungsgrenzen des Antriebssystems zu berechnen und die wirkenden Begrenzungen aufzuzeigen. Die Erstellung von Bewegungsvorgaben sowie die Einstellung der lernenden Regelung sind dabei jeweils mit einem einzigen Parameter möglich. Die experimentelle Untersuchung und der Funktionsnachweis der entwickelten Methoden am Beispiel der Kunststoff-Spritzgießmaschine zeigt eine deutliche Steigerung der möglichen Dynamik verdrängergesteuerter Antriebssysteme, ein gutes Folgeverhalten sowie eine erhöhte Positioniergenauigkeit bei gleichzeitiger Unabhängigkeit von der Betriebstemperatur.:1. Einleitung und wissenschaftliche Problemstellung 7 2. Zielsetzung der Arbeit 11 3. Stand der Forschung und Technik 13 3.1 Architekturen hydraulischer Linearantriebe 13 3.2 Betriebsverhalten drehzahlvariabler verdrängergesteuerter Antriebe 16 3.3 Regelung hydraulischer Achsantriebe in Verdrängersteuerung 18 3.4 Vorsteuerungen und iterativ lernende Regelungen 21 4. Antriebstechnik in Kunststoff-Spritzgießmaschinen 25 5. Analyse der Leistungsfähigkeit von Antriebssystemen in SGM 27 5.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Spritzgießmaschinen 28 5.2 Auswahl der Antriebssysteme 31 5.3 Analyse der Bewegungsdynamik 34 5.4 Analyse der Positioniergenauigkeit 37 5.5 Analyse der Druckregelung 39 5.6 Identifikation von Potentialen für die Leistungssteigerung 44 6. Trajektoriengenerierung entlang der Systemleistungsgrenzen 47 6.1 Kniehebel-Schließeinheit 48 6.2 Analyse statischer und dynamischer Restriktionen 50 6.3 Trajektorienentwurfsmethodik 59 7. Modellbasierte dynamische Vorsteuerung 67 7.1 Methodik 68 7.2 Mathematisch-physikalische Beschreibung 69 7.3 Inversionsbasiertes Steuergesetz 75 8. Modellbasierte lernende Vorsteuerung 77 8.1 Methodik 78 8.2 Entwurf modellbasierter normoptimaler iterativ lernender Regelungen 79 8.3 Stabilitätsnachweis 84 8.4 Generierung von Lernmodellen 86 9. Anwendung der Verfahren und Diskussion 91 9.1 Positionsregelung im geschlossenen hydrostatischen Kreis 93 9.2 Lastkraftregelung im offenen Kreis 108 9.3 Ablösende Regelung: Geschwindigkeit - Last 123 10. Zusammenfassung 127 11. Literatur 133 12. Anhang 145 / Displacement-controlled hydrostatic drive systems with variable-speed pump are characterized by their good energy efficiency and the possibility of simple shutdown compared with valve-controlled drives, but they have lower natural frequencies, which makes the application of standard closed-loop control more difficult and usually results in lower dynamics and positioning accuracy. As a result hydraulic drives, which already have numerous dominant nonlinearities and are weakly damped, cannot exploit their full potential. The work starts with a comparison and an analysis of the dynamics and precision of different drive systems on main drive axes of medium-size plastic injection molding machines. On this basis, methods are developed for improving the static and dynamic properties of variable-speed displacement-controlled drives in position and pressure control. These methods are characterized by simple parameterization and high robustness without relying on a closed-loop control. In this context, the dynamic inversion-based feedforward control allows for a good tracking performance, which is further improved by applying a cycle-wise iterative learning control. In order to fulfill the dynamics of follow-up control with position boundary conditions, a method is developed which allows for calculating a motion specification along the physical performance limits of the drive system and to show the existing limitations. The creation of motion presets as well as the setting-up of a learning controller may be done with one single parameter. Experimental investigation of the developed methods using the example of the plastic injection molding machine shows a significant increase in dynamics of displacement-controlled drive systems, good follow-up behavior, and increased positioning accuracy while remaining independent of the operating temperature.:1. Einleitung und wissenschaftliche Problemstellung 7 2. Zielsetzung der Arbeit 11 3. Stand der Forschung und Technik 13 3.1 Architekturen hydraulischer Linearantriebe 13 3.2 Betriebsverhalten drehzahlvariabler verdrängergesteuerter Antriebe 16 3.3 Regelung hydraulischer Achsantriebe in Verdrängersteuerung 18 3.4 Vorsteuerungen und iterativ lernende Regelungen 21 4. Antriebstechnik in Kunststoff-Spritzgießmaschinen 25 5. Analyse der Leistungsfähigkeit von Antriebssystemen in SGM 27 5.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Spritzgießmaschinen 28 5.2 Auswahl der Antriebssysteme 31 5.3 Analyse der Bewegungsdynamik 34 5.4 Analyse der Positioniergenauigkeit 37 5.5 Analyse der Druckregelung 39 5.6 Identifikation von Potentialen für die Leistungssteigerung 44 6. Trajektoriengenerierung entlang der Systemleistungsgrenzen 47 6.1 Kniehebel-Schließeinheit 48 6.2 Analyse statischer und dynamischer Restriktionen 50 6.3 Trajektorienentwurfsmethodik 59 7. Modellbasierte dynamische Vorsteuerung 67 7.1 Methodik 68 7.2 Mathematisch-physikalische Beschreibung 69 7.3 Inversionsbasiertes Steuergesetz 75 8. Modellbasierte lernende Vorsteuerung 77 8.1 Methodik 78 8.2 Entwurf modellbasierter normoptimaler iterativ lernender Regelungen 79 8.3 Stabilitätsnachweis 84 8.4 Generierung von Lernmodellen 86 9. Anwendung der Verfahren und Diskussion 91 9.1 Positionsregelung im geschlossenen hydrostatischen Kreis 93 9.2 Lastkraftregelung im offenen Kreis 108 9.3 Ablösende Regelung: Geschwindigkeit - Last 123 10. Zusammenfassung 127 11. Literatur 133 12. Anhang 145