An emerging concern for employers is the impact of visible body modification (VBM) in the workplace. Visible body modification includes tattoos, piercings, or implants that are both visible and observable on an individual’s body. The extant research on VBM suggests that employers are hesitant to hire those with visible tattoos or piercings, but fails to address how employees with VBM influence organizational outcomes. This dissertation examines how a specific type of VBM, visible tattoos, influences training and learning by investigating how a trainer’s visible tattoos affect trainees’ perceived trustworthiness and learning in a training context. The study used a sample of 164 undergraduate students and Amazon Mechanical Turk workers to assess reactions to a trainer’s visible tattoos. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, with the two experimental groups having a trainer with one tattoo or full tattoo sleeves. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between groups for perceived trustworthiness or learning. Similarly, there was no support for the moderating effect of openness to experience, authoritarianism, or learning goal orientation. Social distance was found to moderate the relationship between the treatment and perceived trustworthiness. The findings of this study suggest that for the trainer and tattoos used, visible tattoos do not an impact on training outcomes. As this study was limited to one trainer with one type of tattoos, this preliminary evidence suggests that more research is needed to address the diversity of tattooing and VBM as a whole.

The number of people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer`s disease, increased dramatically over the past centuries and is expected to increase even further within the next years. Based on predictions of the World Health Organization and Alzheimer`s Disease International, 115 million people will suffer from dementia by the year 2050. An additionally increase in other age related neurodegenerative diseases is also forecasted. Quite naturally, neurodegenerative diseases became a focus of attention of governments and health insurances, trying to control the uprising financial burden. Early detection and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases could be an important component in containing this problem. In particular, researchers focused on automatic methods to analyze patients’ imaging data. One way to detect structural changes in magnetic resonance images (MRI) is the voxel-based method approach. It was specifically implemented for various imaging modalities, e.g. T1-weighted images or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), a method specifically designed to analyze T1-weighted images, has become very popular over the last decade. Investigations using VBM revealed numerous structural brain changes related to, e.g. neurodegeneration, learning induced structural changes or aging. Although voxel-based methods are designed to be robust and reliable structural change detection methods, it is known that they can be influenced by physical and physiological factors. Dehydration, for example, can affect the volume of brain structures and possibly induce a confound in morphometric studies. Therefore, three-dimensional T1-weighted images were acquired of six young and healthy subjects during different states of hydration. Measurements during normal hydration, hyperhydration, and dehydration made it possible to assess consequential volume changes in gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The datasets were analyzed using VBM, FreeSurfer and SIENA. A significant decrease of GM and WM volume, associated with dehydration, was found in various brain regions. The most prominent effects were found in temporal and parietal areas, in the left inferior orbito-frontal region, and in the extra-nuclear region. Moreover, we found consistent increases in CSF, an expansion around 6% of the ventricular system affecting both lateral ventricles, i.e. the third and fourth ventricle. Similar degrees of shrinkage in WM volume and increase of the ventricular system have been reported in studies of Alzheimer’s disease during disease progression and in its prestage mild cognitive impairment. Based on these findings, a potential confound in GM and WM or CSF studies due to the subjects’ hydration state cannot be excluded and should be appropriately addressed. These results underline the sensitivity of VBM and might also concern other voxel-based methods, such as Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). TBSS was specifically designed for WM analyses and its sensitivity might be helpful for revealing the spatial relation of structural WM changes and related blood serum biomarkers. Two common brain related biomarkers are the glial protein S100B, a plasticity inducing neuro- and gliotrophin, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker for neuronal damage. However, the spatial specificity of these biomarkers for brain region has not been investigated in vivo until now. Therefore, we acquired two MRI parameters – T1- weighted and DTI - sensitive to changes in GM and WM, and obtained serum S100B and NSE levels of 41 healthy subjects. Additionally, the gene expression of S100B on the whole brain level in a male cohort of three subjects from the Allen Brain Database was analyzed. Furthermore, a female post mortal brain was investigated using double immunofluorescence labeling with oligodendrocyte markers. It could be shown that S100B is specifically related to white matter structures, namely the corpus callosum, anterior forceps and superior longitudinal fasciculus in female subjects. This effect was observed in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity – the latest an indicator of myelin changes. Histological data confirmed a co-localization of S100B with oligodendrocyte markers in the human corpus callosum. S100B was most abundantly expressed in the corpus callosum according to the whole genome Allen Human Brain Atlas. In addition, NSE was related to gray matter structures, namely the amygdala. This effect was detected across sexes. The data demonstrates a very high S100B expression in white matter tracts, in particular in human corpus callosum. This was the first in vivo study validating the specificity of the glial marker S100B for the human brain, and supporting the assumption that radial diffusivity represents a myelin marker. The results open a new perspective for future studies investigating major neuropsychiatric disorders. All above mentioned studies are mainly dependent on the sensitivity and accuracy of soft and hardware parameters. In particular, technical developments have improved acquisition accuracy in the field of MRI. Interestingly, very little is known about the confounding effects of variations due to hardware parameters and their possible impact on reliability and sensitivity of VBM. Recent studies have shown that different acquisition parameters may influence VBM results. Therefore age-related GM changes were investigated with VBM in 36 healthy volunteers grouped into 12 young, 12 middle-aged and 12 elderly subject. Six T1-weighted datasets were acquired per subject with a 12-channel matrix coil, as well as a 32-channel array, MP-RAGE and MP2RAGE, and with isotropic resolutions of 0.8 and 1 mm. DARTEL-VBM was applied on all images and GM, WM and CSF segments were statistically analyzed.. Paired t-tests and statistical interaction tests revealed significant effects of acquisition parameters on the estimated gray-matter-density (GMD) in various cortical and subcortical brain regions. MP2RAGE seemed slightly less prone to false positive results when comparing data acquired with different RF coils and yielded superior segmentation of deep GM structures. With the 12-channel coil, MP-RAGE was superior in detecting age-related changes, especially in cortical structures. Most differences between both sequences became insignificant with the 32-channel coil, indicating that the MP2RAGE images benefited more from the improved signal-to-noise ratio and improved parallel-imaging reconstruction). A possible explanation might be an overestimation of the GM compartment on the MP-RAGE images. In view of substantial effects obtained for all parameters, careful standardization of the acquisition protocol is advocated. While the current investigation focused on aging effects, similar results are expected for other VBM studies, like on plasticity or neurodegenerative diseases. This work has shown that voxel-based methods are sensitive to subtle structural brain changes, independent of imaging modality and scanning parameters. In particular, the studies investigated and discussed the analysis of T1- and diffusion weighted images with VBM and TBSS in the context of dehydration, blood serum sensitive biomarkers and aging were discussed. The major goal of these studies was the investigation of the sensitivity of voxel-based methods. In conclusion, sensitivity and accuracy of voxelbased methods is already high, but it can be increased significantly, using optimal hardand software parameters. It is of note, though, that these optimizations and the concomitant increase of detection sensitivity could also introduce additional confounding factors in the imaging data and interfere with the latter preprocessing and statistical computations. To avoid an interference e.g. originating from physiological parameters, a very careful selection and monitoring of biological parameters of each volunteer throughout the whole study is recommended. A potential impact of scanning parameters can be minimized by strict adherence to the imaging protocol for each study subjectwithin a study. A general increase in detection sensitivity due to optimized parameters selection in hard- and/or can not be concluded by the above mentioned studies. Although the present work addressed some of those issues, the topic of optimal selection of parameters for morphometric studies is still very complex and controversial and has to be individually decided. Further investigations are needed to define more general scanning and preprocessing standards to increase detection sensitivity without the concomitant amplification of confounding factors.

Plusieurs facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés, tels que les troubles d’anxiété et de l’humeur, ont été identifiés dans la littérature. Les deux plus importants facteurs de risques regroupent l’adversité vécue durant l’enfance (par exemple la maltraitance) et le risque parental (c’est-à-dire la présence d’un trouble intériorisé chez l’un ou les deux parents). Ces facteurs de risque ont été liés à des changements neuroanatomiques similaires à ceux observés en lien avec les troubles intériorisés. Ainsi, en présence de ces facteurs de risque, des anomalies anatomiques pourraient laisser présager l’apparition prochaine d’une symptomatologie de troubles intériorisés chez des individus encore asymptomatiques. Chez les quelques populations de jeunes investiguées, les participants présentaient des comorbidités et/ou étaient sous médication, ce qui rend difficile l’interprétation des atteintes cérébrales observées. Ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux liens entre ces deux facteurs de risque et les substrats neuroanatomiques associés à chacun d’eux, chez des adolescents asymptomatiques et n’étant sous aucune médication. Une première étude a examiné le lien entre le niveau de pratiques parentales coercitives et le niveau de symptômes d’anxiété, mesurés de manière longitudinale depuis la naissance, et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 2). Une deuxième étude a examiné le lien entre le risque parental de développer des troubles d’anxiété et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 3). Une troisième étude s’est intéressée au lien entre le risque parental de développer un trouble de dépression ou un trouble bipolaire et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 4). Les résultats démontrent des différences de volume et/ou d’épaisseur corticale dans plusieurs structures clés impliquées dans le traitement et la régulation des émotions. C’est le cas du cortex préfrontal, de l’amygdale, de l’hippocampe et du striatum. Ces résultats suggèrent que certaines des différences neuroanatomiques observées dans les troubles intériorisés peuvent être présentes avant que le trouble ne se manifeste, et représenter des marqueurs neuronaux du risque de développer le trouble. Les implications théoriques et les limites de ces trois études sont finalement discutées dans le Chapitre 5. / Several risk factors for the development of internalized disorders such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorders have been identified in the literature. The two most important risk factors include adversity during childhood (i.e. abuse, neglect and harsh parenting) and parental risk (i.e. the presence of an internalized disorder in one or both parents). These risk factors have been linked to anatomical changes in several brain structures, which are similar to those observed in internalized disorders. Thus, in the presence of these risk factors, anatomical abnormalities may predict the appearance of internalized disorders in asymptomatic individuals. In the few studies that have investigated the influence of these risk factors in a youth population, participants often had comorbidities and/or were medicated, which makes the observed anatomical changes difficult to interpret. This work has focused on these two risk factors (i.e. adversity during childhood, in the form of harsh parenting, and the parental risk) and their link with the anatomical cerebral substrates, in asymptomatic and un-medicated adolescents. A first study examined the link between harsh parenting, levels of anxiety symptoms, as measured longitudinally from birth, and neuroanatomical differences in adolescents (see Chapter 2). A second study examined the link between parental risk of developing anxiety disorders, and neuroanatomical differences in adolescents (see Chapter 3). A third study looked at the link between parental risk for developing depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, and neuroanatomical differences in adolescents (see Chapter 4). Results show differences in volume and/or cortical thickness of several key cerebral structures involved in emotional processing and regulation. This is the case of the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala, hippocampus and striatum. These results suggest that some neuroanatomical differences in internalized disorders may be present before the disorder emerges, and represent neuronal markers denoting the risk of developing the disorder. The theoretical implications and limitations of these three studies are discussed in Chapter 5.

The number of people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer`s disease, increased dramatically over the past centuries and is expected to increase even further within the next years. Based on predictions of the World Health Organization and Alzheimer`s Disease International, 115 million people will suffer from dementia by the year 2050. An additionally increase in other age related neurodegenerative diseases is also forecasted. Quite naturally, neurodegenerative diseases became a focus of attention of governments and health insurances, trying to control the uprising financial burden. Early detection and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases could be an important component in containing this problem. In particular, researchers focused on automatic methods to analyze patients’ imaging data. One way to detect structural changes in magnetic resonance images (MRI) is the voxel-based method approach. It was specifically implemented for various imaging modalities, e.g. T1-weighted images or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), a method specifically designed to analyze T1-weighted images, has become very popular over the last decade. Investigations using VBM revealed numerous structural brain changes related to, e.g. neurodegeneration, learning induced structural changes or aging. Although voxel-based methods are designed to be robust and reliable structural change detection methods, it is known that they can be influenced by physical and physiological factors. Dehydration, for example, can affect the volume of brain structures and possibly induce a confound in morphometric studies. Therefore, three-dimensional T1-weighted images were acquired of six young and healthy subjects during different states of hydration. Measurements during normal hydration, hyperhydration, and dehydration made it possible to assess consequential volume changes in gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The datasets were analyzed using VBM, FreeSurfer and SIENA. A significant decrease of GM and WM volume, associated with dehydration, was found in various brain regions. The most prominent effects were found in temporal and parietal areas, in the left inferior orbito-frontal region, and in the extra-nuclear region. Moreover, we found consistent increases in CSF, an expansion around 6% of the ventricular system affecting both lateral ventricles, i.e. the third and fourth ventricle. Similar degrees of shrinkage in WM volume and increase of the ventricular system have been reported in studies of Alzheimer’s disease during disease progression and in its prestage mild cognitive impairment. Based on these findings, a potential confound in GM and WM or CSF studies due to the subjects’ hydration state cannot be excluded and should be appropriately addressed. These results underline the sensitivity of VBM and might also concern other voxel-based methods, such as Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). TBSS was specifically designed for WM analyses and its sensitivity might be helpful for revealing the spatial relation of structural WM changes and related blood serum biomarkers. Two common brain related biomarkers are the glial protein S100B, a plasticity inducing neuro- and gliotrophin, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker for neuronal damage. However, the spatial specificity of these biomarkers for brain region has not been investigated in vivo until now. Therefore, we acquired two MRI parameters – T1- weighted and DTI - sensitive to changes in GM and WM, and obtained serum S100B and NSE levels of 41 healthy subjects. Additionally, the gene expression of S100B on the whole brain level in a male cohort of three subjects from the Allen Brain Database was analyzed. Furthermore, a female post mortal brain was investigated using double immunofluorescence labeling with oligodendrocyte markers. It could be shown that S100B is specifically related to white matter structures, namely the corpus callosum, anterior forceps and superior longitudinal fasciculus in female subjects. This effect was observed in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity – the latest an indicator of myelin changes. Histological data confirmed a co-localization of S100B with oligodendrocyte markers in the human corpus callosum. S100B was most abundantly expressed in the corpus callosum according to the whole genome Allen Human Brain Atlas. In addition, NSE was related to gray matter structures, namely the amygdala. This effect was detected across sexes. The data demonstrates a very high S100B expression in white matter tracts, in particular in human corpus callosum. This was the first in vivo study validating the specificity of the glial marker S100B for the human brain, and supporting the assumption that radial diffusivity represents a myelin marker. The results open a new perspective for future studies investigating major neuropsychiatric disorders. All above mentioned studies are mainly dependent on the sensitivity and accuracy of soft and hardware parameters. In particular, technical developments have improved acquisition accuracy in the field of MRI. Interestingly, very little is known about the confounding effects of variations due to hardware parameters and their possible impact on reliability and sensitivity of VBM. Recent studies have shown that different acquisition parameters may influence VBM results. Therefore age-related GM changes were investigated with VBM in 36 healthy volunteers grouped into 12 young, 12 middle-aged and 12 elderly subject. Six T1-weighted datasets were acquired per subject with a 12-channel matrix coil, as well as a 32-channel array, MP-RAGE and MP2RAGE, and with isotropic resolutions of 0.8 and 1 mm. DARTEL-VBM was applied on all images and GM, WM and CSF segments were statistically analyzed.. Paired t-tests and statistical interaction tests revealed significant effects of acquisition parameters on the estimated gray-matter-density (GMD) in various cortical and subcortical brain regions. MP2RAGE seemed slightly less prone to false positive results when comparing data acquired with different RF coils and yielded superior segmentation of deep GM structures. With the 12-channel coil, MP-RAGE was superior in detecting age-related changes, especially in cortical structures. Most differences between both sequences became insignificant with the 32-channel coil, indicating that the MP2RAGE images benefited more from the improved signal-to-noise ratio and improved parallel-imaging reconstruction). A possible explanation might be an overestimation of the GM compartment on the MP-RAGE images. In view of substantial effects obtained for all parameters, careful standardization of the acquisition protocol is advocated. While the current investigation focused on aging effects, similar results are expected for other VBM studies, like on plasticity or neurodegenerative diseases. This work has shown that voxel-based methods are sensitive to subtle structural brain changes, independent of imaging modality and scanning parameters. In particular, the studies investigated and discussed the analysis of T1- and diffusion weighted images with VBM and TBSS in the context of dehydration, blood serum sensitive biomarkers and aging were discussed. The major goal of these studies was the investigation of the sensitivity of voxel-based methods. In conclusion, sensitivity and accuracy of voxelbased methods is already high, but it can be increased significantly, using optimal hardand software parameters. It is of note, though, that these optimizations and the concomitant increase of detection sensitivity could also introduce additional confounding factors in the imaging data and interfere with the latter preprocessing and statistical computations. To avoid an interference e.g. originating from physiological parameters, a very careful selection and monitoring of biological parameters of each volunteer throughout the whole study is recommended. A potential impact of scanning parameters can be minimized by strict adherence to the imaging protocol for each study subjectwithin a study. A general increase in detection sensitivity due to optimized parameters selection in hard- and/or can not be concluded by the above mentioned studies. Although the present work addressed some of those issues, the topic of optimal selection of parameters for morphometric studies is still very complex and controversial and has to be individually decided. Further investigations are needed to define more general scanning and preprocessing standards to increase detection sensitivity without the concomitant amplification of confounding factors.

No description available.

<p>Syfte:</p><p>Vi vill med vår uppsats öka förståelsen för vad VBM-konceptet kan bidra till för ett företag och visa hur olika VBM-modeller används i praktiken.</p><p>Metod:</p><p>En teoretisk studie som huvudsakligen baseras på sekundär data där vi sammanställer olika teorier och modeller tillhörande VBM-konceptet samt tidigare forskning. Detta kompletteras med vår egen empiri som består av intervjuer som genomfördes vid två företeg.</p><p>Resultat:</p><p>Resultatet visar att det inte är något företag som använder sig av flera VBM-mått på olika nivåer. Oftast bestämmer man sig för en modell och använder den till alla nivåer, möjligtvis kompletterar man med mindre nyckeltal. Val av modell är inte det viktigaste utan att man väljer någon modell som gör så att kapitalkostnaden tydliggörs för att säkerställa att intäkterna täcker kapitalkostnaderna.</p>

Syfte: Vi vill med vår uppsats öka förståelsen för vad VBM-konceptet kan bidra till för ett företag och visa hur olika VBM-modeller används i praktiken. Metod: En teoretisk studie som huvudsakligen baseras på sekundär data där vi sammanställer olika teorier och modeller tillhörande VBM-konceptet samt tidigare forskning. Detta kompletteras med vår egen empiri som består av intervjuer som genomfördes vid två företeg. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det inte är något företag som använder sig av flera VBM-mått på olika nivåer. Oftast bestämmer man sig för en modell och använder den till alla nivåer, möjligtvis kompletterar man med mindre nyckeltal. Val av modell är inte det viktigaste utan att man väljer någon modell som gör så att kapitalkostnaden tydliggörs för att säkerställa att intäkterna täcker kapitalkostnaderna.

La catégorisation est un ensemble d’opérations mentales qui permettent de classer les objets et les évènements. C’est un processus crucial pour de nombreuses situations, telles que la survie dans le monde animal, l’apprentissage chez l’enfant, ou encore le raisonnement abstrait et la résolution de problèmes. Les patients ayant des lésions du cortex préfrontal présentent des difficultés pour les tâches de catégorisation, et l’existence de ces difficultés est corrélée au handicap fonctionnel de ces patients. Dans une première partie, nous avons mis au point une tâche de catégorisation adaptée pour l’utilisation chez le patient, intitulée SimiCat. A l’aide de cette tâche, nous avons précisé les difficultés de catégorisation des patients et montré que les erreurs de type différenciations sont spécifiques des patients frontaux. La tâche SimiCat présente une très bonne valeur diagnostique pour distinguer les patients ayant une démence fronto-temporale de ceux ayant une maladie d’Alzheimer. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons utilisé l’IRM fonctionnelle pour préciser les bases cérébrales de deux processus clés pour la catégorisation : l’abstraction et la détection de similitudes. Nous avons montré que l’abstraction repose sur le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral gauche, alors que la détection de similitudes repose sur le cortex préfrontal ventrolatéral bilatéral. A l’aide de la morphométrie basée sur le voxel, nous avons montré que la variabilité des performances de catégorisation des sujets sains était corrélée au volume de la portion antérieure du gyrus temporal moyen et inférieur droit, avec un gradient postéro-antérieur selon le niveau d’abstraction de la catégorisation. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons mis au point une tâche de double amorçage sémantique que nous utiliserons pour étudier les processus de catégorisation automatique chez les patients ayant des lésions frontales et temporales. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons un modèle d’organisation cérébrale pour la catégorisation, reposant sur les régions temporales antérieures, le cortex préfrontal ventrolatéral bilatéral et dorsolatéral gauche. Nos résultats permettent également de mieux comprendre les déficits de catégorisation des patients, ce qui permettra d’adapter leur prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique. / Categorization is a set of mental processes that allow classifying objects and events. It is crucial in various contexts such as survival in animals, concept learning in children, abstract reasoning and problem solving. Patients with brain lesions involving the prefrontal cortex are impaired in categorization tasks. Categorization impairment correlates with functional autonomy in dementia. In the first part, we have developed a task, named SimiCat that we designed in order to assess categorization abilities in patients. With the help of this task, we showed that differentiation errors are specific of frontal patients. The SimiCat task has a good diagnostic value to distinguish behavior variant Frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer disease.In the second part, we assessed the brain correlates of categorization. With functional MRI, we showed that abstraction involves the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while similarity detection involves bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. With voxel-based morphometry we showed that variability in categorization performances correlates with the volume of the right anterior temporal lobe, with a caudo-rostral gradient according to abstraction. In the third part, we developed a double priming task that we will use to assess automatic categorization processes in patients with temporal and frontal lesions. Based on these results, we propose a model of brain organization for categorization. This model involves both anterior temporal lobes, as well as bilateral ventrolateral and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Our results also contribute to a better understanding and management of patients suffering from categorization deficits.

Long-term motor skill learning has been consistently shown to result in functional as well as structural changes in the adult human brain. However, the effect of short learning periods on brain structure is not well understood. In the present study, subjects performed a sequential pinch force task (SPFT) for 20 min on 5 consecutive days. Changes in brain structure were evaluated with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans acquired on the first and last day of motor skill learning. Behaviorally, the SPFT resulted in sequence-specific learning with the trained (right) hand. Structural gray matter (GM) alterations in left M1, right ventral premotor cortex (PMC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) correlated with performance improvements in the SPFT. More specifically we found that subjects with strong sequence-specific performance improvements in the SPFT also had larger increases in GM volume in the respective brain areas. On the other hand, subjects with small behavioral gains either showed no change or even a decrease in GM volume during the time course of learning. Furthermore, cerebellar GM volume before motor skill learning predicted (A) individual learning-related changes in the SPFT and (B) the amount of structural changes in left M1, right ventral PMC and DLPFC. In summary, we provide novel evidence that short-term motor skill learning is associated with learning-related structural brain alterations. Additionally, we showed that practicing a motor skill is not exclusively accompanied by increased GM volume. Instead, bidirectional structural alterations explained the variability of the individual learning success.

No description available.