Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Chronic neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PHT) frequently presents with rightventricular (RV) dysfunction. In neonatal rats exposed to chronic hypoxia, RV dysfunction is reversed by sustained rescue treatment with a Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor – the caveat being systemic hypotension. We therefore examined the reversing effects of pulmonary-selective ROCK inhibition. Rat pups were exposed to air or hypoxia from birth for 21 days and received sustained rescue treatment with aerosolized Fasudil (81 mg/ml t.i.d for 15 min) or i.p. Y27632 (15 mg/kg b.i.d) from days 14-21. Inhaled Fasudil normalized pulmonary vascular resistance, and reversed pulmonary vascular remodeling but did not improve RV systolic function. Systemic, but not pulmonary-selective, ROCK inhibition attenuated increased RV ROCK activity. Our findings indicate that RV dysfunction in chronic hypoxic PHT is not merely a result of increased afterload, but rather may be due to increased activity of ROCK in the right ventricle.

Chronic neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PHT) frequently presents with rightventricular (RV) dysfunction. In neonatal rats exposed to chronic hypoxia, RV dysfunction is reversed by sustained rescue treatment with a Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor – the caveat being systemic hypotension. We therefore examined the reversing effects of pulmonary-selective ROCK inhibition. Rat pups were exposed to air or hypoxia from birth for 21 days and received sustained rescue treatment with aerosolized Fasudil (81 mg/ml t.i.d for 15 min) or i.p. Y27632 (15 mg/kg b.i.d) from days 14-21. Inhaled Fasudil normalized pulmonary vascular resistance, and reversed pulmonary vascular remodeling but did not improve RV systolic function. Systemic, but not pulmonary-selective, ROCK inhibition attenuated increased RV ROCK activity. Our findings indicate that RV dysfunction in chronic hypoxic PHT is not merely a result of increased afterload, but rather may be due to increased activity of ROCK in the right ventricle.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Master of Science / Department of Kinesiology / Carl Ade / Background: Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is a commonly used treatment for prostate cancer with controversy currently surrounding its association with long-term cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, the aim of the current investigation was to non-invasively measure left ventricular mechanics at rest and during submaximal exercise in human prostate cancer survivors with and without a history of ADT. Methods: Eighteen prostate cancer survivors, 9 with a history of ADT and 9 matched (1:1) non-ADT controls, completed the protocol. Standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography were used to evaluate left ventricular systolic and diastolic function at rest and during submaximal cycling exercise. Results: At rest, there were no differences between groups. Ejection fraction was not different between groups at rest or during exercise (rest p=0.7; exercise p=0.8). During exercise, systolic left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate failed to increase in the ADT group (p=0.4; p=0.07), but significantly increased in the non-ADT group (p=0.03; p=0.02). During exercise, systolic strain was significantly different between groups (p=0.02). Diastolic longitudinal strain increased with exercise in both groups (p=0.003; p=0.003). In the ADT group during exercise, mitral valve deceleration time was not significantly different from rest (p=0.8) and was slower compared to non-ADT (p=0.03). Conclusion: In prostate cancer survivors with a history of ADT, there are significant abnormalities of left ventricular systolic function that become apparent with exercise. These findings may hold significant value beyond the standard resting characterization of ventricular function, in particular as part of a risk-stratification strategy.

A doença de Chagas ainda permanece como um importante problema de saúde em regiões endêmicas na América Latina, onde se estima 8 a 10 milhões de infectados. A isquemia microvascular é frequente na cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) e pode estar envolvida nos processos fisiopatogênicos que levam à disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda (DSVE). Lança-se a hipótese que a redução da isquemia microvascular possa atenuar a progressão da DSVE na CCC. Desta forma, nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso prolongado do dipiridamol (DIPI), um agente vasodilatador da microcirculação coronária, sobre a perfusão miocárdica e sobre a função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo mediante emprego de métodos de imagem in vivo. Foram utilizados 60 hamsters fêmeas adultas divididas em: animais infectados com T. cruzi e tratados com DIPI (Chagas + DIPI, n=15); infectados tratados com placebo (Chagas + Placebo, n=15); animais não infectados, tratados com DIPI (Controle + DIPI, n=15) e tratados com placebo (Controle + placebo, n=15). Após 6 meses de infecção (condição basal), os animais foram submetidos a ecocardiograma e a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica por SPECT com Sestamibi-Tc99m. Em seguida, foram tratados com injeções intraperitoneais de DIPI (4mg/Kg) duas vezes ao dia ou igual volume de salina, durante 30 dias. Após o tratamento, os animais foram reavaliados com os mesmos métodos de imagem e a seguir sofreram eutanásia e o tecido cardíaco foi preparado para análise histológica quantitativa para extensão de fibrose (coloração de picrosírius vermelho) e do infiltrado inflamatório (coloração de hematoxilinaeosina). Na condição basal os animais do grupo Chagas + placebo e Chagas + DIPI apresentaram maior área de defeito de perfusão (19,2 ± 5,4% e 20,9 ± 4,2%, respectivamente, quando comparados aos grupos controle + placebo e controle + DIPI (3,8 ± 0,7% e 3,6 ± 0,9%, respectivamente), p=0<0,05, mas valores semelhantes de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), p=0,3, e de diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (DdVE,), p=0,2. Após o tratamento, observou-se redução significativa dos defeitos de perfusão somente no grupo Chagas + DIPI (p=0,02). Quando comparados os valores basais e após tratamento, os animais dos grupos Chagas + DIPI e Chagas + placebo apresentaram redução da FEVE (65,3 ± 2,5% para 53,6 ± 1,9% e 69,3 ± 1,4% para 54,4 ± 2,5%, respectivamente (p<0,001), e aumento do DdVE de 0,68 ± 0,5 cm para 0,76 ±0,17 cm e 0,64 ± 0,01 cm para 0,71 ± 0,23 cm, respectivamente (p<0,002). Na análise histológica quantitativa, observou-se maior número de núcleos de células inflamatórias mononucleares nos grupos Chagas + DIPI (998,1 ± 116,0 cel/mm²) e Chagas + Placebo (1191,4 ± 133,2 cel/mm²) quando comparados aos grupos Controle + DIPI (396,5 ± 28,3 cel/mm²) e Controle + Placebo (257,1 ± 21,6 cel/mm²), p=0,05. A porcentagem de fibrose foi maior nos grupos Chagas + DIPI (4,7 ± 0,4%) e Chagas + Placebo (5,4 ± 0,2%) quando comparados com o grupo controle + Placebo (3,2 ± 0,3%). Não houve diferença entre os grupos Chagas + DIPI e Chagas + Placebo em ambas as variáveis da histologia. Conclusões: O uso prolongado de DIPI em animais com CCC associou-se à significativa redução dos defeitos de perfusão miocárdica avaliados in vivo. Contudo, a resolução da isquemia microvascular mediante emprego de DIPI não impediu a progressão da disfunção ventricular esquerda. Esses resultados sugerem que a isquemia microvascular não seja um mecanismo lesivo miocárdico central no complexo fisiopatogênico neste modelo de CCC. É plausível supor que a isquemia microvascular seja um marcador da presença de processo lesivo subjacente, provavelmente de natureza inflamatória. / Chagas disease continues to be an important public health problem in endemic regions of Latin America, where 8 to 10 million infected people are estimated to live. Microvascular ischemia is frequent in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) and may be involved in the physiopathogenic processes that lead to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). The hypothesis is raised that reduction of microvascular ischemia may attenuate the progression of LVSD in CCC. Thus, our objective was to assess the effects of prolonged use of dipyridamole (DIPY), a coronary microvascular dilator agent, on myocardial perfusion and on left ventricular systolic function using imaging methods in vivo. A total of 60 adult female hamsters were divided into the following groups: T. cruzi-infected animals treated with DIPY (Chagas + DIPY, n=15); infected animals treated with placebo (Chagas + Placebo, n=15); uninfected animals treated with DIPY (Control + DIPY, n=15) and treated with placebo (Control + placebo, n=15). After 6 months of infection (baseline condition), the animals were submitted to an echocardiogram and to rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy by SPECT with SestamibiTc99m. Next, the animals were treated with intraperitoneal injections of DIPY (4 mg/kg) twice a day or with an equal volume of saline for 30 days. After treatment, the animals were reevaluated by the same imaging methods and euthanized. Cardiac tissue was prepared for quantitative histological analysis of the extent of fibrosis (picrosirius red staining) and of the inflammatory infiltrate (hematoxylin-eosin staining). At baseline, the group Chagas + placebo and Chagas + DIPY showed a larger area of perfusion defect (19.2 ± 5.4% and 20.9 ± 4.2%, respectively) compared to control + placebo and control + DIPY (3.8 ± 0.7% e 3.6 ± 0.9%, respectively), p<0.05, but similar left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), p=0.3, and left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVdD), p=0.2. After treatment, a significant reduction of perfusion defects was observed only in the Chagas + DIPY group (p=0.02). When the values after treatment were compared to baseline values, Chagas + DIPY and Chagas + placebo animals showed a reduction of LVEF (from 65.3 ± 2.5% to 53.6 ± 1.9% and from 69.3 ± 1.4% to 54.4 ± 2.%5, respectively), p<0.001, and an increase of LVdD from 0.68 ± 0,15 cm to 0.76 ± 0.17 cm and from 0.64 ± 0.01 cm to 0.70 ± 0,02 cm, respectively, p<0.002. Quantitative histological analysis revealed a larger number of nuclei of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the Chagas + DIPY (998.1 ± 116.0 cel/mm²) and Chagas + Placebo (1191.4 ± 133.2 cells/mm²) groups compared to the Control + DIPY (396.5 ± 28.3 cells/mm²) and Control + Placebo (257.1 ± 21.6 cells/mm²) groups, p=0.05. The percentage of fibrosis was higher in the Chagas + DIPY (4.7 ± 0.4%) and Chagas + Placebo (5.4 ± 0.2%) groups compared to the Control + Placebo group (3.2 ± 0.3%). There was no difference between the Chagas + DIPY and Chagas + Placebo groups regarding the two histological variables. Conclusions: The prolonged use of DIPY in animals with CCC was associated with a significant reduction of myocardial perfusion defects assessed in vivo. However, the resolution of microvascular ischemia with the use of DIPY did not prevent the progression of left ventricular dysfunction. These results suggest that microvascular ischemia may not be a central myocardial injury mechanism in the physiopathogenic complex of this CCC model. It is plausible to assume that microvascular ischemia may be a marker of the presence of an underlying injury process probably of an inflammatory nature.

Orientador: Wilson Nadruz Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T05:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_PauloRobertoAraujo_M.pdf: 976609 bytes, checksum: d5b069ade658cb23f9494d04dbbb255d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Pacientes hipertensos estão predispostos ao remodelamento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e frequentemente apresentam queda na função pulmonar quando comparados à população geral. Neste estudo investigamos a associação entre dados espirométricos e ecocardiográficos em indivíduos hipertensos não fumantes. Num estudo transversal, 107 pacientes hipertensos (60 mulheres) foram avaliados por análises clínicas, hemodinâmicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficos. A capacidade vital (CV), a capacidade vital forçada (CVF), o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), o volume expiratório forçado no sexto segundo (VEF6) e a relação VEF1\CVF foram medidos através de espirometria. Nas mulheres, o índice de massa do VE e a relação E\Em correlacionaram-se com variáveis espirométricas, enquanto que a espessura relativa da parede somente se correlacionou com o percentual de CVF previsto. Nos homens, somente o índice de massa do VE se correlacionou com variáveis espirométricas. Análise de regressão tipo stepwise mostrou que o índice de massa do VE não esteve associado com nemhum parâmetro espirométrico após ajuste para os potenciais confundidores nos homens, enquanto que CVF e VEF6 se associaram de maneira significativa com a massa do VE e a relação E\Em no sexo feminino. Entretanto, marcadores inflamatórios tais como Proteína C reativa plasmática e os níveis séricos de metaloproteinases 2 e 9 não influenciaram estas associações. Em conclusão, o declínio na função pulmonar está independentemente associado com maior massa e pior função diastólica do VE em mulheres hipertensas / Abstract: Hypertensive patients are predisposed to left ventricular (LV) remodeling and frequently exhibit decline in lung function as compared to the general population. Here, we investigated the association between spirometric and echocardiographic data in non-smoking hypertensive subjects. In a cross-sectional study, 107 hypertensive patients (60 women) were evaluated by clinical, hemodynamic, laboratory and echocardiographic analysis. Vital capacity, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1s (FEV1) and in 6s (FEV6) and FEV1/FVC ratio were estimated by spirometry. In women, LV mass index and E/Em ratio correlated with spirometric variables, while relative wall thickness only correlated with the percentage of predicted FVC. In men, only LV mass index correlated with spirometric variables. Stepwise regression analysis showed that LV mass index did not associate with any spirometric parameter after adjustment for potential confounders in men, while markers of restrictive and obstructive lung dysfunction, such as reduced FVC and FEV6, were significantly associated with LV mass and E/Em ratio in women. Furthermore, inflammatory markers such plasma C-reactive protein and matrix-metalloproteinases-2 and -9 levels did not influence these associations. In conclusion, decline in lung function is independently associated with higher LV mass and worse LV diastolic function in hypertensive women / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Orientador: Orlando Petrucci Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilveiraFilho_LindembergdaMota_D.pdf: 1928782 bytes, checksum: 24dd8ac7d49f06f428575796e647fec2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Introdução: O infarto do miocárdio pode levar a importante dilatação do ventrículo esquerdo, com piora da sua função. Inúmeras técnicas tem sido descritas para restaurar o ventrículo esquerdo a seu formato original e identificar fatores associados a sobrevida a longo prazo. Objetivos: Descrever experiência cirúrgica com a reconstrução ventricular utilizando a cirurgia de Dor modificada com uso de uma prótese rígida (DM) e a pacopexia ("septal anterior ventricular exclusion - SAVE") e avaliar a sobrevida de acordo com o índice de EuroSCORE. Materiais e Métodos: Entre 1999 e 2007, uma coorte de 80 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de reconstrução ventricular foram estudados. Houveram 53 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de Dor modificada com uso de prótese rígida (grupo DM) e 19 submetidos a pacopexia (grupo SAVE). Todos os pacientes tiveram seus dados demográficos, ecocardiográficos e cineangiocoronariografia e ventriculografia analisados. Os pacientes foram classificados em relação ao formato do ventrículo esquerdo como tipos I, II ou III. Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e regressão logística de Cox foram realizadas para analisar a sobrevida após reconstrução ventricular esquerda em ambas as técnicas. Resultados: Mortalidade operatória compatível com o índice de EuroSCORE foi comparável em ambos os grupos. Os dois grupos foram semelhantes na maioria dos dados clínicos, porém o grupo DM apresentou maior número de pacientes com balão intra-aórtico no pré-operatório (5,7% vs. 0,0 %; P < 0,01). O grupo DM apresentou melhora na classe funcional de ICC da NYHA e na fração de ejeção no pós-operatório. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier de acordo com o formato do ventrículo esquerdo de todos os pacientes mostraram sobrevida comparável, com discreto aumento de sobrevida no tipo I. Análise da sobrevida atuarial global de Kaplan-Meier mostrou sobrevida equivalente com ambas as técnicas em 12 anos de seguimento (71,5 12,3 vs. 46,6 20,5 anos; P= 0,08). Análise de Kaplan-Meier de acordo com o EuroSCORE mostrou diferenças nas três categorias analisadas, 0 a 10 %, 11 a 49 % e maior que 50% de mortalidade esperada em 12 anos de seguimento (70,9 16,2 vs. 67,5 12,7 vs. 53,0 15,5; P = 0,003). Conclusões: As operações de reconstrução ventricular esquerda realizadas por ambas as técnicas demonstraram resultados consistentes, com melhora da classe funcional de ICC de NYHA durante o período de seguimento. A técnica de DM demonstrou melhora na fração de ejeção e restauração do formato ventricular elíptico. A sobrevida foi semelhante para todos os tipos de formato ventricular e para ambas as técnicas aplicadas. O índice de EuroSCORE se revelou útil para análise de sobrevida tardia nas cirurgias de reconstrução ventricular / Abstract: Introduction: Myocardial infarction might result in dilated left ventricle and numerous techniques were described to restore the original left ventricle shape and identify tools for late survival assessment. The aim of this study is to describe our experience with surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) using modified Dor (MD) procedure using a rigid prosthesis and septal anterior ventricular exclusion (SAVE) procedure and evaluate the EuroSCORE index for late follow up survival. Material and Methods: Between 1999 to 2007, a cohort of 80 patients who underwent left ventricle restoration were evaluated. There were 53 patients who underwent modified Dor procedure with a rigid prosthesis (MD group) and 19 who underwent septal anterior ventricular exclusion procedure (SAVE group). All patients were analyzed for demographic, echocardiograph and catheterization data and were classified according to their left ventricle shape as type I, II or III. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard ratio regressions analyses were performed to assess survival after ventricular restoration surgery in both techniques. Expected surgical mortality according to EuroSCORE index was evaluated after 12 years of follow up. Results: Operative mortality was comparable in both groups ranked by EuroSCORE index. Both groups were comparable in the majority of clinical data, however the MD group showed more patient using intra aortic balloon pump before the surgery (5.7% vs. 0.0 %; P < 0.01). MD group showed improvement on NYHA functional class and ejection fraction. Kaplan-Meier analyses by left ventricle shape with all patients showed comparable survival, with a slight higher survival with type I. Kaplan-Meier analyses with all mortality showed equivalent survival curves with both techniques after 12 years of follow up (71.5 12.3 vs. 46.6 20.5 years; P = 0.08). Kaplan-Meier analyses by ranked EuroSCORE for all patients showed differences among the three ranked categories, i.e., 0 to 10 %, 11 to 49 % and higher than 50% expected surgical mortality after 12 years of follow up (70.9 16.2 vs. 67.5 12.7 vs. 53.0 15.5; P = 0.003). Conclusions: SVR performed by both techniques showed consistent results with significant improvement in NYHA functional class along follow up period. The MD procedure showed improvement in ejection fraction and left ventricle reshaping after long term follow up. Survival was comparable for all ventricular types and for both techniques applied. EuroSCORE index is a useful index for late survival assessment for surgical ventricular restoration / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutor em Ciências

Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular disease in the adult population. A significant aortic stenosis is a serious condition, and if a symptomatic patient is not operated on, it may in most cases cause death. We have examined how many aortic stenoses that were diagnosed during one year, and a follow-up of the patients was also performed. We found 77 patients with significant aortic stenosis with a mean age of 76±13 years. At the time of follow-up 30 (39%) patients, aged between 29-85 years, had been surgically treated with implantation of a valve prosthesis within 2-23 months after the initial examination. At this initial examination 14 of the 30 patients who later underwent surgery had no symptoms. A coronary bypass operation was also performed on seven patients. Postoperative complications were observed in six patients, but none of them was fatal. At the initial examinations there were 26 (34%) patients with a significant aortic stenosis and symptoms who were not treated surgically. The main reason why these patients were not operated was high age, unwillingness, or severe left ventricular dysfunction. This study indicates the importance of repeated clinical and echocardiograpic examinations in patients with aortic stenosis. Almost half of the patients, that later underwent surgery, had no symptoms at the initial examination, but later developed symptoms which made surgery necessary. In one third of the patients no surgery was performed in spite of clinical symptoms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Karenina .pdf: 1196939 bytes, checksum: 9d6eaaf58bdbbe9919dabd25f3ddbe65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease which causes overload to the right ventricle. The effect of preventive training on cardiac remodeling in this condition is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of preventive training on hypertrophy, heart function and gene expression of calcium transport proteins in rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sedentary control (S); trained control (T); sedentary monocrotaline (SM); trained monocrotaline (TM). The preventive training protocol was performed on a treadmill for 13 weeks, 5 times/week. The first two weeks were adopted for adaptation to training with gradual increases in speed/time. The speed of the physical training from the third to tenth weeks was gradually increased from 0.9km/h to 1.1km/h for 60 minutes. Next, monocrotaline was applied (60mg/Kg) to induce PAH and lactate threshold analysis performed to determine the training speeds. The training speed of the TM group in the following two weeks was 0.8km/h-60min and the T=0.9km/h-60min; in the final two weeks both groups trained at the same speed and duration 0.9km/h, 60 min. Cardiac function was assessed through echocardiography, ventricular hypertrophy through histomorphometric analysis and gene expression through RT-qPCR. Right cardiac function assessed through the peak flow velocity was SM=75.5cm/s vs. TM=92.0cm/s (p=0.001) and ventricular hypertrophy was SM=106.4µm² vs. TM=77.7µm² (p=0.004). There was a decrease in the gene expression of ryanodine was S=1.12au vs. SM=0.60au (p=0.02) without alterations due to training. Thus, we conclude that prior physical training exerts a cardioprotective effect on the right ventricle in the monocrotaline rat model. / A Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar (HAP) é uma doença crônica, que acarreta sobrecarga ao ventrículo direito e o efeito do treinamento preventivo na remodelação cardíaca nesta condição ainda é desconhecido. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do treinamento preventivo na hipertrofia, função cardíaca e na expressão gênica de proteínas do trânsito de cálcio em ratos com HAP induzida por monocrotalina. Foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar machos, distribuídos em 4 grupos: sedentário controle (S); treino controle (T); sedentário monocrotalina (SM); treino monocrotalina (TM). O protocolo de treino preventivo foi realizado em esteira por 13 semanas, 5vezes/semana. Houve 2 semanas de adaptação com aumento gradual velocidade/tempo. A velocidade do treinamento físico da terceira à décima semanas foi aumentado gradativamente de 0,9km/h à 1,1km/h por 60min. Então, foi aplicada monocrotalina (60mg/Kg) que induziu HAP e realizada análise do limiar de lactato para determinar as velocidades de treino. O TM nas 2 semanas seguintes foi 0,8km/h-60min e T 0,9km/h-60min; na última semana ambos com a mesma velocidade e duração 0,9km/h-60min. A função cardíaca foi avaliada por ecocardiograma, a hipertrofia ventricular por análise histomorfométrica e a expressão gênica por RT-qPCR. A função cardíaca direita avaliada pela pico de velocidade de fluxo foi de SM=75,5cm/s vs. TM=92,0cm/s (p=0,001) e hipertrofia ventricular foi SM=106,4µm² vs. TM=77,7µm² (p=0,004). Houve diminuição da expressão gênica da rianodina, S=1,12ua vs. SM=0,60ua (p=0,02) sem alterações desta com o treinamento. Desta forma, concluímos que o treinamento físico prévio exerce efeito cardioprotetor ao ventrículo direito em ratos modelo monocrotalina.