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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van die huidige studie was om kruis-kulturele verskille ten opsigte van direkte en indirekte aggressie tussen Xhosa, Zulu, Kleurling en Blanke Suid-Afrikaanse studente te bestudeer. 'n Totaal van 832 studente het die Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire (RCRQ), 'n vraelys wat direkte en indirekte aggressie meet, voltooi. Die Kleurling-deelnemers het beduidend-hoër vlakke van direkte aggressie gerapporteer as enige van die ander groepe. Die Zulu-deelnemers het beduidend-hoër vlakke van indirekte aggressie as beide die Xhosa- of Kleurling-deelnemers gerapporteer. Geen beduidende geslagsverskille kon vasgestel word nie. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat kultuur 'n groter bepaler van verskille ten opsigte van aggressiewe gedrag was as geslag van die deelnemers. Daar word vertrou dat die resultate van die huidige studie 'n bydra sal maak tot die effektiewe bestuur van aggressie in Suid-Afrika, asook tot die bevordering van internasionale begrip vir die kulturele diversiteit van die land. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : The primary aim of the present study was to examine cross-cultural differences in direct and indirect aggression between Xhosa, Zulu, Coloured and White South African students. A total of 832 students completed the Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire (RCRQ), a measure of direct and indirect aggression. The Coloured participants reported using significantly higher levels of direct aggression than any of the other cultural groups involved. The Zulu participants reported using significantly more indirect aggression than their Xhosa or Coloured counterparts. No significant gender differences could be established. It was concluded that culture was more predictive of differences in aggressive behaviour than was sex of the participants. It is hoped that these results may contribute towards the effective management of aggression in South Africa and assist in promoting international understanding of the cultural diversity in this country.

Šio darbo tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti patiriamo perdegimo sindromo dažnumą ir intensyvumą tiriamųjų tarpe bei nustatyti jo ryšį su asmenybės bruožais bei patiriama žodine agresija darbe. Tyrime dalyvavo 220 tiriamųjų iš dviejų Lietuvos įmonių, kurių darbo specifika yra klientų aptarnavimas. Perdegimas buvo vertinamas Maslach perdegimo sindromo klausimynu, kurį sudarė 22 teiginiai, matuojantys emocinį išsekimą, depersonalizaciją ir asmeninius laimėjimus (Maslach, Jackson, 1981). Patiriama žodinė agresija darbe vertinama, uždavus tris klausimus (Grandey et al., 2007). Asmenybės bruožai vertinami naudojant NEO PI-R asmenybės klausimyno lietuviškosios versijos (Žukauskienė, Barkauskienė, 2006) sutrumpintą variantą. Tyrimo duomenimis, perdegti labiau linkę nesusituokę, aukštesnį išsilavinimą turintys bei jaunesnio amžiaus asmenys, darbuotojai, bendraujantys su klientais telefonu. Neurotiški ir pasižymintys mažesniu sutariamumu darbuotojai bei patiriantys žodinę agresiją darbe labiau linkę emociškai išsekti bei patirti depersonalizaciją, t. y. perdegti. Taip pat daroma išvada, jog emocinį išsekimą labiausiai galima numatyti iš neurotizmo, o depersonalizaciją – iš klientų patiriamos žodinės agresijos. / The purpose of the study was to assess the frequency and intensity of burnout and evaluate the links between burnout, personality traits, and verbal abuse at work. The sample group was 220 respondents from two Lithuanian companies that work in customers’ service fields. Burnout was measured with Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach, Jackson, 1981), which consisted of 22 items measuring emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Verbal abuse was assessed with 3 questions (Grandey et al., 2007). Personality traits were measured with shortcut version of the Lithuanian NEO PI-R version (Žukauskienė, Barkauskienė, 2006). The results showed that singles, younger, and higher educated people, or employees who have customer contacts by phone are more likely to burn out compare to others. Employees who are higher in neuroticism and lower in agreeableness, and who experiencing verbal aggression at work are more likely to burn out. Thus, emotional exhaustion could be predicted by neuroticism, while depersonalization – by customer verbal aggression more than personality traits.

The diploma thesis is of theoretic-empirical character, with focus on aggression in children at middle school level. The First part describes theory, typology and development phases of aggression. The thesis also deals with the periods of pubescence. Attention is given to oddities in aggressive expressions of children in the pubescence period. Furthermore gives information about possible causes of aggression. The thesis deals also with prevention and possibilities of handling aggression. Connected with the thesis is the practical part which is made using survey research. Results are written down and compared with the in advance stated hypothesis.

Through a content analysis, the proposed thesis examines instances of social and verbal aggression within the 2016 US presidential primary and general election debates. Previous studies regarding social aggression have shown that its primary use has been to "œget ahead" in competitive and hostile environments. While acts of social and verbal aggression have been analyzed in interpersonal behavior and mediated entertainment scholarship, it has yet to be examined in the political spectrum, where candidates engage in clash to suppress their opponents. The current study argues that analyzing social and verbal aggression in televised political debates will help broaden the concept of political clash and provide foundational material to the study of this behavioral and rhetorical trend in American political communication. Additionally, examining social aggression at the political stage will encourage further research examining voters' attitudes towards similar political discourse and the cognitive effects that social aggression has on audiences.Sampling two debates from each primary debate segment (Republican and Democratic) and general election debates, the study was able to compare results across debate segments, as well as longitudinally within debate segments. The analysis found that aggression increased longitudinally. Although the Republican primary debates featured more aggression than the Democratic debates, forms of social and verbal aggression were very similar between the two. As was expected, the general election debates included more aggression than the two primary debate segments combined. Donald Trump was the greatest perpetrator of aggression among all primary and general election candidates.

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