Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA046.pdf: 222756 bytes, checksum: e5b049fb6132a0003aa0fc7a5e3cb70b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-03 / This dissertation aimed to understand the natural regeneration pattern of tree species in the understory of an ecotonal forest, in Upper Uruguay region, in Santa Catarina State. For this, the description of the regenerative component was conducted along the forest vertical profile and in function of topographic position. On a slope next to the water reservoir of Barra Grande dam, in Pelotas river, in the municipality of Capão Alto, 30 sampling units (s.u.) were stratified-systematically allocated, 10 m apart each other in each stratum, in sectors defined in function of topographic position: lower stratum (10 s.u.), on the reservoir margin, intermediary stratum (10 s.u.), on the middle of slope, and upper stratum (10 s.u.), next to the ridge. The sampling units areas differed in function of plant sizes: Class 1 (plants with height greater than 0.2 m up to 1m, s.u. = 5m2), Class 2 (plants greater than 1 up to 3 m high), Class 3 (plant with height greater than 3 m and circumference at breast height, cbh<15,7cm, s.u. = 20m2). Adult component information for the same sampling units were extracted from the database of Dendrology and Phytosociology Laboratory (LABDENDRO) of Santa Catarina State University. In general, the results demonstrated floristic- variation of regenerative component in function of the occupied position in vertical profile of forestand on the slope. The greatest richness and diversity were observed for Class 2 and, for the whole component, on intermediary and upper topographic sectors. Along the vertical profile of forest, the adults showed a greater floristic similarity with Class 1. Regarding topographic sectors, it was observed that the lower sector was the most distinct and homogeneous than the other. It is concluded that the floristic-structural organization of regenerative component did not occur homogeneously in the area and soil conditions / A presente dissertação objetivou entender o padrão de regeneração natural de espécies arbóreas no sub-bosque de uma floresta ecotonal, na região do Alto Uruguai, no Estado de Santa Catarina. Para isto foi realizada a caracterização florística-estrutural do componente regenerativo ao longo do perfil vertical da floresta e em função da posição topográfica no relevo. A amostragem foi realizada em uma encosta junto ao reservatório formado pela represa Barra Grande, no rio Pelotas, no Município de Capão Alto, onde foram alocadas 30 unidades amostrais (u.a.) de forma estratificada-sistemática, distanciadas 10 m em entre si em cada estrato, em setores definido em função da posição topográfica: setor inferior (10 u.a.), na margem do reservatório, setor intermediário (10 u.a.), no meio da encosta e setor superior (10 u.a.), próximo ao topo da encosta. Os tamanhos das unidades amostrais diferiram em função do tamanho das plantas: Classe 1 (plantas com altura de 0,2 à 1m, u.a. = 5m2), Classe 2 (plantas maiores que 1 à 3m de altura, u.a. = 10m2) e Classe 3 (plantas com altura >3m e com CAP<15,7cm, u.a. = 20m2). Informações sobre o componente adulto referentes às mesmas u.a. foram extraídas do banco de dados do Laboratório de Dendrologia e Fitossociologia da UDESC (LABDENDRO). De forma geral, os resultados demonstraram que o componente regenerativo apresenta variações florísticas-estruturais e de diversidade em função da posição que o ocupa no perfil vertical da floresta e na encosta. A maior riqueza e diversidade foram observadas na Classe 2, e considerando todo o componente regenerativo, nos setores topográficos intermediário e superior. Ao longo do perfil vertical da floresta, o componente adulto apresentou a maior similaridade com a Classe 1. Em relação aos setores topográficos, observou-se que o setor inferior foi o mais distinto e homogêneo em relação aos demais. Conclui-se que a organização florística-estrutural do componente regenerativo não ocorreu de forma homogênea na área, o que pode ser reflexo das diferentes estratégias de vida das espécies arbóreas e de condições edáficas

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a variação da temperatura e umidade do ar em função: a) das diferentes exposições e declividades de vertentes; b) das diferenças entre a vegetação e o perfil hídrico do solo no espaço tridimensional (vertical e horizontal) da bacia B do núcleo Cunha do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi realizado com base no conceito de ritmo apoiado pelo trabalho de campo buscando relações consistentes entre atributos e controles climáticos. Foi realizado o monitoramento de temperatura e umidade do ar com freqüência de amostragem de 15 minutos durante o inverno de 2008 ao outono de 2009. Os dados registrados foram analisados e relacionados aos controles climáticos de superfície e com os sistemas atmosféricos atuantes para três níveis isobáricos: superfície, 500 hPa e 250 hPa. Dos cruzamentos entre os vários produtos obtiveram-se diversos mapas e diagramas espaço-tempo que representam a estrutura espacial e vertical dos atributos climáticos. Os resultados apontam para a importância do relevo nos ritmos climáticos, relacionados aos processos que são derivados, com as vertentes SW mais frias e úmidas e com ritmos mais lentos em relação às vertentes NE. Os vales apresentam as maiores amplitudes e ritmo mais rápido, enquanto os topos o oposto. Sobre o vale os nevoeiros são freqüentes, bem como a formação de orvalho e geada, enquanto os topos estão normalmente livres desses fenômenos. A comparação dos microclimas revelaram que o dossel mais aberto apresenta ritmos mais variáveis, regulados pela presença-ausência do Sol, enquanto que dentro da floresta o ritmo é mais harmônico, regulado pela biomassa e lentos fluxos de água no solo. Revelou ainda pela análise tridimensional que o perfil vertical dos atributos climáticos é determinado pelas características do dossel, pelo perfil hídrico do solo e da posição topográfica. Sob situações de calor extremo a transpiração das árvores é importante para a manutenção da umidade dentro da floresta, dificultando também a elevação da temperatura nestes ambientes. / The objective of this work was to evaluate air temperature and humidity variations related to: a) different hillslope orientations and gradients; b) differences between vegetation types and soil moisture profile in tridimensional space (vertical and horizontal). The study area was a drainage microbasin called Basin B, located at Núcleo Cunha do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, eastern São Paulo state. The study was based on the rhythm concept, supported by field work, in order to find consistent relationship between climatic attributes and controls. It was performed an air temperature and humidity monitoring in a sampling frequency of 15 minutes, from winter of 2008 to fall of 2009. The collected data were analyzed and then associated with climatic surface controls and atmospheric systems at 3 isobaric levels: surface, 500 hPa and 250 hPa. Maps and space-time diagrams, representing the spatial and vertical structure of climatic attributes, were obtained by the crossing analyses of all data. Results pointed out the importance of landforms on the control of climatic rhythms and associated processes. Southwestern hillslopes are colder and more humid, presenting slower rhythms if compared with NE hillslopes. Valleys present higher amplitudes and rhythm speed if compared with tops. Over the valleys, the occurrence of fog, dew and frost are frequent, but these processes arent registered on the tops. Comparison between different microclimates revealed that the opened canopy present more variable rythms, regulated by presence-absence of sunlight. Inside the forest the rhythm are more harmonic, being regulated by biomass and slow subsurface water flows. Also, the tridimensional analysis revealed that the vertical profile of climatic attributes is determined by canopy structure, soil moisture profile and topographical position. Under extreme heat situation, tree transpiration is very important to keep the humidity inside the forest, preventing the elevation of temperatures in these environments.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-21T22:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Luciana_Barros_Pinto.pdf: 788461 bytes, checksum: 91031890e85094911f326f58561b6c67 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-21T22:45:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Luciana_Barros_Pinto.pdf: 788461 bytes, checksum: 91031890e85094911f326f58561b6c67 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T22:45:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Luciana_Barros_Pinto.pdf: 788461 bytes, checksum: 91031890e85094911f326f58561b6c67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-11 / Sem bolsa / Nesse trabalho, foi feito um estudo das características radiativas e morfológicas, utilizando a técnica ForTrACC (Vila, 2004) e um estudo do ambiente sinótico e dos perfis verticais de algumas variáveis, utilizando o modelo BRAMS, do caso de Sistema Convectivo de Mesoescala (SCM) mais precipitante sobre o Rio Grande do Sul, ocorrido entre novembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003. O caso selecionado foi o do dia 19 e 20/02/2003, onde apenas um sistema foi o responsável pela precipitação registrada nas estações meteorológicas em superfície. Esse teve o ciclo de vida de 23 horas, com início às 13 UTC do dia 19/02/03, maturação às 04 UTC e dissipação às 11:30 UTC do dia 20/02/03. Durante todo esse período, apresentou topos frios com núcleos com temperatura abaixo de 210 K. Ficou evidenciado também, que o sistema teve um comportamento semelhante ao modelo conceitual, onde primeiro sofre uma forte convecção, atingindo valores menores de temperatura, para depois se expandir no estágio de maturação. Pode-se concluir que a relação entre a temperatura mínima sobre as estações que foram mais afetadas pelo sistema, e a precipitação registrada em superfície foi inversa, com os maiores valores de precipitação coincidindo com os menores valores de temperatura mínima. Pela simulação feita com o modelo BRAMS, com saídas de 1 em 1 hora, pode-se detalhar todo o ambiente sinótico onde o SCM encontrava-se durante seu ciclo de vida, sendo capaz de reproduzir as condições favoráveis para sua iniciação, desenvolvimento e dissipação. Também foi possível descrever o comportamento dos perfis verticais do vento, umidade específica, velocidade vertical e temperatura potencial equivalente, para cada etapa do ciclo de vida do sistema. / In this work, it was made a study of a Convective Mesoscale System(CMS) more precipitant on Rio Grande do Sul, occurred between November 2002 and February of 2003, where it was analyzed the: i) radioactive and morphologic characteristics the CMS, using the technique ForTrACC (Torres, 2004) and ii) sinoptic environment and vertical profiles of some meteorological variables, using BRAMS model. The selected case occurred on 19 and 20 February 2003, where just one system was the responsible for the precipitation registered in the meteorological stations in surface. This CMS had a life cycle of 23 hours, with beginning at 13 UTC from 02/19/03, maturation at 04 UTC from 02/20/03 and dissipation at 11:30 UTC from 02/20/03. During that whole period, it presented cold tops with nuclei with temperature below 210 K. It was evidenced also, that the system had similar behavior to the conceptual model, where first suffers a strong convection, reaching smaller values of temperature, for later to expand in the maturation phase. It can be ended that the relationship between the minimum temperature on the stations that were more affected for the system, and the precipitation registered in surface was inverse, with the higher precipitation values coinciding with the smallest values of minimum temperature. For the simulation made with the BRAMS model, using an interval of exits of 1 hour, could be detailed the whole synoptic environment where CMS was during its life cycle, being able to reproduce the favorable conditions for its initiation, development and dissipation. It was also possible to describe the behavior of the vertical wind profiles, specific humidity, vertical speed and equivalent potential temperature, for each stage of the system life cycle.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a variação da temperatura e umidade do ar em função: a) das diferentes exposições e declividades de vertentes; b) das diferenças entre a vegetação e o perfil hídrico do solo no espaço tridimensional (vertical e horizontal) da bacia B do núcleo Cunha do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi realizado com base no conceito de ritmo apoiado pelo trabalho de campo buscando relações consistentes entre atributos e controles climáticos. Foi realizado o monitoramento de temperatura e umidade do ar com freqüência de amostragem de 15 minutos durante o inverno de 2008 ao outono de 2009. Os dados registrados foram analisados e relacionados aos controles climáticos de superfície e com os sistemas atmosféricos atuantes para três níveis isobáricos: superfície, 500 hPa e 250 hPa. Dos cruzamentos entre os vários produtos obtiveram-se diversos mapas e diagramas espaço-tempo que representam a estrutura espacial e vertical dos atributos climáticos. Os resultados apontam para a importância do relevo nos ritmos climáticos, relacionados aos processos que são derivados, com as vertentes SW mais frias e úmidas e com ritmos mais lentos em relação às vertentes NE. Os vales apresentam as maiores amplitudes e ritmo mais rápido, enquanto os topos o oposto. Sobre o vale os nevoeiros são freqüentes, bem como a formação de orvalho e geada, enquanto os topos estão normalmente livres desses fenômenos. A comparação dos microclimas revelaram que o dossel mais aberto apresenta ritmos mais variáveis, regulados pela presença-ausência do Sol, enquanto que dentro da floresta o ritmo é mais harmônico, regulado pela biomassa e lentos fluxos de água no solo. Revelou ainda pela análise tridimensional que o perfil vertical dos atributos climáticos é determinado pelas características do dossel, pelo perfil hídrico do solo e da posição topográfica. Sob situações de calor extremo a transpiração das árvores é importante para a manutenção da umidade dentro da floresta, dificultando também a elevação da temperatura nestes ambientes. / The objective of this work was to evaluate air temperature and humidity variations related to: a) different hillslope orientations and gradients; b) differences between vegetation types and soil moisture profile in tridimensional space (vertical and horizontal). The study area was a drainage microbasin called Basin B, located at Núcleo Cunha do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, eastern São Paulo state. The study was based on the rhythm concept, supported by field work, in order to find consistent relationship between climatic attributes and controls. It was performed an air temperature and humidity monitoring in a sampling frequency of 15 minutes, from winter of 2008 to fall of 2009. The collected data were analyzed and then associated with climatic surface controls and atmospheric systems at 3 isobaric levels: surface, 500 hPa and 250 hPa. Maps and space-time diagrams, representing the spatial and vertical structure of climatic attributes, were obtained by the crossing analyses of all data. Results pointed out the importance of landforms on the control of climatic rhythms and associated processes. Southwestern hillslopes are colder and more humid, presenting slower rhythms if compared with NE hillslopes. Valleys present higher amplitudes and rhythm speed if compared with tops. Over the valleys, the occurrence of fog, dew and frost are frequent, but these processes arent registered on the tops. Comparison between different microclimates revealed that the opened canopy present more variable rythms, regulated by presence-absence of sunlight. Inside the forest the rhythm are more harmonic, being regulated by biomass and slow subsurface water flows. Also, the tridimensional analysis revealed that the vertical profile of climatic attributes is determined by canopy structure, soil moisture profile and topographical position. Under extreme heat situation, tree transpiration is very important to keep the humidity inside the forest, preventing the elevation of temperatures in these environments.

Phenomenon of industrial grounds placed near residential areas can be frequently detected in European cities, which may cause decrease of air quality in these areas. The aim of this diploma thesis is to determine level of concentration and size distribution of aerosol in the planetary boundary layer above the residential area and industrial complex of Škoda auto a.s. in Mladá Boleslav city by using remotely controlled airship. Thereby, the thesis extends terrestrial experiment realized in February and March 2013 which revealed no significant impact of industry and traffic on air quality. Size distribution and concentration of aerosol particles in range from 11.5nm to 10µm with integration time one second or one minute (depending on measure mode - SINGLE or SCAN) was measured by two aerosol spectrometers placed in dirigible gondola during 13 flights on February 11, 2015. SINGLE mode lead the airship in one stable flight level during one flight above residential area and industrial complex of Škoda auto a.s. Whereas SCAN mode changed flight level every two minutes during the flight of airship above sports fields in residential zone only. Exhausts of car painting halls and place of automobile loading were identified as the sources of nanoparticles, PM1 a PM2.5 and coarse aerosol in the industrial area...

Studien handlade om att belysa hur UAV:s kan komma till nytta i meteorologisk forskning och att ta reda på hur bra drönare är på att mäta meteorologiska storheter. Drönare, som också kallas UAV:s (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) är mindre obemmanade luftfartyg som kan flyga autonomt eller fjärrstyras. Idag används drönare alltmer i meteorologi vilket beror mycket på den tekniska utvecklingen. Exempel på meteorologiska applikationer är mätning av vindhastighet och koncentrationen av koldioxid i luften som kan användas för att studera de lägsta atmosfäriska skikten. Storheter som mättes i detta projekt var vindhastighet, vindriktning, temperatur och relativ fuktighet på olika höjder. Mätningarna gjordes två gånger i en mätstation i Marsta, som ligger utanför Uppsala. Efteråt jämfördes datan från drönaren med data från en instrumenterad mast vid väderstationen. Resultaten visade att drönarens vindprofiler stämde ganska väl överens med mastens vindprofiler och den logaritmiska vindlagen. Under den första fältmätningen uppskattade drönaren att vindhastigheten var 8.13 ± 1.33 m/s vid hovring på tio meters höjd medan masten angav 8.41 ± 0.958 m/s. Drönarens mätvärden för vindriktningen var ibland bra och ibland mindre bra. Mätvärdena för temperaturen och den relativa fuktigheten avvek med upp mot 1 ◦C respektive 10 procentenheter. / The aim of this report was to study how UAV:s can be applied in meteorological research and find out how good drones are at measuring meteorological parameters. A drone, also known as an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is a smaller unmanned aircraft that can fly autonomously or under remote control. Today, drones are used more frequently in meteorology, mostly due to the recent technological development. Examples of meteorological applications include measurements of wind speed and the amount of carbon dioxide in the air which can be used to analyze the lower parts of the atmosphere. In this project, the wind speed and its direction, the temperature and the relative humidity were measured at different heights. The measurements took place twice in Marsta which is a field station outside Uppsala. Then, the data from the drone was compared to the data from a weather tower at the instrumented station. The results showed that the drone’s wind profiles were relatively similar to the profiles according to the tower and the logarithmic wind profiles. For instance, during the first flight the drone estimated the wind speed to be 8.13 ± 1.33 m/s while hovering ten metres above the ground. The tower measured 8.41 ± 0.958 m/s at the same height. The drone’s estimations of the wind direction were sometimes accurate and sometimes not accurate. The temperature and relative humidity however was different by 1 ◦C and ten percentage units respectively.

The rate at which a railway track deteriorates depends on the response of the track under different static and repeated dynamic forces. These wheel/rail forces lead to imperfections in the rail surface and deviation in track geometry alignment. The wheel/rail forces are dependent upon the quality of maintenance of the characteristics of both train and track. If train components such as wheelsets and suspensions are maintained to a high standard, less dynamic forces are generated at the wheel/rail interface and less damage is caused over time. Therefore, the amount and cost of maintenance of track are reduced. However, there is little known about how the characteristics of train components affect time-dependent track degradation. Track degradation through deviation of track from its ideal position has the most effect on maintenance costs. Therefore, the present research aims to investigate this track degradation and improve understanding of the effects of train characteristics (such as train mass and speed, suspension stiffness and damping) on railway tracks. The research is conducted by looking into the relationship between wheel/rail forces and track degradation on one hand and between wheel/rail forces and train characteristics on the other hand, with the objective of assisting in managing vehicle/track interaction in order to minimise track degradation. This aim is achieved by investigating the above two relationships to attain the desired relationship between track degradation and train characteristics. The research focuses on wheel/rail vertical forces (both amplitudes and frequencies), vertical track alignment (longitudinal vertical profile), and rail head defects. The study started by collecting wheel/rail vertical forces data in addition to data on vertical track degradation under sustained traffic loads on a heavy haul railway section of track in Central Queensland. Also, five years of degradation and maintenance history data were collected on three other test sections of railway track under variety of traffic conditions and loads in Central Queensland. There were four main analyses of this data employed to probe the study. The first analysis was performed by examining the track degradation history data. The standard deviation method was used in this first analysis to acquire the rate of deterioration in terms of its relationship to track profile (roughness). The second analysis was accomplished by correlating the vertical wheel/rail forces to both vertical track profile and rail roughness using signal processing principles and a function know as coherence. The third analysis was carried out by using the computer simulation software NUCARS to obtain the link between wheel/rail forces and the deterioration of the vertical track profile. The fourth analysis was achieved by combining the results obtained from the above three analyses to acquire the rate of track deterioration in terms of its relationship to varying train characteristics. The first analysis mentioned above quantified the relationship between the level of roughness of the track and rate at which that roughness deteriorated. An important outcome of this relationship is that there is a threshold of roughness below which track deterioration is minimal. The track maintenance planners can now use that threshold for cost effective targeting of tamping activities. The correlation study between track roughness and wheel/rail forces using the coherence function found, surprisingly, that the overall deterioration of the track roughness, in the absence of frequencies of forces above 30 Hz, is due to the so-called quasi-static lower frequency oscillations of dynamic forces. This conclusion together with the relationship between vehicle characteristics and track forces, established in the analyses above, has significant implications for the design of wagon bogies and for charges track owners might levy on trains using their tracks. This research is part of a larger Rail CRC project 11/4 called 'Enhancing the Optimisation of Maintenance/Renewal' being carried out in the School of Urban Development in Queensland University of Technology.