Les polymersomes sont des vésicules dont la membrane est formée d'une bicouche de polymères amphiphiles. Les polymersomes dits stimulables sont particulièrement étudiés de nos jours pour leurs propriétés de relargage contrôlé. Ces propriétés peuvent être ajustées simplement en variant la nature chimique du polymère constituant la membrane vésiculaire.Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à des polymersomes originaux, assemblés à partir de copolymères cristaux liquides. Ces copolymères comprennent un bloc cristal liquide hydrophobe et un bloc poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrophile. Les cristaux liquides sont des entités particulièrement intéressantes pour leur capacité d'auto-assemblage et leurs réponses aux stimuli physiques tels la température, les champs magnétiques et la lumière.Plusieurs types de polymersomes basés sur des copolymères cristaux liquides ont été étudiés en température et en champ magnétique. L'effet thermique est drastique, perturbant totalement la morphologie vésiculaire au dessus d’une température critique. Différents hybrides de nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer et de polymères cristaux liquides ont aussi été examinés dans le but d’induire un chauffage local par hyperthermie magnétique.Enfin, nous décrivons la synthèse de copolymères amphiphiles cristaux liquides biodégradables incluant des motifs cholesterol. L'auto-assemblage de ces molécules en milieu aqueux a permis la formation de nanoparticules bien définies et prometteuses pour des applications de relargage en milieu biologique. / Polymersomes are vesicles whose bilayer is made of amphiphilic polymers. Stimuli responsive polymersomes are nowadays increasingly studied for their encapsulation properties and ability to release their content upon stimulation. Such smart polymersomes can be designed by using appropriate responsive building blocks.In the present study, we were interested in studying thermoresponsive and biodegradable polymersomes made of liquid crystalline (LC) amphiphilic copolymers. LC polymers represent here the hydrophobic block while the hydrophilic block consists in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). LC polymers are very good self-assocative building blocks and are intrinsically responsive to physical stimuli such as temperature, light and magnetic fields.We report here the investigation of temperature effects on liquid crystalline and non liquid crystalline polymersomes. Temperature was shown to alter dramatically LC polymersomes morphology above a critical thermal threshold. Hybrid colloids made of iron oxide nanoparticles and amphiphilic liquid crystalline copolymers were also studied with the aim of applying a magnetically induced local heating.Finally, we designed biodegradable liquid crystalline copolymers based on cholesterol. Their self assembly in water gave access to very well defined nanoparticles that could be promising for bioapplications.

<p>Flaviviruses are enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that are spread by mosquitoes and ticks and can cause serious disease in humans. Flavivirus virions undergo extensive structural changes during their life cycle, including during maturation and fusion. Flaviviruses are initially assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum in a non-infectious, immature state, and then traffic to the trans-Golgi network, where a pH drop triggers a structural rearrangement of glycoproteins prM and E on the virus surface from 60 trimers to 90 dimers. A host protease, furin, then cleaves prM which makes the transition irreversible. Upon exiting the host cell, pr disassociates from the virus and the infectious, mature virus is able to enter a new cell. <br></p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>In Chapter 1, an overview of flaviviruses is presented, including a brief history of their discovery and interaction with humans, followed by what is known about their life cycle and the maturation process. The structure of a mature flavivirus is then described, including the symmetrical arrangement of glycoproteins on the virion surface, the lipid membrane, and the nucleocapsid core, followed by an introduction of the structural proteins that assemble into the virion. The structure of the immature flavivirus is then described. The chapter concludes with a description of the dynamics and heterogeneity observed for flaviviruses.</p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>The conformational rearrangements that occur during flavivirus maturation remain unclear. The structures of immature and mature flaviviruses determined with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) demonstrated that flaviviruses are icosahedral particles with 180 copies of glycoproteins on their surface. Icosahedral viruses typically have a quasi-equivalent arrangement of glycoproteins, but flaviviruses lack quasi-equivalence and instead the three subunits within an asymmetric unit occupy different chemical environments. Although the subunits are the same proteins, the unique environment of each subunit can be exploited for tracking subunits during conformational rearrangements. For example, the unique labeling of a subunit can be used to identify it in the immature and mature virion.</p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>In Chapter 2, the maturation process was studied by developing tools to differentially label protein subunits and trap potential intermediates of maturation. The tools included heavy-atom compounds and antibody Fabs, which were used to probe Kunjin virus (KUNV), an Australian subtype of West Nile virus (WNV). One heavy-atom compound, potassium tetranitroplatinate(II), was found to derivatize immature KUNV, likely at sites on both E and prM. Higher-resolution studies will be required to determine if the compound differentially labeled the three subunits. The other tool developed was the E16 Fab. E16 Fab, originally isolated from a mouse immunized with WNV E and found to bind to two out of three subunits on mature WNV, was used to differentially label subunits in immature KUNV. Based on poor epitope accessibility on immature KUNV, E16 Fab was hypothesized to trap an intermediate state of maturation. In the cryo-EM reconstruction of E16 Fab bound to immature KUNV it was found that the virion had localized distorted density and apparent non-uniform binding of the E16 Fab. Based on this result it was proposed that flaviviruses had imperfect icosahedral symmetry. <br></p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>The structural asymmetry of immature and mature flaviviruses was investigated in Chapter 3. Icosahedral symmetry has always been imposed during cryo-EM reconstructions of flaviviruses, as it led to stable convergence of orientations. When reconstructions of immature KUNV and ZIKV were performed without imposing symmetry, the reconstructions showed that the flaviviruses had an eccentric nucleocapsid core, which was positioned closer to the membrane at one pole. At the opposite pole, the glycoprotein and inner leaflet densities were weak and distorted. Furthermore, there were protrusions from the core that contacted the transmembrane helices of the glycoproteins. In the asymmetric reconstruction of mature KUNV, the core was positioned concentric with the glycoprotein shell, in contrast to the immature virion, indicating that maturation alters the interactions between the core and the glycoproteins. The asymmetric reconstructions suggested that there is variable contact between the core and glycoproteins during assembly, which may be due to membrane curvature restrictions in the budding process. </p> <p> </p> <p><br></p><p>In Chapter 4, extracellular vesicles (EVs) that were released during dengue virus (DENV) infection were characterized by mass spectrometry. EVs may play a significant role in flavivirus infection, as they have been shown to transport both viral proteins and infectious RNA. EVs likely represent alternative modes of virus transmission and aid in immune evasion. However, previous studies on EVs are controversial because EVs are potential contaminated during assays by co-purifying virions and other particulates. The identification of EV biomarkers would greatly reduce contamination because biomarkers would enable isolation of pure EVs by affinity purification. Therefore, a strategy was developed to isolate EVs and profile them with proteomics. The four proteins cystatin-A, filamin B, fibrinogen beta chain, and endothelin converting enzyme 1 were found to be statistically enriched in the DENV sample and represent potential EV biomarkers. </p> <p> </p>

abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles that are abundantly secreted in the circulation system by most cells and can be found in most biological fluids. Among different EV subtypes, exosomes are small particles (30 – 150 nm) that are generated through the double invagination of the lipid bilayer membrane of cell. Therefore, they mirror the cell membrane proteins and contain proteins, RNAs, and DNAs that can represent the phenotypic state of their cell of origin, hence considered promising biomarker candidates. Importantly, in most pathological conditions, such as cancer and infection, diseased cells secrete more EVs and the disease associated exosomes have shown great potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease staging, and treatment monitoring. However, using EVs as diagnostic or prognostic tools in the clinic is hindered by the lack of a rapid, sensitive, purification-free technique for their isolation and characterization. Developing standardized assays that can translate the emerging academic EV biomarker discoveries to clinically relevant procedures is a bottleneck that have slowed down advancements in medical research. Integrating widely known immunoassays with plasmonic sensors has shown the promise to detect minute amounts of antigen present in biological sample, based on changes of ambient optical refractive index, and achieve ultra-sensitivity. Plasmonic sensors take advantage of the enhanced interaction of electromagnetic radiations with electron clouds of plasmonic materials at the dielectric-metal interface in tunable wavelengths. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2020

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22507号 / 農博第2411号 / 新制||農||1078(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5287(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 栗原 達夫, 教授 植田 充美, 教授 山口 信次郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

Recent pharmaceutical developments have investigated using supramolecular nanoparticles in order to increase the bioavailability and solubility of drugs delivered in various methods. Modification of the carbohydrate cyclodextrin increases the ability to encapsulate hydrophobic pharmaceutical molecules by forming a carrier with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic exterior. Guest molecules are commonly added to these inclusion complexes in order to add stability and further increase targeting abilities of the carriers. One such guest molecule is adamantine combined with a poly(ethylene glycol) chain. Vesicles are formed by hydrating a thin film of amphiphilic cyclodextrin and guest molecules in buffer solution that mimics physiological conditions. The solution is subject to freeze-thaw cycles and extrusion, and the complexes are separated out via size exclusion chromatography. Dynamic Light Scattering instrumentation is used to observe the particle size distribution. Cargo release can be observed in fluorescent dye-loaded vesicles by addition of a membrane-cleaving agent under a fluorimeter instrument. Future work involving this drug delivery technology includes synthesizing a chemically sensitive guest that will cleave in the presence of an intra-cellular anti-oxidant, and finally observing the uptake of these vesicles into live cells and testing the delivery of cargo in vitro under physiological conditions.

Content: The wastewater after the fatliquoring process contains the surfactants, neutral salts and unspent or unbound oil. This is predominantly attributed to the manner in which fatliquors are prepared. The oil in water emulsions (fatliquors) are prepared through chemical modification of oils along with surface active agents that would enhance the dispersion of oil in water. The discharged chemical compounds from the post tanning process are likely to exist as persistent organics in the soil. In this paper, an ambitious effort to take forward the successful lessons from other sectors such as healthcare is presented. The use of liposomes as oil carriers has been envisaged. For this, the lacunae associated with liposomal carriers such as stability, encapsulation efficiency, the release of payload under desired conditions etc. has been addressed. The study focuses on stabilizing the liposomes and the triggered delivery under the drum pH conditions. A liposomes -biopolymer composite based on Egg Phosphatidyl Choline and Pectin encapsulating oil, has been prepared. Using spectroscopic and colorimetric techniques the presence of biopolymer in the composite, encapsulation of oil and stability over a range of pH conditions has been investigated. The biopolymer influences the stability and oil encapsulation efficiency of the composite in a concentration-dependent manner. To understand the release of oil in a pH dependent manner, the oil was substituted with a model dye and its release under a narrow pH span was observed, indicating that the oil could be released to fibers by modulating the pH. I nitial studies relating to the potential of this product as a possible fatliquor is encouraging. Take-Away: A stabilized liposomal systems encapsulating oil as a delivery vehicle to deliver its contents under the triggered pH conditions is described. Biopolymer, induced stability and ensures the oil encapsulation in the bilayer region for the composite vesicles. The work initiates a step towards developing fatliquors based on biodegradable materials, avoiding the emulsifiers and conventional route to make oil in water emulsions.

This thesis deals with the numerical solution of cavitation bubble dynamics and with cyanobacteria gas vesicle behaviour. A program for the numerical calculation of bubble dynamics is created using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation and its modifications. Subsequently, bubbles of different sizes are investigated during acoustic cavitation with various driving frequencies. Furthermore, a model for hydrodynamic cavitation is created. The model combines CFD computation of flow in the Venturi nozzle with the cavitation bubble dynamics calculation. The last part of the work is dedicated to cyanobacteria gas vesicle behaviour in a variable pressure field and during passage through the Venturi nozzle.

L’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène est une sérine protéase initialement découverte dans le compartiment vasculaire et qui joue un rôle prépondérant dans le processus de fibrinolyse. De manière intéressante, le tPA est également présent dans le parenchyme cérébral, où il est notamment exprimé par les neurones. Le tPA est impliqué dans de nombreuses fonctions cérébrales dont la plasticité synaptique, les processus de mémoire et d’apprentissage ainsi que dans la survie et la mort neuronales. Le tPA est capable d’augmenter la signalisation calcique induite par une activation des récepteurs N-Méthyl-D-Aspartate (NMDAR) : un mécanisme à la base de la plasticité synaptique mais également de la mort neuronale excitotoxique. Cependant, il peut également activer les récepteurs du facteur de croissance épidermique (EGFR) pour induire un effet anti-apoptotique sur les neurones. Afin de mieux comprendre les différentes fonctions du tPA sur les neurones, nous nous sommes intéressés à la distribution et au trafic intracellulaire du tPA. Pour cela, nous avons créé un nouvel outil afin d’imager le tPA dans les neurones en temps réel: un plasmide codant pour une protéine fusion, le tPA-HaloTag®.Premièrement, nos résultats montrent que le tPA est présent dans les axones et les dendrites des neurones corticaux matures en culture et qu’il est majoritairement présent dans le compartiment post-synaptique. Cette étude a également permis de voir que le tPA est stocké et libéré par des vésicules d’exocytose VAMP2, qu’il peut être endocyté par des vésicules Rab5, recyclé par des vésicules Rab11 et dégradé par des vésicules Rab7. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que le tPA est présent dans les mêmes vésicules synaptiques que le facteur neurotrophique issu du cerveau (BDNF) : une neurotrophine importante pour le bon fonctionnement cérébral et dont la maturation dépend de l’activité protéolytique du tPA. Ce travail fournit une meilleure compréhension du rôle et de la distribution du tPA dans les neurones et ouvre de nouvelles voies de recherche dans l’implication de du tPA et du BDNF dans la survie neuronale. / Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is a serine protease, firstly discovered for its fibrinolytic role in the vascular compartment. Interestingly, tPA is also present in the brain parenchyma, being notably expressed by neurons. tPA displays important roles in synaptic plasticity(Danny Baranes et al., 1998; Melchor and Strickland, 2006), learning, memory processes(R Madani et al., 1999; R Pawlak et al., 2002), neuronal survival and death. tPA is able to promote N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDAR)-induced calcium influx, promoting synaptic plasticity or excitotoxic neuronal death. tPA is also able to activate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR), a mechanism mediating its anti-apoptotic effect. To better understand the different functions of tPA on neurons, we studied the pattern of distribution and trafficking of neuronal tPA. For that, we designed a new tool to image tPA in living neurons: a plasmid encoding for a tPA-HaloTag® fusion protein. We first found that tPA is present in both axons and dendrites of mature cultured cortical neurons and preferentially at the post-synaptic part. Our results also showed that tPA is stored and released by VAMP2 exocytotic vesicles, and can be endocytosed by Rab5 vesicles, recycled by Rab11 vesicles and degraded by Rab7 vesicles. Furthermore, tPA is localized and sorted in the same vesicles than Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), one of the most important neurotrophins, Interestingly, BDNF maturation is dependent of tPA proteolytic activity. This work provides a better understanding of the role and distribution of tPA in living neurons and opens new avenues into the involvement of tPA and BDNF in neuronal survival.

Introduction: Viruses, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are types of sub-micron particles which are known to be released from a vast range of cell types, across many species. There are many medically relevant sub-micron particles which can enter healthy cells and enable the intercellular delivery of functional host-derived and foreign products, through their enclosed lipid layers. While multiple particle subsets have been identified, many of the properties, behaviors and biochemical functions have not been fully described and have yet to be characterized. Materials and Methods: CD4⁺ naïve T-cells were isolated from female C57BL6/N mice and stimulated with varying concentrations of PMA/I. In addition to concentration, the length of PMA/I activation was assessed. Supernatants and cells were harvested, filtered, and stained to be subsequently analyzed by Nanoscale Flow Cytometry, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and Flow Cytometry. Particle populations were quantified and sorted by size, by NTA. Labelling dye CFSE was used in conjunction with fluorescently conjugated CD81 and CD9 antibodies to separate EVs, including exosomes, from background signal. Naïve T-cell purity, viability and levels of activation were assessed by flow cytometry using CD3, CD4 and CD62L antibodies and viability staining. Results: Increasing PMA concentration led to a global increase in particles by T-cells and a specific increase in smaller particle production and were demonstrated to be significant by Welch’s T-test, when compared to non-activated and DMSO controls (p<0.0001). In addition to concentration, activation length also correlated with increases in total particle counts and a specific increase in the secretion of smaller particles in comparison to non-activated and DMSO controls (p<0.0001). Labelling techniques by NFC revealed an increased presence of CFSE-CD81 positive and CFSE-CD9 positive particles secreted by T-cells, treated for 24 hours, compared to the 0- and 12-hour timepoints. Conclusion: This work demonstrates preliminary steps and outlines methods to begin assessing discrete particle populations and subsets secreted by murine naïve T-cells. Being able to identify patterns of particle secretions by naïve T-cells, especially under immune-stimulated conditions, may be the solution to uncovering the necessary information on EV physiology, that is required to understand the roles EVs play in pathology and how these conserved pathways may lead conditions to become exacerbated. This knowledge is essential to uncovering the roles EVs play in pathophysiology, and in the development of novel rapid diagnostic tests, to screen for cancers, infections, autoimmune disorders, and numerous other pathological conditions.