Cette thèse analyse et questionne les processus de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du patrimoine archéologique punique et romain en Tunisie depuis la mise en place de structures administratives vouées à sa gestion et à sa valorisation. Ce travail s’articule autour de trois concepts pivots : identifier, sauvegarder et revaloriser. Il part de l’identification du patrimoine archéologique en question pour dégager d’une part, ses valeurs architecturales, urbaines, esthétiques et historiques, et recenser d’autre part, les actions entreprises pour sa sauvegarde à travers l’étude d’un corpus élargi regroupant l’ensemble des cités antiques puniques et romaines que compte la Tunisie. Ensuite, et afin de cerner la problématique de sauvegarde de ce patrimoine, cette thèse se penche sur la genèse de la politique patrimoniale en Tunisie en évoquant le cadre historique qui a vu naitre une législation de préservation et de gestion du patrimoine archéologique et en analysant les objectifs de la politique nationale actuelle. Enfin, l’aboutissement de ce travail se consacre aux perspectives de revalorisation du patrimoine archéologique en Tunisie tout en l’intégrant dans un processus de développement durable régional et national. Cette requalification de l’objet patrimonial s’opère à travers son partage et sa diffusion pour assurer sa transmission. / This thesis analyzes and questions the processes of protection and development of the Punic and Roman archaeological heritage in Tunisia since the setting up of administrative structures dedicated to its management and development. This work is focused on three pivotal concepts: identifying, preserving and developing. It begings with the identification of the archaeological heritage in question to show its architectural, urban, aesthetic and historic values on the one hand, and list on the other hand the actions undertaken to preserve it through the study of an extanded corpus gathering all the ancient Punic and Roman cities Tunisia numbers. Then, and in order to figure out the problem of preserving this heritage, this thesis looks into the way the national heritage policy came into being in Tunisia through recalling the historical framework which gave birth to laws relating to the protection and management of the archaeological heritage and analyzing the objectives of the current national policy. Finally, the outcome of this work is devoted to prospects for the improvement of the archaeological heritage in Tunisia, while integrating it into a regional and national sustainable development process. This redifining of the heritage can be achieved through sharing and disseminating it to secure its passing on.

Traditional villages and vestiges have become important tourist resources in every country. Kinmen has been delayed its development due to the wartime establishment restriction. Since the Kinmen National Park is established, the small islet, being famous for its battlefield remnants, has planned enthusiastically to reserve these cultural assets-- Traditional vestiges. Thus, this would be an interesting issue. According to the National Park Law, the national park is set to protect those specified natural and cultural assets of the country, and to provide citizens entertainment and research. These 5 national parks established are focused on environmental protection. However, Kinmen National Park, being the first one to focus on ancient--monuments and culture preservation, makes the establishment of national park more complete. The research method includes data survey and review. By the strategic planning of public affairs management and VCS system, we discussed the issues as follows: 1. The public value of traditional vestiges preservation from the strategic planning view in Kinmen National Park. 2. The strategic management and application of the resource in Kinmen National Park. 3. The management and related issues of enhancing Kinmen tourism by traditional vestiges and resources preservation. 4. The value, energy and supporting dimension of Kinmen tourism created by traditional vestiges preservation. The research schedule: The research focuses on the traced-back case study between 1995 to 2005. We take partial depth interviews by the¡¨ public affairs management integrated structure¡¨, and the questionnaire system is composed of hardware, social and natural terms. The government takes advantage of the tax revenue as the subsidy to carry out the traditional vestiges preservation policy. The policy has implemented effectively for a decade and thus achieve positive performance. The traditional vestiges preservation and tourism development are the final result of the government¡¦s strategic arrangement and management. The policy validity depends on whether the public value fits people¡¦s needs or not. Since the working experiences molds the organizational culture and capability, the government should keep the public-value vision in the process of policy planning and management strategy.

Esta pesquisa analisa duas séries de imagens fotográficas que têm como referentes vestígios. Parte da pesquisa tem a casa como ateliê; parte refere-se a deslocamentos na cidade, utilizando as ruas como ateliê. As duas séries se relacionam pela noção de vestígio (pessoal e coletivo) que remete a questões que dizem respeito à ausência e à memória. Articulo a produção tanto com os conhecimentos teóricos, como com as obras de artistas que pensam as coisas do cotidiano como matéria fecunda para narrar, visualmente, micro-histórias na primeira pessoa e falar da memória através da arte. / This research examines two series of photographic images that are related to vestiges. Part of the research refers to the use of the house as a studio and part to movement within the city, using the streets as a studio. The two series are related by the notion of vestiges (personal and collective) which refers to issues that concern absence and memory. I work with the production of both theoretical knowledge and the works of artists who consider the everyday things as ripe for visually narrating micro-stories in the first person and to talk about memory through art.

Esta pesquisa analisa duas séries de imagens fotográficas que têm como referentes vestígios. Parte da pesquisa tem a casa como ateliê; parte refere-se a deslocamentos na cidade, utilizando as ruas como ateliê. As duas séries se relacionam pela noção de vestígio (pessoal e coletivo) que remete a questões que dizem respeito à ausência e à memória. Articulo a produção tanto com os conhecimentos teóricos, como com as obras de artistas que pensam as coisas do cotidiano como matéria fecunda para narrar, visualmente, micro-histórias na primeira pessoa e falar da memória através da arte. / This research examines two series of photographic images that are related to vestiges. Part of the research refers to the use of the house as a studio and part to movement within the city, using the streets as a studio. The two series are related by the notion of vestiges (personal and collective) which refers to issues that concern absence and memory. I work with the production of both theoretical knowledge and the works of artists who consider the everyday things as ripe for visually narrating micro-stories in the first person and to talk about memory through art.

Esta pesquisa analisa duas séries de imagens fotográficas que têm como referentes vestígios. Parte da pesquisa tem a casa como ateliê; parte refere-se a deslocamentos na cidade, utilizando as ruas como ateliê. As duas séries se relacionam pela noção de vestígio (pessoal e coletivo) que remete a questões que dizem respeito à ausência e à memória. Articulo a produção tanto com os conhecimentos teóricos, como com as obras de artistas que pensam as coisas do cotidiano como matéria fecunda para narrar, visualmente, micro-histórias na primeira pessoa e falar da memória através da arte. / This research examines two series of photographic images that are related to vestiges. Part of the research refers to the use of the house as a studio and part to movement within the city, using the streets as a studio. The two series are related by the notion of vestiges (personal and collective) which refers to issues that concern absence and memory. I work with the production of both theoretical knowledge and the works of artists who consider the everyday things as ripe for visually narrating micro-stories in the first person and to talk about memory through art.

L'expérience H.E.S.S. est un réseau de télescope Tcherenkov, situé en Namibie, qui observe le rayonnement de sources astrophysiques de rayons gamma de très haute énergie. Depuis sa mise en service il y a plus de dix ans, H.E.S.S. a permis d'améliorer considérablement notre vision de l'univers à ces énergies. Depuis 2012, le démarrage de la deuxième phase de l'expérience avec la mise en service d'un cinquième télescope permet de baisser le seuil en énergie de l'expérience.L'optimisation d'une analyse multivariée au sein de l'expérience H.E.S.S. est présentée dans cette thèse. L'analyse Xeff a été amélioré en prenant en compte les conditions d'observations, et en introduisant de nouvelles variables dans l'estimateur. Un gain de sensibilité de l'analyse par rapport aux analyses standards est observé. Cette méthode a été ensuite utilisée pour diverses analyses de sources de rayons gamma.La prise en compte des effets de la focalisation de l'analyse de données de H.E.S.S. II est détaillée. L'ajustement de la distance entre la caméra et les miroir du cinquième télescope permet d'améliorer l'image dans le plan focal. L'amélioration de la reconstruction et le gain en sensibilité qui en découle est présenté.L'étude du rayonnement gamma de quatre candidats d'associations de vestiges de supernova et de nuages moléculaires est présentée : G349.7+0.2, W51, la nébuleuse de la Tornade, et HESS J1745-303. Une interprétation de ce rayonnement utilisant également les données de Fermi-LAT permet d'estimer l'origine dominante des mécanismes d'émission et d'appréhender l'efficacité d'accélération de particules par ces systèmes.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont fait l'objet de deux notes internes à la collaboration H.E.S.S., de multiples présentations dans des conférences internationales et de publications scientifiques. / The H.E.S.S. experiment is an array of Cherenkov telescopes, located in Namibia, observing the very high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. H.E.S.S. greatly increased our understanding of the very high energy non thermal universe. Since 2012, a fifth telescope was installed at the center of the array. This improvement increase the energy range and the sensitivity of the detector.The optimization of a multivariate analysis method, within the H.E.S.S. framework, is presented in this thesis. The Xeff analysis is improved by taking into account the observation conditions and by increasing the number of discriminating variables. The sensitivity of this analysis compared to standard analyses is demonstrated. Xeff is then used to analyze several sources of gamma rays.The effects of the focus impacting the H.E.S.S. II data are described. They are taken into account in the analysis and an optimization of the distance between the mirrors and the camera is presented.The study of the gamma emission from four candidates of molecular clouds and supernova remnant associations is presented. The H.E.S.S. data from G349.7+0.2, W51, the Tornado nebula and HESS J1745-303 is performed. The interpretation of their emission, using also Fermi-LAT data, leads to the estimation of the particles acceleration efficiency in these objects.The work described in this thesis led to the production of two internal notes in the H.E.S.S. collaboration, to several presentations in international conferences, and scientific publications.

La recherche propose une étude sur le statut de matières `pauvres', vestiges provenant de l'expérience quotidienne et leurs implications conceptuelles dans la production artistique abordée. À travers la photographie et de l'installation, le travail articule une tension entre le caractère précaire des matériels et les tentatives de les commander et les appréhender, moyennant des procédures artistiques, comme la concentration et de l'organisation de résidus. Analyser la tension entre les procédures, l'instabilité des matériels et les procédures de désintégration impliquées dans le travail, en ayant la poussière domestique comme image paradigmatique, dans sa condition de lacune, proliférant et fragmentaire, la recherche discute l'insoutenabilité de programmes rangés et développe une réflexion sur le travail avec/comme des échecs, en détachant sa dimension négative, utopique, processive et déstabilisante. / A pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre o estatuto de matérias 'pobres', vestígios provenientes da experiência cotidiana e suas implicações conceituais na produção artística abordada. Através da fotografia e da instalação, o trabalho articula uma tensão entre o caráter precário dos materiais e as tentativas de ordená-los e apreendê-los, mediante procedimentos artísticos, como concentração e organização de resíduos. Ao analisar a tensão entre os procedimentos, a instabilidade dos materiais e processos de desintegração envolvidos no trabalho, tendo a poeira doméstica como imagem paradigmática, em sua condição lacunar, proliferante e fragmentária, a pesquisa discute a insustentabilidade de programas ordenatórios e desenvolve uma reflexão sobre o trabalho com(o) fracasso, destacando a sua dimensão negativa, utópica, processual e desestabilizadora. / The research proposes a study about the statute of "poor" material, vestiges from the everyday experience and its conceptual implications in the approached artistic production. Through photograph and installation, the work articulates a tension between the precarious character of the material and the attempts of ordering and apprehending them, through artistic procedures, like concentration and residue organization. In analyzing the tension between procedures, the materials' instability and process of disintegration involved in the work, having domestic dust as paradigmatical image, in its lacunars condition, proliferating and fragmentary, the research discusses ordenatory programs' unsustainability and develops a reflection about the work as/with failure, highlighting its negative, utopist, processual and destabilizing dimension.

La recherche propose une étude sur le statut de matières `pauvres', vestiges provenant de l'expérience quotidienne et leurs implications conceptuelles dans la production artistique abordée. À travers la photographie et de l'installation, le travail articule une tension entre le caractère précaire des matériels et les tentatives de les commander et les appréhender, moyennant des procédures artistiques, comme la concentration et de l'organisation de résidus. Analyser la tension entre les procédures, l'instabilité des matériels et les procédures de désintégration impliquées dans le travail, en ayant la poussière domestique comme image paradigmatique, dans sa condition de lacune, proliférant et fragmentaire, la recherche discute l'insoutenabilité de programmes rangés et développe une réflexion sur le travail avec/comme des échecs, en détachant sa dimension négative, utopique, processive et déstabilisante. / A pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre o estatuto de matérias 'pobres', vestígios provenientes da experiência cotidiana e suas implicações conceituais na produção artística abordada. Através da fotografia e da instalação, o trabalho articula uma tensão entre o caráter precário dos materiais e as tentativas de ordená-los e apreendê-los, mediante procedimentos artísticos, como concentração e organização de resíduos. Ao analisar a tensão entre os procedimentos, a instabilidade dos materiais e processos de desintegração envolvidos no trabalho, tendo a poeira doméstica como imagem paradigmática, em sua condição lacunar, proliferante e fragmentária, a pesquisa discute a insustentabilidade de programas ordenatórios e desenvolve uma reflexão sobre o trabalho com(o) fracasso, destacando a sua dimensão negativa, utópica, processual e desestabilizadora. / The research proposes a study about the statute of "poor" material, vestiges from the everyday experience and its conceptual implications in the approached artistic production. Through photograph and installation, the work articulates a tension between the precarious character of the material and the attempts of ordering and apprehending them, through artistic procedures, like concentration and residue organization. In analyzing the tension between procedures, the materials' instability and process of disintegration involved in the work, having domestic dust as paradigmatical image, in its lacunars condition, proliferating and fragmentary, the research discusses ordenatory programs' unsustainability and develops a reflection about the work as/with failure, highlighting its negative, utopist, processual and destabilizing dimension.

La recherche propose une étude sur le statut de matières `pauvres', vestiges provenant de l'expérience quotidienne et leurs implications conceptuelles dans la production artistique abordée. À travers la photographie et de l'installation, le travail articule une tension entre le caractère précaire des matériels et les tentatives de les commander et les appréhender, moyennant des procédures artistiques, comme la concentration et de l'organisation de résidus. Analyser la tension entre les procédures, l'instabilité des matériels et les procédures de désintégration impliquées dans le travail, en ayant la poussière domestique comme image paradigmatique, dans sa condition de lacune, proliférant et fragmentaire, la recherche discute l'insoutenabilité de programmes rangés et développe une réflexion sur le travail avec/comme des échecs, en détachant sa dimension négative, utopique, processive et déstabilisante. / A pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre o estatuto de matérias 'pobres', vestígios provenientes da experiência cotidiana e suas implicações conceituais na produção artística abordada. Através da fotografia e da instalação, o trabalho articula uma tensão entre o caráter precário dos materiais e as tentativas de ordená-los e apreendê-los, mediante procedimentos artísticos, como concentração e organização de resíduos. Ao analisar a tensão entre os procedimentos, a instabilidade dos materiais e processos de desintegração envolvidos no trabalho, tendo a poeira doméstica como imagem paradigmática, em sua condição lacunar, proliferante e fragmentária, a pesquisa discute a insustentabilidade de programas ordenatórios e desenvolve uma reflexão sobre o trabalho com(o) fracasso, destacando a sua dimensão negativa, utópica, processual e desestabilizadora. / The research proposes a study about the statute of "poor" material, vestiges from the everyday experience and its conceptual implications in the approached artistic production. Through photograph and installation, the work articulates a tension between the precarious character of the material and the attempts of ordering and apprehending them, through artistic procedures, like concentration and residue organization. In analyzing the tension between procedures, the materials' instability and process of disintegration involved in the work, having domestic dust as paradigmatical image, in its lacunars condition, proliferating and fragmentary, the research discusses ordenatory programs' unsustainability and develops a reflection about the work as/with failure, highlighting its negative, utopist, processual and destabilizing dimension.

Dans le domaine de l’astrophysique des hautes énergies, de nombreuses questions restent à ce jour sans réponse et, parmi elles se trouve l’origine des rayons cosmiques Galactiques. La première preuve observationnelle de ces particules accélérées a été apportée au sein d’un vestige de supernova il y a seulement vingt ans. Depuis, nous savons que les vestiges de supernova, les pulsars et leurs nébuleuses accélèrent efficacement des particules mais de nombreuses interrogations subsistent encore. Les preuves directes concernant l’accélération de protons (constituant 90% du rayonnement cosmique) sont rares et de nombreuses sources nouvellement détectées en gamma sont de nature inconnue. Les rayonnements produits au sein des accélérateurs Galactiques fournissent d’importants éléments de réponse quant à la nature des particules accélérées. En particulier, alors que les domaines de la radio et des rayons X ne tracent que les électrons accélérés, les rayons gamma peuvent inférer la présence d’électrons et également de protons (et noyaux en général) mais l’émission s’avère le plus souvent difficile à interpréter.Les mesures des rayons gamma de très hautes énergies dépendent de notre connaissance de l’atmosphère terrestre, dans lequel ils se propagent avant d’être détectés par les télescopes Tcherenkov au sol tels que le réseau H.E.S.S. La partie technique de cette thèse concerne l’étude de l’impact des profils d’atmosphère sur les données H.E.S.S. Grâce à des simulations et des analyses prenant en compte les caractéristiques propres à chaque prise de données, nous étudions l’impact des profils d’atmosphère mesurés sur les fonctions de réponse de l’instrument et sur la reconstruction spectrale.Le premier objectif scientifique de cette thèse est de comprendre la nature de l’émission gamma au sein de deux vestiges de supernova (G326.3-1.8 et RX J1713.7-3946) par le biais d’analyses spectro-morphologiques détaillées. L’analyse de G326.3-1.8, avec les données du Fermi-LAT, a mené à deux résultats importants: une nouvelle preuve d’accélération de protons et la première séparation morphologique et spectrale de deux composantes imbriquées en gamma. L’analyse de RX J1713.7-3946, avec les données H.E.S.S. et les outils d'analyse Ctools, a confirmé une extension plus importante en gamma qu’en rayons X mais dont l’origine reste encore incertaine.La deuxième partie de cette thèse entreprend de discuter la nature des sources Galactiques non-associées au TeV. Pour ce faire, nous présentons un code générique visant à rechercher des contreparties multi-longueurs d’onde sur ces sources au TeV, et permettant de poser des contraintes sur des paramètres physiques tels que le champ magnétique moyen et l’indice spectral en radio. En appliquant ce code sur cinq sources non-identifiées du relevé du plan Galactique de H.E.S.S., nous apportons des arguments quant à leur origine. En particulier, nous étudions deux sources, dont l’émission au TeV provient probablement de multiples contributions, soulevant ainsi l’importance des données multi-longueurs d’onde pour comprendre la nature de l’émission en gamma. / In high energy astrophysics, several questions are still open and amongst them is the origin of Galactic cosmic rays. The first observational evidence of accelerated particles has only been revealed twenty years ago. Since then, supernova remnants, pulsars and their nebulae are known to efficiently accelerate particles but several questions still hold. In particular, evidence of accelerated protons (which consist on 90% of the cosmic-ray spectrum) is still elusive and several gamma-ray sources have unknown origin. Non-thermal emissions produced in Galactic accelerators provide insights about the nature of the accelerated particles. In particular, while radio and X-ray observations indicate the presence of accelerated electrons, gamma rays can be produced by both electrons and protons (or nuclei in general) but it may be difficult to assess the origin of the emission.The technical part of this thesis concerns the study of the impact on the reconstructed H.E.S.S. data when using atmospheric profiles measured with a lidar instead of a standard atmospheric model currently used. Very high energy gamma rays propagate into the atmosphere before reaching Cherenkov Telescopes and thus, the accuracy of our measurements depends on our understanding of the atmospheric composition. Using run-wise simulations based on lidar data, we study the impact on the instrument response functions and we analyse data to quantify the effect on the spectral reconstruction.The first scientific goal of this thesis is to understand the gamma-ray emission from two supernova remnants (G326.3-1.8 et RX J1713-3946) through detailed spectro-morphological analyses. The analysis of the composite supernova remnant G326.3-1.8, with Fermi-LAT data, has led to two major results: a new evidence of accelerated protons and the first morphological and spectral separation in gamma rays of two nested components. The study of RX J1713-3946, with H.E.S.S. data and using the Ctools package, confirms a significant gamma-ray extension beyond the X-ray emitting shell but its origin remains unclear.The second part of this thesis aims to constrain the nature of the unidentified TeV sources revealed in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey. We thus present a generic code, based on a multi-wavelength approach, to find counterparts and estimate physical parameters like the radio spectral index and the mean magnetic field. We apply this code on five unidentified TeV sources and we put constraints on their nature. In particular, we present two high-confusion cases, for which the TeV emission is probably due to the contribution from different components, emphasizing the importance of multi-wavelength data to understand the origin of the gamma-ray emission.