Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 450-472). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, 2001. / Sporadic violence, both politically and criminally related, has led to KwaZulu-Natal being labeled the most volatile region in South Africa. The Human Science Research Council, in a nationwide survey conducted in 1994, found that one in four South Africans has been a direct or indirect victim of crime. The urban areas offer a multiplicity of lay counseling services' to victims of violence; however, the availability of basic counseling services is almost non-existent in many far-reaching rural areas. Factors such as poverty, the subsequent non-availability of transport and telephonic linkage disadvantages the rural inhabitants even further. The University of Zululand, a founder member of the Zululand Community Mental Health Programme, has initiated various community projects in and around northern KwaZulu-Natal. As part of the University of Zululand's Community Psychology Project, the Psychology Department has been actively involved in various community outreach programmes in northern KwaZulu-Natal, including the Mandeni region. From a series of meetings organised by the Mandeni Transitional Council that comprised representatives of the local community, it emerged that there was a dire need to equip laypersons with basic counselling skills. It was decided by these representatives (who comprised people from all professional spheres including members of the police force and nurses from the surrounding clinics and hospital) that police personnel and nurses were most often the first line of contact for victims of violence. However, these individuals themselves felt that they were ill equipped to counsel victims of violence. An appeal was thus made to the University of Zululand's Psychology Department to assist in training these first-line contacts who deal with victims of violence on a daily basis. The aim of this research was to use phenomenological explication to determine the nurses' and police personnel's experiences of dealing with victims of violence and, extending from this, to tailor a lay counselling programme that will benefit the community. Whilst the evaluation of lay counsellors' performances indicated a reasonable success in equipping them with basic counselling skills, an interesting extension of these findings portray a degree of resistance exhibited by select rural male lay counsellors. This could indeed provide an impetus for further research in the area of training rural male counsellors. / Centre for Science Development

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-246). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Wellness Leadership White Paper states that leadership is needed in a supportive environment with the purpose of guiding clients to lasting wellness. Wellness can be defined as an active process that enables an individual to become aware of all aspects of the self and to make choices in terms of a more healthy existence by means of balancing and integrating various life dimensions. Health care professionals are leaders who play an important role in creating an environment that contributes to wellness. Their leadership is, therefore, viewed as a wellness strategy. Leadership has been identified as an essential role of health care professionals with a responsibility to attend to the needs of their clients, such as youth victims of violence, with the aim of leading them towards wellness. The Provincial Nursing Strategy of the Western Cape in South Africa emphasises the need for health care professionals to demonstrate their leadership capacity in practice. In the communities of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, many youth victims of violence report for treatment at the health care facilities; it places a high burden on the health care system. Even though health care professionals provide treatment to this group of youth, it is not clear how health care professionals lead them towards wellness after an incidence of violence. The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual framework that can be implemented by health care professionals to gain a better understanding about the important role they play in leading youth victims of violence towards wellness in a rural community in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This research study applied a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design. The study population who were selected by means of a purposive sampling technique consisted of youth attending a high school and who had been victims of violence and of health care professionals (professional nurses, medical doctors and social workers) working at the health care facilities in the community where the study was conducted. The study was conducted in four phases. Phase 1 of the study focused on the exploration and description of the expectations of the youth victims of violence about how health care professionals should lead them towards wellness. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted at a high school at the study site. Phase 2 explored and described the experiences of health care professionals who were supporting youth victims of violence at the health care facilities in the community of study. The execution of this phase comprised of unstructured individual interviews. The total number of the FGDs and unstructured individual interviews conducted in this study was determined by data saturation. Data analysis of the data collected involved transcription of the voice recordings of the all the interviews and writing up of field notes. The steps of Tesch’s coding technique were used at the end of Phases 1 and 2. To ensure trustworthiness of the collected data, Guba and Lincoln’s strategies of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability and authenticity were applied. Phase 3 of this study entailed the development of a conceptual framework for health care professionals to lead youth victims of violence towards wellness. It was based on the findings from Phases 1 and 2 of the study; Phase 4 of the study involved peer debriefing and validation of the developed conceptual framework. In Phase 1 of the study, a total of nine (n = 9) FGDs were conducted among fifty eight (n = 58) youth participants between the ages of 15 and 19 years. Each group consisted of 6 to 8 participants and the interviews did not last more than an hour per session. The data analysis in this phase showed that the youth victims of violence did have expectations from the health care professionals in guiding them towards wellness. They shared their interpretation of the term wellness and were also quite aware of the challenges in their community. Four categories emerged from the data in Phase 1: Category 1 - Dimensions of wellness as it related to healthy body, mind, spirit and positive interactions: The findings of this category revealed that youth participants described wellness as a holistic concept that comprised healthy living, self-care and a healthy personality and mind (emotional, psychological) as well as spiritual well-being. They did not necessarily consider wellness as the absence of sickness or illness, Category 2 - Common problems among youth in the context of the community: They articulated that drug abuse, teenage pregnancy and violent behaviour were important issues of concern to them in their community. Category 3 – Building a sound and trusting relationship: They expressed their need for health care professionals to have a positive attitude towards them, to be respectful and to provide them with accurate information, as well as confidential and supportive services. Category 4 - Guidance of youth to wellness: The youth also proposed strategies that they believe could be used by the health care professionals while guiding them towards wellness. These strategies were: Provision of information / health education, school and community outreach programmes, provision of counselling services and role modelling. For the second phase, seven (n = 7) health care professionals were interviewed. Two (n = 2) were professional nurses, three (n = 3) medical doctors and two (n = 2) social workers. The findings of the individual interviews indicated that the health care professionals recognised the fact that wellness is very important. However, they felt that guiding youth victims of violence toward wellness was a challenging process. Three categories emerged from the data in Phase 2: Category 1 - Different points of view about the concept of wellness: The health care professionals described wellness as the holistic wellbeing of a person, an absence of illness or disease and living a healthy lifestyle. Category 2 - Barriers to leading youth victims of violence towards wellness: The health care professionals reported challenges while attempting to lead youth victims of violence towards wellness which included low socioeconomic status of families, unsupervised youth, violent behaviour, drug and substance abuse, a lack of resources in the community, negative staff attitudes, inadequate physical infrastructure and human resources as well as the absence of a process of guiding youth victims to wellness. Category 3 - Guidance to leading youth victims to wellness: The health care workers proposed strategies for guiding youth victims towards wellness. Those strategies included the provision of support in the form of counselling services, use of support groups, family and community support; recreational activities, dedicated staff to work with youth victims of violence and a multidisciplinary team approach. The findings from the first two phases were triangulated during the third phase of this study with the purpose of developing a conceptual framework. The survey list of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach formed the foundation of the reasoning map for the development of the framework. The unique contribution of this study is the development of an original, participative leadership framework that provides health care professionals with information for leading youth victims of violence towards wellness in a rural community in the Western Cape. This study was conducted in a single rural community of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Despite this limitation, the framework could be evaluated for use in similar settings. Finally, guidelines to implement the framework and recommendations for improving community health care practice, nursing education and nursing research were suggested based on the findings from the study.

Bakgrund När offer för samhällsvåld söker vård på akutmottagningen tenderar deras psykiska besvär att inte uppmärksammas. Dessutom uppger sjuksköterskor att de känner sig dåligt förberedda och outbildade om samhällsvåld. Syfte Att belysa upplevelser och dessa psykiska konsekvenser hos personer som utsatts för samhällsvåld. Metod Systematisk litteraturöversikt över aktuellt kunskapsläge genomfördes med nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat Negativa upplevda känslor och konsekvenser för patientens fortsatta liv var frekvent förekommande bland offer för samhällsvåld. Slutsats Patienter som utsatts för samhällsvåld behöver vårdmöten där deras psykiska skador tas omhand. Klinisk betydelse Sjuksköterskor på akuten skulle behöva djupare utbildning om dessa patienter för att kunna bemöta dem ur ett holistiskt perspektiv. / Background The psychological discomfort among the care seeking persons exposed to non-domestic violence tend to remain undetected by caregivers at the emergency care unit. Moreover, nurses state that they feel unprepared to deal with subjects related to non-domestic violence. Objective To illuminate the experiences and their psychological consequences on persons who are victims of non-domestic violence. Method A systematic overview of existing literature on the subject was conducted. Nine articles published in academic journals were selected. Results Negative perceived feelings and consequences for the patients’ ongoing life were common among victims of non-domestic violence. Conclusion Patients who are victims of non-domestic violence need to receive care for their psychological harm. Clinical impact Nurses at the emergency care unit would need to receive deeper knowledge during the course of their education in order to be able to care for these patients from a holistic perspective.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och ta reda på hur stödet i samhället ser ut när en man utsätts för våld av en kvinna i en nära relation, men även att utifrån det kunna bidra med kunskap kring ämnet “män som våldsoffer i en nära intim relation”. För att kunna besvara syftet och frågeställningarna använde vi oss av en kvalitativ ansats med ostrukturerade intervjuer som metod. Sju socialsekreterare som arbetar inom socialtjänsten med våld i nära relationer i kommuner i olika län i Sverige intervjuades. Informanternas svar jämfördes och analyserades sedan med hjälp av tidigare forskning inom området samt teorier inom kvinnors våld mot män i intima partnerrelationer. De slutsatser vi kunnat dra genom denna studie är att socialsekreterare inom socialtjänsten inte känner att det har likvärdiga hjälpinsatser att erbjuda män och att de saknar kunskap och verktyg för att kunna hjälpa män som blir eller har blivit utsatta för våld i en nära relation. / The purpose of this study is to investigate and find out how the support in society looks when a man is exposed to violence by a woman in intimate partner relationship, but also to be able to contribute knowledge about the topic “men as victims of violence in intimate partner relations”. In order to answer the purpose and the questions, we used a qualitative approach with unstructured interviews as a method. Seven social secretaries who work in social services with violence in close relationships in different parts of Sweden were interviewed. The informants' answers were compared and then analyzed with the help of previous research in the field as well as theories in women's violence against men in intimate partner relations. The conclusions we have been able to make through this study are that social secretaries in social services do not feel that they have equivalent help to offer men and that they lack knowledge and tools to be able to help men who are or have been exposed to violence in an intimate partner relationship.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in the number of abuse cases, with bruising being the most common indicator. Often when a victim comes forward to report an assault, only slight redness may be observed, which may not accurately represent the injury severity. This study focuses on the use of Alternate Light Source (ALS) to detect and document such injuries more effectively. Following institutional approval, blunt trauma was inflicted on fifty-five healthy participants with no known medical conditions. The participant was seated while a spherical object weighing 465 grams was dropped at a height of 1.5 meters through a vertical tube onto the ventral/anterior surface of the participant’s forearm. The injury site was observed under four different lighting conditions. Findings were documented with photography over specific time intervals over 21 days. A comparison was made between body composition and skin tone on their effect on the visibility of the bruise. Our findings concluded that bruising in females persisted for a longer period, and the optimal wavelength for documentation of bruises is 415 nanometers with a yellow filter. A blinded study was conducted using the same methodology to assess the accuracy of ALS for detection of bruises. The blinded study results showed an accuracy of 75%. Although the results showed high accuracy, it was determined that the results rely on the researcher’s perception of bruising. Therefore, the results of the blinded study were inconclusive. Subsequently, peer review of the photographs was conducted to evaluate the effect of bias in detection of bruises. Similar to the results from the blinded study, the observation of the bruise remains highly subjective. The representative sample size was insufficient to provide statistical analysis between the observations of each reviewer. Therefore, the results from the peer review study were also inconclusive. Although ALS is effective in the documentation of bruises, caution is advised when using ALS to detect bruises as skin pigments, and pre-existing skin conditions may interfere with the interpretation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T20:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do estudo é analisar a situação de atendimento ao homem que comete violência contra a mulher em um serviço de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência conjugal de uma cidade de médio porte do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi utilizado o método etnográfico, com observação participante no contexto do serviço. Buscou-se, ainda, analisar o trajeto que o homem agressor percorria na instituição e os encaminhamentos dados a essa demanda. Foi também contatado o Fórum e a Delegacia de Mulheres do Município. A análise indica que as concepções das operadoras sociais sobre a violência conjugal influenciam as práticas utilizadas no atendimento às vítimas e autores de violência. Em relação ao atendimento ao homem autor de violência, destacam-se os seguintes elementos: a resistência do serviço, a centralização do atendimento às vítimas, a patologização do autor, a ideia de transgeracionalidade da violência, o dualismo homem-agressor e mulher-vítima e a existência de encaminhamentos do autor de violência, sobretudo / The aim of this study is to analyze the situation of assistance for men who commit violence against women. The assistance is offered in a counseling program, which provides aid for women in marital violence situation, by an institution in a medium-sized city in Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected through ethnographic approach, especially through participant observation. Both the trajectory of the male-aggressor in the institution and the follow-ups for the local needs were analyzed. The local Courthouse and the All-Female Police Station were also contacted for the purposes of this study. Analysis shows that the social operators’ conceptions regarding marital violence influence the practices employed in dealing with the victims and aggressors. In relation to the assistance for men who commit violence, the following features are highlighted: resistance to the service, aiding focused on the victims, pathologization of the aggressor, violence as a transgerational feature, the male-aggressor and female-victim

Våld i nära relation förekommer i alla samhällsklasser. Syftet med studien var att få fördjupad kunskap kring olika samhällsinstansers arbete i närområdet kring våldsutövare och våldsutsatta i våld i nära relation, samt hur de arbetar med att minska våldet. Intervjuer genomfördes med åtta olika samhällsaktörer för att få reda mer och undersöka våld i nära relation. Genom att använda normkritiska glasögon vill studien undersöka om resultatet stöder antagandet att ett samhällsnormbrytande beteende härstammar från normer. Intervjuerna var semistrukturerade med en intervjuguide med öppna frågor. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visar på att våldet i nära relation är fysiskt våld som ofta är kombinerat med andra olika former av som sexuellt och psykiskt våld. Våldet i våld i nära relation leder förutom fysiska skador och psykiska besvär, till långsiktiga konsekvenser för de enskilda individerna, samhället och familjen. Våld i nära relation anses som ett stort samhällsproblem både internationellt och i Sverige ochär en kränkning mot de mänskliga rättigheterna. Det svenska samhällets ansvar är arbeta förebyggande mot våld i nära relation och samtidigt stödja de medborgare som är och varit utsatta för våld i nära relation. Resultatet visat att Trollhättans stad samarbetar med flera olika samhällsinstanser för att motverka mäns våld i nära relation och de ligger i framkant i Sverige när det gäller att förebygga och samtidigt minska konsekvenserna som uppstår i våld i nära relation och samtidigt sänka samhällskostnaderna / Violence in close relationship occurs in all social classes. The purpose of the study was to gain in-depth knowledge of the work of various social institutions concerning violence and particularly violence in close relationships, as well as how they work to reduce violence. Interviews were conducted with eight different actors in society to find out more and to investigate violence in close relationships. Using a norm-critical perspective, the study investigated whether the results support the assumption that a society-breaking behavior stems from norms. The interviews were semi-structured with an open-ended interview guide. The empirical material was analyzed with thematic analysis. The result shows that the violence in close relationship is physical violence, often combined with other forms of sexual and psychological violence. The violence in close relationships leads in addition to physical injuries and mental disorders, to long-term consequences for the individual individuals, society and the family. Violence in close relationship is considered a major social problem both internationally and in Sweden and is an infringement of human rights. The responsibility of Swedish society is to work against violence in close relation while supporting the citizens who are and have been exposed to violence in a close relation. The result showed that Trollhättan's city collaborates with several different social institutions to counter men's violence in close relationships and that they are at the forefront in Sweden in preventing and at the same time reducing the consequences of violence in close relationships while reducing social costs.

This thesis will focus on answering the question of how journalists should interview victims of sexual violence. Journalists learn during their studies how to conduct an interview, but when interviewing a person who went through a trauma, this process gets more complex and there are more things one has to take into account. The main factor that has to be taken into account is the risk of re-traumatisation of the victim during the interview process. An extensive literature review shows that there are various guidelines written about interviews and trauma, but there is not a lot of scientific research known on the topic. Most guides that are available are more focused on the process of writing the article than the interview process itself or are focused on conducting these types of interviews in conflict areas. Various interviews with journalists as well as caseworkers were analysed using thematic analysis. The interviews were held with journalists specialising in interviews with victims of sexual violence as well as caseworkers who work for two organisations in the Netherlands and Germany that focus on helping and guiding these victims. This work sees itself not only as a contribution to research but also as a practical guide for journalists. After the extensive analysis, the main themes discussed in the interviews of the journalists and caseworkers are fairly similar. The main three themes that were seen as a priority in the interviews with both groups were making the interviewee feel comfortable, giving the interviewee control of the situation and to fully protect the interviewee.