The study explores and compares the incidents of vigilantism in two selected communities in Port Elizabeth. However, the word ‘vigilantism’ as utilized in the study can be explained as the group of people in a community who take the law into their own hands and punish alleged societal offenders on the spot. Vigilante activities have become a regular occurrence in many communities in Port Elizabeth and in South Africa as whole. This phenomenon as reported by several authors has destroyed many young men’s lives and ambitions. This is a paradoxical situation that violates human rights because South Africa is a country with a Constitution that prioritizes human dignity for all, and citizens that are totally free from violence of any kind. The aim of the study is to explore, analyze and compare the incidents of vigilantism in New Brighton and Kwazakhele communities in Port Elizabeth. The intention is to educate and enlighten the members of the selected communities, together with the public about vigilantism and its impact on communities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Dias de Araujo.pdf: 740908 bytes, checksum: 3217919bed1c7e1ae8413e8b717a940a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O texto completo do livro pseudoepígrafo 1 Enoque chegou aos nossos dias graças à Igreja Cristã Etíope. No entanto, sabe-se que certas comunidades Cristãs do I ao IV século adotaram o livro de 1 Enoque como parte de seus livros sagrados. O objetivo, então, dessa pesquisa foi levantar, por meio da análise bibliográfica, as possíveis influências do Mito dos Anjos Vigilantes, na igreja primitiva, com o propósito de verificar se o autor de 1 Coríntios 11,2-16 lançou mão de temas e do imaginário apocalíptico desse mito em sua argumentação a favor do uso do véu descrita em 1 Coríntios 11,10. Para isto, primeiramente investigamos o desenvolvimento do Mito dos Anjos Vigilantes na tradição de Enoque no judaísmo intertestamental: as fontes, o seu desenvolvimento e as influências. Em seguida, pesquisamos a recepção de temas e textos do Mito dos Anjos Vigilantes pela igreja primitiva: autores neo-testamentários e pais da igreja. Por último, verificamos a influência de alguns temas do mito no texto de 1 Coríntios 11,2-16. As conclusões a que chegamos demonstram suficientemente as hipóteses formuladas, em torno basicamente das seguintes percepções: alguns autores do Novo Testamento (1 Pedro e Judas) se apropriaram dos temas desenvolvidos no Mito dos Anjos Vigilantes; há também ecos deste mito nos escritos dos pais da igreja; e por último, o autor de 1 Coríntios 11,2-16 compartilhava da mesma mundividência da tradição judaica do período intertestamentário e, consequentemente, verificamos fortes evidências de que o apostolo Paulo conhecia a narrativa do Mito dos Anjos Vigilantes.(AU)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_EDVALDO COSTA RODRIGUES.pdf: 1087263 bytes, checksum: b405b1a2ad0f6197fa6ff35d0695f756 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-13 / The aim of this study is to analyze the job-education relationship in the lives of women whose occupation was previously the prerogative of men. This is a way, to situate the place and the social status of these women in the labor market, understand their choices. As a tool and technique of data collection used a questionnaire and Discourse Analysis. The research subjects were 20 women who work as guards in banks and government agencies in São Luís, Maranhão State. As a theoretical contribution, authors that are used as references to Discourse Analysis, working women, gender relations and dealing with working-class education. In a strive to theory and empiricism could satisfactorily contribute to the object of study. As a result, we find an adversarial relationship between labor and education categories. The school was designed by them, as a prerequisite for entering the labor market, and, due to several factors, few women continue studying, which is hardly 2% of these subjects. The work, however, has constituted, excessively, a means of survival and family autonomy. Therefore, neither work nor education perceived in most responses, has been something pleasurable for these women, nor is it related to the functional rise in employment. / O objetivo geral deste estudo é analisar a relação trabalho-educação na vida de mulheres cuja atividade profissional, anteriormente, era prerrogativa dos homens. Esta é uma forma de, ao situarmos o lugar e a condição social dessas mulheres no mercado de trabalho, compreendermos suas escolhas. Como instrumento e técnica de coleta de dados, utilizamos questionário e a Análise do Discurso. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são 20 mulheres que trabalham como vigilantes em agências bancárias e órgãos públicos no município de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão. Como aporte teórico, utilizamos autores que são referências quanto à Análise do Discurso, às mulheres trabalhadoras, relações de gênero e os que tratam da categoria trabalho-educação. De certo nos esforçamos para que teoria e empiria pudessem, de forma satisfatória, contribuir para o objeto de estudo. Como resultado, encontramos uma conflituosa relação entre as categorias trabalho e educação. A escolarização foi concebida por elas, como um pré-requisito para ingressarem no mercado de trabalho, sendo que, devido a vários fatores, poucas mulheres continuam estudando, o que não chega a 2% do total destes sujeitos. O trabalho, por outro lado, tem se constituído, sobremaneira, num meio de sobrevivência e de autonomia familiar. Portanto, nem o trabalho e nem a educação, percebidos na maioria das respostas, tem sido algo prazeroso para essas mulheres, tampouco se relacionaram à questão da ascensão funcional no emprego.

Maintaining order is a core function of the state. Yet, in many contexts, actors other than the state are involved in combating crime and violence. Such actors range from private security companies who sell protection to vigilante mobs who brutally punish criminal suspects. This dissertation explores how states maintain order when they are faced with private crime prevention efforts. Taken together, the three chapters of the dissertation provide insights into the determinants of law enforcement policy, the sources of citizens' willingness to cooperate with the state, and the social drivers of crime and violence. Chapter 1 presents a formal model that sheds light on the incentives of political parties to invest in law enforcement when citizens can purchase private protection. Private security measures like burglar alarms, camera systems, and security guards are pervasive in high income communities around the world. I model the supply of crime and the demand for private protection together with a political process that determines public spending on the police. The model provides conditions under which parties may over- and underspend on law enforcement relative to other government services. In relatively poor societies, left parties are prone to spend less and right parties are prone to spend more than the socially optimal amount on policing. The reverse is true in relatively rich societies, where the base of the right party can afford private protection. The results call into question the conventional wisdom that tough-on-crime policies are the domain of parties on the right, and provide an explanation for why such policies in various contexts have been implemented by left-wing politicians. Throughout the developing world, criminal suspects are often assaulted or even killed at the hands of their community. Chapter 2 considers the micro-dynamics of how state capacity affects citizens’ choice between the state and mob vigilantism. I present results from a field experiment in South Africa that creates variation in the capacity of police to locate households. Findings from mid- and endline surveys suggest households exposed to an increase in police capacity became more willing to rely on police and less willing to resort to vigilantism. Results from a mechanism experiment point towards increased fear of state punishment for vigilante violence rather than improved perceptions of police service quality as the link between state capacity and vigilantism. The broader implication is that citizens’ cooperation with capable state institutions may not necessarily reflect citizens’ satisfaction with state services. Instead, citizens may draw on state institutions because states limit citizens’ choices by sanctioning those who participate in informal practices that the state deems illegal. Chapter 3 draws on original surveys with more than 10,000 respondents from hundreds of communities in Uganda, Tanzania, and South Africa to show that women are more likely than men to support mob vigilantism. This result runs counter to a large literature in public opinion that finds women are less supportive of violence than men across a variety of domains throughout industrialized contexts. Drawing on qualitative evidence, a vignette experiment in Uganda, and additional survey measures from Tanzania, the chapter shows that men and women differ in their beliefs about the downsides of mob vigilantism. Men are more likely to think mob vigilantism creates risks of false accusation for those who do not commit crime. The chapter traces this divergence in beliefs to differences in the extent to which men and women are at personal risk of being accused of a crime that they did not commit. The results highlight the role that beliefs play in the link between gender and views about violence.

Vigilantism has a long history in the United States stretching back to the Regulator movement in South Carolina in 1767. These extralegal movements are distinguished from spontaneous and ephemeral mob activity by their regular organization and limited life-span. The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 was the largest vigilante movement in American history. After a summer of vigilantism that included four hangings, the committee turned to politics and formed the People’s Party which dominated San Francisco's city government for the next decade. The 1856 committee is generally considered the great exemplar of American vigilantism and has received considerable attention from scholars. San Francisco’s 1856 vigilance committee regarded itself as a reorganization of that city's 1851 Committee of Vigilance. Like its more illustrious offspring, the 1851 committee hanged four men and banished many others. The vigilantes of 1851 did not, however, form a political party. Because of this some scholars have considered the work of the 1851 committee to be incomplete and have deemed it less worthy of attention than the committee of 1856. But in attempting to understand the intellectual grounding of San Francisco's vigilantes, this view is incorrect. The vigilantes in 1856 felt they were carrying on the work of the 1851 committee. Thus, to comprehend the events of 1856 it is necessary to understand the inspiration for the 1851 vigilance committee. The key to vigilantism in San Francisco lies in 1851. An understanding of the spirit which animates vigilantism is valuable because of what it reveals about American concepts of self-government. Vigilantes conceive of their their authority as springing from the same source as does that of the government: the people. San Francisco provides an extraordinary case for the study of notions about popular sovereignty in antebellum America. In order to make sense of what happened in San Francisco in 1851 this thesis first analyzes the political thought and philosophy that had developed in America to that time. It also examines the changing social ethos that came to emphasize equality. The two vigilance committees of San Francisco were a consummation of the political and social developments of antebellum America. I have relied on the extensive secondary literature for my interpretation. San Francisco in 1851 was in the midst of a singular episode in American history: the gold rush. The promise of riches made California the reification of the ideals of equality and opportunity that matured during the antebellum era. For the exploration of California and San Francisco I have used secondary sources and some primary sources, especially the Alta California, one of San Francisco’s newspapers. This reliance on the Alta was in part due to its availability. The attitudes toward vigilantism expressed by the 표L후르 were similar to other California newspapers. All of them supported the vigilantes in 1851. The episode of vigilantism in 1851 was a formative experience for the city of San Francisco. It served as an example of popular action and helped to define the limits of such action for the city's residents. The relationship between popular action and government was illuminated in San Francisco. Because of the way in which the people were endowed with power, they could create government and later defy that same government without destroying their creation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 844004 bytes, checksum: 8d3fa4b2650339ece711921dd082e593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The composite work knows as I Enoch compound of five books reached much importance for Second Temple s Judaism(s) as well as for the Christianism(s) of first four centuries. For this intention in this research was test the contribution of Myth of Watchers (I Enoch 6-11) for the imaginary of demoniac in the synoptics, especially while impure spirit. To reach this object firstly we show the impact of Myth of Watchers in both Enochic and Judaic tradition, for ahead analyze its contribution for the imaginary of demoniac. After this, we present the presence of themes and ideas of this myth in some texts of New Testament. Proved this presence of the myth in Christian s communities, we analyze the characteristics and symbolic expressions that to paint the demoniac picture in the synoptics, asking for the relations that with daemons of the Judaic traditions. With the collection of images about demoniac of these traditions in the Second Temple period and its nearby relation with the Myth of Watchers, we conclude with the hypothesis that demoniac while calling of impure spirit bear marks and echoes of development of the Myth of Watchers in the Enoch traditions and in apocalyptic. Possibly we can to state that the images and ideas raised for reads of this myth was present in imaginary of the Christian s communities where the synoptics raised especially in the idea of daemons. Thus the influence of the Myth of Watchers doesn t resume itself at the literary utilitarism but is in environment of imaginary appropriate in manner very much dynamic and hidden. / A obra compósita conhecida como I Enoque, formada por cinco livros, logrou muita importância para os Judaísmos do segundo templo, como também para os Cristianismos dos primeiros quatro séculos. Por isso, a intenção dessa pesquisa foi testar a contribuição do Mito dos Vigilantes (I Enoque 6-11) para o imaginário do demoníaco nos sinóticos, em especial enquanto espírito imundo. Para esse intento, primeiramente apresentamos as influencias do Mito dos Vigilantes na tradição enoquita e judaica em geral, para depois analisarmos suas contribuições para o imaginário do demoníaco. Depois, mostramos a presença de temas e idéias desse mito em alguns textos neotestamentários. Comprovada a presença do mito nas comunidades cristãs, analisamos as características e expressões simbólicas que pintam o quadro demonológico nos sinóticos, perguntando pela possível relação com os demônios das tradições judaicas. Com o acúmulo de imagens dos seres malignos dessas tradições no período do segundo templo, e a sua próxima relação com o Mito dos Vigilantes, concluímos ser possível a hipótese de que o demoníaco ao ser chamado de espírito impuro trás indícios e ecos do desenvolvimento, nas tradições de Enoque e na apocalíptica, do Mito dos Vigilantes. Possivelmente, podemos afirmar que as imagens e idéias geradas pelas releituras desse mito permeavam o imaginário das comunidades cristãs que geraram os sinóticos, em especial na concepção dos demônios. Assim, a influência do Mito dos Vigilantes não se resume a utilização literária, mas está no âmbito do imaginário, apropriado de maneira muito mais sutil e dinâmica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1618.pdf: 2227127 bytes, checksum: c2a2fba51a9b5e540735c34a9dee2321 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-05 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The literature affirms that on the last four decades has been occurring a significant raising on the number of private security companies in all over the world. In Brazil, there are estimations which point that there are 1,148 million people working as agents of private security, and this number can reach the house of 2 million people if considered the informal workers. Besides that, there are not many studies about the worker s activities on private security. This paper analyses the activity of the private security officers. It has been utilized foundation from Work Ergonomic Analysis to understand how the operator manages his workload. This paper provides findings about the perception of the private security officers that the mental workload prevails in the activity and that the main constraints are linked with the work organization, including shift work, control and supervision; and variables of consumer attendance. It is concluded that the Context of Production and Service, based on main aspects of work organization, as: prescriptions, work processes, demands of quality and productivity, has decisive influence upon the behavior of the operator. The Context of Production and Service is important to define the workload. In the activity of the professionals of private security the work is prescribed by the independent contractor and the private security company. This mediation is not a prescription that can be easily followed, but a source of constant conflicts, and then it finishes making source of constant conflicts that hold multiple dimensions and finish producing overload for the vigilant thing. / Nas últimas quatro décadas tem ocorrido um aumento significativo do número de empresas de segurança privada em todo o mundo. No Brasil, há estimativas de que 1,148 milhões de pessoas trabalhem como agentes de segurança privada, sendo que este número pode chegar a cerca de dois milhões se contabilizados os trabalhadores sem registro formal. Além disso, existem poucos estudos sobre a atividade de trabalho dos profissionais da segurança privada. O estudo analisou a atividade de profissionais de segurança privada empresarial, adotando como abordagem metodológica pressupostos da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho, a fim de compreender os determinantes da carga de trabalho. Diante disso, o estudo verificou uma percepção por parte dos vigilantes de que as exigências mentais prevalecem na atividade de trabalho e que os principais determinantes da carga de trabalho são aqueles relacionados à organização do trabalho, entre eles, trabalho em turnos; controle e fiscalização do desempenho e exigências em relação ao atendimento ao cliente. Verificou-se que o Contexto de Produção e Serviços, composto por aspectos centrais da organização do trabalho, entre eles, as tarefas prescritas, as especificidades técnicas, as exigências da produtividade e de qualidade; influencia o comportamento dos operadores, estabelecendo suas propriedades e lógicas de funcionamento. Diante disso, as características de cada Contexto de produção e serviços têm influência significativa na carga de trabalho dos operadores. Na atividade dos profissionais de segurança privada o trabalho é prescrito pela empresa onde se presta serviços e pela terceirizada. A mediação entre estas duas lógicas, a fim de realizar a atividade, não é uma função prescrita de fácil execução, então acaba se tornando fonte de conflitos permanentes que comportam múltiplas dimensões e acabam gerando sobrecarga para o vigilante.

Esta investigación aborda la problemática de una empresa de seguridad que estaba en necesidad de mejorar el proceso operativo de monitoreo de los vigilantes que laboran en las empresas clientes. Ante esto, se llevaron a cabo tareas para determinar qué factores estaban generando ineficiencia en ellos, determinando como factores principales que existían demoras, errores en el envío de fotos y que en algunos casos estos no se reportaban, los cuales principalmente eran causados por la forma y las herramientas que se estaban utilizando. Entendiendo eso, se procedió a realizar un producto acreditable de software que lograra cumplir con las tareas que la organización exige y que fuese seguro y confiable. Para la realización del sistema se utilizó la metodología RUP, pues permitió analizar la situación problemática y diseñar e implementar la solución brindada. Este, estuvo compuesto por un aplicativo web y otro móvil, en el cual se hace uso de reconocimiento facial geolocalizado para poder autenticar y evitar errores en el envío de reportes y de asistencias. El software, fue evaluado de acuerdo a tres criterios de la ISO 25000, adecuación funcional, seguridad y fiabilidad en los cuales se obtuvo un alto grado de cumplimiento. Y, por último, se validó el mismo con los usuarios finales, siguiendo el estándar TAM, obteniendo un alto grado de aceptación de la tecnología, pues los consultados determinaron que el sistema es fácil de usar y muy útil.

yes / The proliferation of irregular armed actors which defy simplistic definition has caught public and academic attention alike, not least in the pages of this journal. To move the debate on non-state armed groups (NSAGs) forward, this article seeks to enhance our conceptual understanding of parochial armed groups which are not primarily driven by ideological or religious objectives. Thus, this article clarifies similarities as well as differences between subtypes of community-based armed groups (CBAGs) on the one hand, and between CBAGs and other NSAGs, on the other hand. By doing so, a typology is developed that classifies militias, gangs and vigilantes on the basis of their political, economic and security-related dimensions. The resulting ideal types are discussed through the lenses of different explanatory frameworks and policy debates in the field of contemporary security studies. A major typological issue is the tendency for CBAGs to ‘turn bad’ and become threats to the stability they were expected to transform, becoming a serious problem in countries where they operate. It is concluded that the challenge of CBAGs ultimately needs to be addressed by putting in place a functioning state that can tackle the underlying woes that led to their proliferation in the first place.

En la presente investigación, analizo comparativamente la representación de la maternidad subversiva encarnada en las protagonistas de las novelas Lumpérica (1983) y Los vigilantes (1994) de Diamela Eltit. Sostengo que, a través de las madres L. Iluminada y Margarita, Eltit da cuenta de la permanente pugna entre los poderes totalitarios del régimen militar de Augusto Pinochet y el sujeto femenino americano, víctima de la opresión patriarcal y colonial. En ambos casos, las madres rebeldes tratan de desmontar los dispositivos ideológicos de la dictadura e interrumpir la perpetuación de la ley paterna al trastocar las redes de parentesco preexistentes. Por esto, las narraciones otorgan centralidad al potencial semiótico-pulsional de las madres como una fuerza capaz de desestabilizar el orden falologocéntrico y restablecer el lazo simbiótico con los hijos. Asimismo, esta tesis no se limita al estudio de la relación entre madres e hijos dentro de la ficción. En realidad, también propongo que la maternidad subversiva es un motivo que se encuentra a la base de la estética de Eltit: una estética que excede lo literario y que pretende desdibujar las fronteras arte-vida, lo que revela una clara influencia de las consignas del Colectivo de Acciones de Arte (CADA) en su obra.