Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This research report examined the implementation of villager self-governance in China, of which the election of village leader is the most distinct feature. Unlike previous studies of village self-governance, which focused on policy intentions of the Chinese leadership or the speculation of scholars about what may happen, this study attempted to examine whether or not the elections are competitive and what the consequences of self-governance are. / South Africa

Block 71, the location of this design thesis, is within the Comox Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Situated on Vancouver Island and four kilometers North of the City of Courtenay. The site is 925 acres of cut-block, used for lumber, and owned by Raven Forest Products. Raven Forest Products clear-cut the site as recently as the late 1970's. Second growth has been allowed to persist on the site. In 1994, a development permit for a proposed village was submitted to the Regional District of Comox-Strathcona and is still pending. This proposed village was named 'View Ridge' and was intended to create higher densities and preserve more open space than convention subdivisions. The relevant proposed design for this property, View Ridge Revisited, endeavours to meet and surpass the intentions of the its predecessor. The View Ridge Revisited proposal allows for a minimum of eight hundred dwelling units and a maximum of one thousand and one hundred. Sustainability is the ultimate goal for View Ridge Revisited. The three parts of this goal are economic sustainability, social sustainability and ecological sustainability. As a template for the structure of the village, Transit-Oriented Developments and the principles of New Urbanism were employed. Economically, the proposed design should support a community of approximately two thousand two hundred persons. Seven hundred of these should be employed within the community itself. Appropriate retail, office and service-office space has been provided for this purpose. This assumes at least one job per household. At least seventy-five percent of all the housing units in the village are within one thousand-three hundred feet walking distance from the downtown commercial core, or a five minute walk. These two thousand and two hundred people will live in medium density (12 du/acre) and low-density (8 du/acre) areas. The latter housing type includes ancillary suites above lane-access-only garages. The higher density housing types should be at least three stories, with possible basement suites. All housing should meet some type of precedent typology. The most likely typology sources come from older parts of Courtenay and Comox. Adequate recreation space is provided for the residents. Approximately twenty acres are located adjacent to the Recreation Centre and the Schools. The schools should be adequate for the given population of the community. Additional green space is included throughout the site, in the form of neighbourhood parks. Ten percent of each block is designated to park space. These parks will also function as storm water channels and filtration areas. From an ecological perspective, the design proposal attempts to integrate the functioning, natural environment with the cultural processes of its human co-inhabitants. In general, the village is centred upon a sixty to eighty meter riparian corridor, a wetland area and a community forest. All of these features should maintain their ecological functions, as well as provide vital components to both the image of the community and its healthy existence. The riparian corridor is a diverted stream from Seal Bay Park. It should be engineered to follow its pre-logging path down into the Little River watershed Storm water is drained from the village into this stream, after being naturally treated within the previously mentioned wetland area. All water from the site is treated in this manner. Sewage is treated at a three acre solar aquatic treatment facility next to the commercial core. The community forest will allow a habitat connection to the riparian corridor as well as provide an educational component to the inhabitants. It is hoped that sustainable logging practices will become a part of this forest's character. The overall goal of sustainable community design is met at View Ridge Revisited by satisfying the economic, social and ecological requirements. The transit-oriented design of this village provides the template upon which this becomes possible. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Orientador: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Miriam Cláudia Lourenção Simonetti / Banca: Gabriel Cunha Salum / Resumo: O presente trabalho é a continuação das pesquisas de campo desenvolvidas em 2014 e 2015 como trabalho de conclusão de curso e que se expandiu devido a sugestão da banca examinadora que indicou a sua continuação para o mestrado devido à importância do tema. A relevância da discussão sobre a condição no campo nos convida a pensar como um bairro rural estruturado se encontra majoritariamente rural em tempos de hegemonia urbana. Assim, pelas contribuições feitas pelos estudiosos que se debruçaram em compreender as diversas representações e interpretações do modo de vida rural e suas permanências e modificações. Foi por meio da continuação da pesquisa de campo que analisaremos as mudanças atuais no mundo rural através das entrevistas feitas com os sitiantes da região rural de Frutal do Campo (SP). O trabalho parte do método da História Oral, a fim de resgatar pela memória das famílias que residem a sua história e os elementos fundamentais para a compreensão do que permaneceu e o que vem mudando e os motivos que levaram a saída, ou não, deste bairro rural. Os resultados das pesquisas um novo olhar sobre um novo rural em transformação, os efeitos modernizadores e a expansão da "racionalidade urbana" leva a questão da necessidade de romper com a referência da cultura urbano-industrial e não congelar o conceito de "camponês" como modo de vida, assim, apresentamos neste trabalho o que chamamos de permanências em movimento. / Abstract: The present work is the continuation of the field research carried out in 2014 and 2015 as a course completion work and which was expanded due to the suggestion of the examining board that indicated its continuation to the master's degree due to the importance of the subject. The relevance of the discussion about the condition in the countryside invites us to think about how a structured rural neighborhood is mostly rural in times of urban hegemony. Thus, for the contributions made by scholars who have focused on understanding the various representations and interpretations of the rural way of life and its permanences and modifications. It was through the continuation of the field research that we will analyze the current changes in the rural world through interviews with the farmers of the rural region of Frutal do Campo (SP). The work starts from the Oral History method, in order to rescue the memory of the families that live their history and the fundamental elements for understanding what has remained and what has been changing and the reasons that led or not to leave this neighborhood. rural. The research results a new look at a new rural in transformation, the modernizing effects and the expansion of "urban rationality" leads to the question of the need to break with the reference of urban-industrial culture and not to freeze the concept of "peasant" as way of life, we present in this work what we call permanences in motion. / Mestre

Yu Wai Ching. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2007-2008, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-206). / Thesis Statement --- p.5 / Study Method --- p.9 / "Phenomenon, Principle & Appearance" --- p.11 / Study Area --- p.15 / Precedent study --- p.17 / Chapter - --- Chinese character --- p.19 / Chapter - --- Platonic solid --- p.35 / Chapter - --- Crystal --- p.43 / Architectural example study --- p.59 / Chapter - --- Phenomenon - simple but interesting subdivision --- p.61 / Chapter - --- Principle - subdivision --- p.71 / Chapter - --- envelope arrangment --- p.115 / Chapter - --- opening --- p.127 / Chapter - --- space extension --- p.135 / Chapter - --- Reading examples with principles --- p.145 / Testing on site --- p.155 / Site context --- p.157 / Site planning --- p.163 / Testing on village houses --- p.177 / Housing types --- p.179 / Floor units --- p.183 / House unit --- p.189 / Bibliography --- p.203

This study examines the use of technology in rural settlements Gator Curituba and Edmilson de Oliveira, located respectively in the cities of San Francisco and the Caninde Carira in the state of Sergipe and their repercussions on the production of space and the reproduction of peasant families. From a reasoned analysis of the contradictions of the process of production and reproduction of space by human actions arising from the inclusion of capital in the field through the introduction of technologies for public policies the state is present implementing policies for rural settlements, which reverberate territorial transformations in the region. It was observed that in the study area, contradictorily, peasant production units resist cultivating various products that meet the basic needs of food. In the study area, are produced various products for the National School Feeding Programme, National Programme of Use and biodiesel production, to processing industries and for family consumption. However, capital appropriates output for playback, as monopolizes the territory of rural settlements appropriating agricultural production units and redefining peasant from production, social relations of production. In turn, farmers are looking for ways of resistance and permanence in the field through diversification of production, planting crops such as vegetables , vegetables and fruits , friendly products market acceptance , which confirms the strength of these subjects in the creation and recreation of peasantry even being subordinated to capital. / Esse estudo analisa o uso da tecnologia nos assentamentos rurais Jacaré-Curituba e Edmilson de Oliveira, situados respectivamente nos municípios de Canindé do São Francisco e Carira, no estado de Sergipe e seus rebatimentos na produção do espaço e na reprodução das famílias camponesas. A partir de uma análise fundamentada nas contradições do processo de produção e reprodução do espaço pelas ações humanas oriundo da inserção do capital no campo via introdução de tecnologias por políticas públicas o Estado faz-se presente implementando políticas para os assentamentos rurais, as quais repercutem em transformações territoriais na região. Observou-se que na área de estudo, contraditoriamente, as unidades produtivas camponesas resistem cultivando diversos produtos que suprem as necessidades básicas de alimentação. Na área de estudo, são produzidos diversos produtos destinados ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, Programa Nacional de Uso e produção do biodiesel, às indústrias de beneficiamento e para o consumo da família. Entretanto, o capital apropria-se da produção para sua reprodução, à medida que monopoliza o território dos assentamentos rurais se apropriando da produção agrícola das unidades camponesas e redefinindo desde a produção, às relações sociais de produção. Por sua vez, os camponeses procuram formas de resistência e permanência no campo através da diversificação da produção, plantando outras culturas, como hortaliças, verduras e frutas, produtos de fácil aceitação do mercado, o que confirma a força desses sujeitos na criação e recriação do campesinato mesmo sendo subordinado ao capital.

本文关注近代以来发生在华北乡村社会中的社区集体仪式。这些集体仪式以村落（及村落联盟）的求雨和庙会为其主要形式。在这些社区集体仪式之中，有相当一部分由多个村落共同协作完成。共同参与这些仪式的村落在一定程度上构成了仪式合作的关系。在本项研究中，这种村落间的关系往来模式被称之为多村落的仪式联合。 / 本文选用冀中地区的乡村的社区集体仪式作为研究对象，将关注点放在多村落的仪式联合之上。在两个个案民族志描写的基础上，试图回答这样的问题：华北民众的宗教生活所依赖的地方社会网络是怎样运作的？第一个个案为现北京房山河套沟地区的黑龙关庙会，该地区有着多村落联合举办庙会及求雨的传统。围绕着这些社区集体仪式，当地村落间形成了诸如“六山会这样的地方组织。黑龙关庙会的民族志资料证实，当地多村落的仪式联合，其形成和维系在相当程度上是以村落间花会的互动为主要依托。笔者将花会表演的互动视作仪式性的礼物流动。通过诸如走会和献会的行为描写，河套沟地区村落间的关系网络得以在宗教生活层面展现。黑龙关庙会的个案试图证实：仪式性的互惠作用于多村落仪式联合的形成及维系过程；第二个个案是河北的安国药王庙会。以安国药王庙为中心，文章首先对安国药王庙会与地方社会进行了历时性的文献梳理；继而对当代的药王庙会进行共时性的田野考察，展现当代的安国药王庙会与临近的村落庙会同处于一个关系网络之中。这个关系网络表现在庙会间的往来关系之中，这又被称之为“讲礼。讲礼对于地方仪式联合的形成起到了重要作用。 / 以礼物馈赠的视角来看待乡村社会的宗教生活，这是本项研究的基本方法。花会的走会、献会或庙会间的讲礼实践，是建构和维系多村落仪式联合的重要途径，它们遵循着乡村社会的一套生活逻辑。这套逻辑在地方社会被表述为关系、面子、人情等地方术语。从这个角度说，多村落的仪式联合亦受到这套生活逻辑的制约和影响。 / This dissertation focuses on the local community rituals in rural North China since modern times taking the praying-for-rain rituals and temple festivals of the villages as examples. There were many forms of ritual cooperation among the villages in rural North China. In this research, we would examine a mode of ritual interaction among selected villages by examining two cases in Central Hebei, China. / The first case is the Heilongguan Temple festival in Hetaogou area of Fangshan district around Peking. In Hetaogou, a large amount of villages performed the praying-for-rain rituals and temple festivals together. In these community rituals, the local organizations called Liushan Association(六山会) had played a crucial role. The ethnographic data of Chapter Two aim to show that the construction of multi-village alliance builds on the interaction of Flower fairs (花会）from different villages. In the forms of visiting each other during a temple festival parade known as Zouhui (走会）and xianhui(献会），villages built up the network of their alliance. The exchange of performance of Flower fairs is regarded as a mode of ritual exchange. The second case concerns the Medicine King Temple Festival(药王庙会）in Anguo County which is the main topic of Chapter Three. Using the methodology of historical anthropology to analyze the Anguo local society helps us to place the Medicine King Temple Festival(药王庙会）in a network of temple festivals from different villages. In Anguo, this interaction is called ‘treating each other with courtesy’ or Jiangli(讲礼）. / Finally we would like to argue that visiting each other in a temple festival parade (Zouhui, Xianhui) and treating each other with courtesy Jiangli, were the main strategies of the villagers to construct their multi-village alliance. Their logics were not different from ‘returning the favor’ and ‘face saving’ which were common in rural society. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 徐天基. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Xu Tianji. / 摘要 --- p.3-4 / Chapter 第一章 --- 近代以来冀中乡村社会中的多村落仪式联合：研究计划及刍议 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章： --- 仪式性互惠与多村落的仪式联合：黑龙关的例子 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三章 --- 礼物经济与多村落的仪式联合--安国县“讲礼的例子 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四章 --- 多村落的仪式联合：礼俗之中看地方宗教 --- p.103 / Chapter 附录一： --- 京西河套沟地区的花会 --- p.115 / Chapter 附录二： --- 安国民间曲艺概述 --- p.139 / Chapter 附录三： --- 民国时期安国县集市分布及周期 --- p.156 / Chapter 附录四： --- 民国二十年祁州药市十三帮组织 --- p.157 / Chapter 附录五： --- 图1 民国时期安国南关地方宗族分布图 --- p.161 / Chapter 附录六： --- 图2 药王邳彤传说结构分析图 --- p.162 / 参考书目 --- p.163-174

Oorspr. proefschrift Bayreuth, 2007. / Bibliogr.: p. 251-268. Met lit. opg.

Thèse (M.Ed.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. / Bibliogr.: f. [160]-169. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oslo, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [291]-304) and index.

A partir do final dos anos 1990, surgiram propostas viáveis à convivência com o semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, ainda que algumas se encontrem atreladas ao assistencialismo vinculado ao combate à seca . A mudança de paradigmas para a formulação dessas políticas perpassa pelo modelo econômico adotado para a agricultura do país, pela organização da sociedade e pelo discurso do combate à desertificação, cujas práticas se chocam com as políticas de desenvolvimento agrícola. Nesse contexto, surge o Garantia-Safra, um programa de proteção agrícola de cunho social, com vistas à convivência com o semiárido nordestino. Ele está inserido no Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) que, por vezes, é contraditório em suas concepções, portanto é conveniente que se faça uma avaliação de seu desempenho. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal fazer uma análise preliminar do desempenho do Garantia-Safra no município de Gararu-SE, entre 2008 e 2012. Para tanto, contextualizou-se o Garantia-Safra, considerando os procedimentos dos agentes envolvidos; relacionou-se as ações implementadas pelo Programa às condições de vida do beneficiário e identificou-se a magnitude das mudanças efetivadas na convivência com o semiárido em Gararu. A pesquisa teve natureza interdisciplinar de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Fez-se revisão documental em dados primários (atas, cadastros, questionários, entrevistas e pesquisa de campo) e secundários (teses, dissertações e outros). Utilizou-se o Quadro Processo-Produto-Benefício para o exame da eficiência, eficácia e efetividade do benefício em foco. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, sob a técnica catalogal temática. Constatou-se que se trata de política com eficiência parcial, pois cumpre objetivo principal, o de oferecer condições mínimas para o enfrentamento da seca, porém falha na assistência técnica, no associativismo e não executa capacitações para a convivência com o semiárido; oferece eficácia, porque promove a distribuição de renda, o que deixa os beneficiários satisfeitos, porém sem efetividade, já que não promove mudanças estruturais no meio de vida das comunidades, além de agregarem políticas estaduais para o crescimento da agricultura familiar, mas desconectadas do combate à desertificação. A pesquisa encaminha três palavras para encorajar o programa analisado: parabéns, integração e vigilância