Vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) is a Chinese herbal tea, rich in the natural antioxidant dihydromyricetin, that has multiple health properties and potential food and beverage applications. However, there is little information available on vine tea aroma, color and sensory characteristics. In this study, volatile components of vine tea infusions were identified by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Commercial vine teas samples were brewed with distilled water and Blacksburg (VA, USA) tap water and analyzed in triplicate. Vine tea infusions had acidic pH values and dark, reddish-yellow color. Type of water and vine tea sample both affected the overall volatile chemical composition of vine tea infusions. A total of fifty-six volatile components were identified in vine tea infusions. However, only seven aldehydes (hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-4-heptenal, nonanal, (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, and β-cyclocitral), two ketones (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and β-ionone), and one alcohol (1-penten-3-ol) were identified in more than 90% of all vine tea infusions (n=54). Results of this study may help further investigations in chemical and sensorial characteristics of vine tea, and the development of new healthy products. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Cette thèse de doctorat est composée de trois chapitres, un article et deux papiers et est principalement liée au domaine de l’économétrie financière empirique. Elle analyse la dépendance et le lien entre les marchés financiers et les marchés de matières premières, en particulier celui de l’énergie. Les distributions et corrélations des variables appartenant aux deux marchés sont étudiées afin de déterminer leurs effets les uns sur les autres et d’analyser leurs tendances pour donner un meilleur aperçu de leurs comportements vis-à-vis des crises et des événements brusques en économie. Ces variables sont représentées par certains indices financiers (SP500, Euro stoxx 50, Msci China) ainsi que par les principaux indices de matières premières (SP GSCI, Brent Oil,Gaz naturel, Metaux precieux). Nous choisissons de modéliser leur corrélation dans le temps et de prendre en compte la non-linéarité et l’instabilité qui peuvent les affecter. Pour cela, l’approche fonction copule a été employée pour modéliser d’une manière efficace leurs distributions. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons la dépendance et les co-mouvements entre les prix des émissions de dioxyde de carbone et les indices énergétiques comme le charbon, le gaz naturel, le Brent oil et l’indice énergétique global. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les interactions et relations entre le marché pétrolier et deux principaux marchés financiers en Europe et aux États-Unis représentés par l’Euro stoxx 50 et le SP500. Dans le dernier chapitre, on analyse la dépendance multivariée entre les indices de matière première de différents secteurs avec des indices financiers en utilisant le modèle de la copule Regular Vine. / This Ph.D. thesis is composed by three chapters and is mainly related to theempirical financial econometrics field. It analysis the dependence and correlationbetween the financial markets and the commodity markets specially energy.Variables from both markets are studied to determine their effects on each othersand to analyse their trends to giva a better insight to their co-movements.These variables are represented by some of the major equities (SP500, Eurostoxx 50, Msci China) as well as major commodities indices (SP GSCI commodity,Brent Oil, Natural Gas, Precious metals). We choose to model theircorrelation dynamically and take into account any non-linearity and stylisedfacts into the nature of their dependencies. For that, the copula approach wasused to model efficiently the correlated joint distributions of the studied variables.In the first paper, we examine the dependence and co-movements between theprices of the carbon dioxide emissions and energy commodities (coal, naturalgas, Brent oil and SP GSCI energy index). The dependence between thereturns was modeled by a particular class of dynamic copula, the StochasticAutoregressive Copula (SCAR). The second chapter analysis the interactions and co-movements between the oilmarket and two major stock markets in Europe and the US (the Euro stoxx 50and the SP500). Both the dynamic and the markov (regime switching) copulawere chosen to better understand the link between the two. In The last paper, I study the multivariate dependence between commoditiesfrom different sectors with some major equities using the Regular Vine copula model.

Some methods for generating scenarios from multidimensional distribution assume we are able to generate scenarios from the one-dimensional distribution. We dedicate chapter 3 to this problem. At the end of the chapter, we provide references for applicable algorithms. Chapter 4 is focused on selected methods for generating scenarios from multidimensional distributions. In chapter 4.3, we introduce an algorithm for generating scenarios, which do not use any assumption about the distribution, except the first four moments and correlations to be specified. A method of generating scenarios based on approximation of multivariate normal distribution by the binomial distribution is described in chapter 4.5. Dimension reduction technique using principal components is presented in chapter 4.4. The algorithm is presented under the assumption of normal distribution. In chapter 4.6, we introduce the basics of the copula theory and a method for generating scenarios by C-vine copula. In chapter 5, we implement selected methods for generating scenarios for the estimation of daily value at risk for selected indexes and we discuss the results. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

A two-year study was conducted at a commercial vineyard in California’s Templeton Gap AVA to evaluate the effect of vine age on viticultural, enological, and sensory attributes of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Zinfandel grapes and wines. The experimental block was dry farmed, conventionally managed, with own-rooted Zinfandel vines that, when determined unproductive, were replaced with new vines of genetically identical scion plant material grafted onto St. George (Vitis rupestris Scheele) rootstock. Treatments included Young vines (5 to 12 years old), Control (representative proportion of young to old vines in the block), and Old vines (40 to 60 years old). Results indicated Young vines progressed more slowly during berry formation and more rapidly during berry ripening than Old vines. Due to variation in the timing of sugar accumulation, Old vines were harvested 21 days after Young vines in 2019, and 9 days after in 2020. Old vines produced, on average between both seasons, 3.7 kg more fruit per vine than Young vines. Old vines also produced, on average between both seasons, 22.8 more clusters per vine than Young vines (5.41 tons/acre and 2.64 tons/acre, respectively). The larger vine capacity observed was attributed to Old vines having more arm, spur and dormant bud positions per vine than Young vines, in addition to larger trunk circumference and diameter. Vine age also had an effect on vine vegetative growth, with Old vines producing shorter internodes (25.5% decrease) and smaller shoot diameters (29.3% decrease) compared to Young vines. Young vines had higher mid-day stomatal conductance and tended to have higher mid-day photosynthetic rates, although no differences in corresponding pre-dawn measurements were found. While root architecture was similar between age groups, Old vines displayed greater rooting depths. Young vine wines had lower pH and titratable acidity than Old vine wines. Old vine wines were defined by a wider array and intensity of aromatics, including raisin, orange peel, black fruit and spices relative to Young vine wines which were defined by wet topsoil and pomegranate aromas. These results suggest the potential for greater yield and improved wine quality when extending the longevity of Zinfandel vineyards.

Orientador: Marineide Rosa Vieira / Banca: Marli de Fátima Stradioto Papa / Banca: Mário Eidi Sato / Resumo: A videira é uma cultura de elevada importância econômica, e assim como outras culturas, sofre o ataque de diversas pragas e doenças. Videiras da região do município de Jales, Estado de São Paulo, tem sido intensamente infestadas pelo ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae), gerando aumento na utilização de acaricidas. O uso indiscriminado destes acaricidas pode contaminar o meio ambiente, os agricultores e os consumidores dos alimentos. Na busca por um controle alternativo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo testar o efeito acaricida de produtos naturais sobre os ácaros dessa espécie. Para isso, fêmeas de T. urticae, criadas em laboratório a partir de espécimes coletados em videiras daquele local, foram pulverizadas em torre de Potter. Foram testados três produtos a base de nim (Azadirachta indica Juss.) e extrato pirolenhoso em diferentes concentrações, extratos aquosos e hidroetanólicos de dez plantas e óleos essenciais de seis plantas. Cada tratamento foi testado duas vezes, para confirmação dos resultados. A parcela experimental consistiu de uma placa de Petri com um disco de folha de feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes L.) contendo cinco fêmeas adultas de T. urticae, utilizando-se dez placas por tratamento. As avaliações foram realizadas após 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, para contagem do número de fêmeas mortas no disco e fêmeas encontradas no algodão umedecido, utilizado como barreira. As maiores mortalidades foram registradas nos tratamentos com Natuneem, óleo emulsionado de sementes de nim, extrato hidroetanólico de camomila (Matriacaria chamomilla L.) e extrato aquoso de erva doce (Pimpinella anisum L.). Óleos essenciais não tiveram efeito acaricida sobre T. urticae. Extratos aquosos de hortelã (Mentha x piperita L.), melissa (Melissa officinalis L.) e losna (Artemisia absinthium L.) e hidroetanólicos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico) / Abstract: The vine is a culture of high economic importance, and as other cultures, it is attacked by various pests and diseases. Vines of the municipality of Jales, Sao Paulo State, there has been heavy infestations by two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae), generating an use of acaricides increased. The indiscriminate use of acaricides can contaminate the environment, farmers and food consumers. In the search for an alternative control, this study aimed to test the acaricidal effect of natural products on mites of this species. For this, T. urticae females, reared in the laboratory from specimens collected in vines that place, were sprayed in tower Potter. We tested three products based on neem (Azadirachta indica Juss.) and pyroligneous acid in different concentrations, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of ten plants and essential oils of six plants. Each treatment was tested twice to confirm the results.The experimental plot consisted of a Petri dish with a Canavalia ensiformis L. leaf disk containing five T. urticae female, using ten plates per treatment. The evaluations were realized after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, with counting of females killed in the disk and in cotton wool barrier. The highest mortalities were recorded in Natuneem, emulsified oil from neem seeds, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) aqueous extract and fennel (Pimpinella anisum L.) hydroethanolic extract treatments. Essential oils have no acaricide effect on T. urticae. High mortalities were recorded with peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) aqueous extracts and with pacari (Lafoensia pacari Saint-Hilaire) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) hydroethanolic extract... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The effect of fruit removal from cantaloupe was studied under field conditions in a soil naturally infested with Monosporascus cannonballus. Fruit removal resulted in greater sugar accumulation in the cantaloupe roots compared to the roots from plants on which the fruits were allowed to develop normally. Individual, total, and combined root carbohydrate levels were greater in plants without fruit than in plants with fruit. Five major sugars (stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose) were found in the cantaloupe roots. Stachyose concentrations were higher than all the other sugars in the cantaloupe roots. Disease severity on the cantaloupe roots with fruit removed was less severe than on roots of plants with fruit, and dry weights were higher in the fruit removal treatment than those of the fruit non-removal treatment. Fruit removal results in increased root growth and carbohydrate accumulation in the cantaloupe roots. Root sugar concentrations affected infection efficiency and disease progress of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline. Therefore, the retarded development of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline is associated with a greater carbohydrate accumulation in the cantaloupe root.

CAPES / O cultivo da videira no Paraná, especialmente na região Sudoeste, tem apresentado desenvolvimento ascendente em função da ampliação dos canais de consumo e das melhorias infraestruturais e de manejo que vem sendo adotadas. Porém, questões de ordem econômica como a elevação dos custos com fertilizantes e, questões técnicas como a falta de pesquisas voltadas ao desenvolvimento de um modelo produtivo sustentável, limitam ainda a expansão desta cultura. Assim, buscam-se alternativas que possam suprir carências de fertilizantes acessíveis economicamente e ao mesmo tempo eficientes agronomicamente. Busca-se também suprir as necessidades da sociedade por produtos alternativos voltados a um modelo de produção agroecológico. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de formulações à base de insumos alternativos, isolados ou em combinação com derivados do xisto, sobre o desenvolvimento, produção e qualidade dos frutos da videira. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, entre 2008 e 2011, utilizando-se dez tratamentos: T1: Fosfato Natural de Gafsa (FNG) + K2SO4; T2: FNG + PRB (Pó de Rocha Bioland®); T3: FNG + K2SO4 + GP (cama de Galinha Poedeira); T4: FNG + PRB + GP; T5: FNG + K2SO4 + MBR3 (Matriz Xisto 3); T6: FNG + PRB + MBR3; T7: FNG + K2SO4 + MBR3 + GP; T8: FNG + PRB + MBR3 + GP; T9: SFT (Superfosfato Triplo) + KCl + Uréia e T10: Testemunha Absoluta. Empregou-se o delineamento blocos ao caso com quatro repetições, utilizando-se videira cultivar BRS Violeta. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por sete plantas úteis, limitadas por duas plantas de bordadura. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise da variância utilizando-se análise de contraste ortogonais em estrutura fatorial para comparação das classes de adubação. Verificou-se que a área foliar da cultivar BRS Violeta pode ser determinada com boa precisão pela equação ß : 0,2169(SCN S)² + 5,3642(SCN S) - 34,725 , substituindo o parâmetro SCNS pelo somatório do comprimento das nervuras secundárias das folhas. O uso de sulfato de potássio proporcionou aumento significativo do teor de potássio na camada superficial do solo, favorecendo a elevação da condutância estomática e da taxa fotossintética das folhas no verásion, a elevação do teor deste elemento nas cascas das bagas, e o aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis totais nas bagas durante a evolução da maturação. O uso do pó de rocha Bioland® e da matriz MBR3 proporcionou aumento do teor de fósforo na camada superficial do solo, possivelmente pela dessorção deste elemento por silício. A atividade microbiana do solo esteve relacionada também com o aumento do teor de fósforo pela mineralização do fósforo orgânico presente nos restos culturais da cobertura de inverno. Na safra 2010/11 a área foliar das videiras aumentou ignificativamente pelo efeito médio dos tratamentos com adubação. A produtividade por área não foi afetada significativamente pelos efeitos das adubações, assim como os teores de antocianinas e flavonóides na evolução da maturação. As avaliações pós-colheita não evidenciaram influencias dos tratamentos. Pelos tratamentos alternativos serem de baixa solubilidade, é esperado que seus efeitos sejam evidentes de médio a longo prazo. / Vineyards in Paraná, especially in the Southwest region, has shown upward development due to the expansion of the channels of consumption and infrastructural improvements and management that has been adopted. However, financial issues as the rising cost of fertilizers, and technical issues such as lack of research directed to developing a sustainable model of production, limit further expansion of this culture. Thus, attempts to find alternatives that can meet needs for affordable and fertilizer at the same time efficient crop. The aim is also supply the needs of society for alternative products aimed at a model agroecological. This study objective to evaluate the influence of formulations based on alternative inputs, alone or in combination with products derived from shale, on the development, production and fruit quality of grapevine. The study was conducted in an experimental area at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Pato Branco Campus, between 2008 and 2011, using ten treatments: T1: Gafsa Rock Phosphate (GRP) + K2SO4; T2: GRP + RDB (Rock Dust Bioland®); T3: GRP + K2SO4 + TL (Turkey Litter), T4: GRP + RDB + TL; T5: GRP + K2SO4 + MBR3 (Matriz Shale 3), T6: GRP + RDB + MBR3; T7: GRP + K2SO4 + MBR3 + TL, T8: GRP + RDB + TL + MBR3; T9: TSP (Triple Superphosphate) + Urea + KCl and T10: absolute control. We employed a block design with four replications, using BRS Violeta vine. Each experimental unit consisted of seven plants, limited by two border plants. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using orthogonal contrast analysis in comparison to factor structure of the classes of fertilization. It was found that the leaf area of BRS Violeta can be determined by the equation ß : 0,2169(SCN S)² + 5,3642(SCN S) - 34,725 , replacing the parameter SCNs by the sum of the length of secondary veins of leaves, with good accuracy. The use of potassium sulfate provided significant increase of potassium content in the topsoil, causing high stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of leaves in verásion, raising the content of this element in the bark, berries and enhanced content of soluble solids in berries during the maturation. The use of basaltic rock powder Witimarsun MBR3 provided an increase of phosphorus content in topsoil, possibly by the desorption of this element in silicon. The soil microbial activity was also related with the increase of phosphorus content on the mineralization of organic phosphorus present in the debris of winter cover crops. In the 2010/11 crop leaf area of vines increased significantly by the average effect of fertilization treatments. The productivity per area was not significantly affected by the effects of fertilization, and it also happened with the anthocyanins and flavonoids on the maturation. Postharvest evaluations showed no influence of treatments. Alternative treatments are those of low solubility, so it is expected that its effects will be evident in the medium to long term.

A videira (Vitis spp.) é uma das frutíferas mais cultivadas no mundo, tendo grande importância sócio-econômica no Brasil, principalmente na Região Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul. Inúmeras doenças acometem a videira afetando a produção vitícola e gerando prejuízos econômicos nas regiões produtoras. Uma destas doenças é o amarelo da videira, que tem associação com fitoplasmas. Esses procariotos, desprovidos de parede celular habitam e se multiplicam nos vasos do floema das plantas e na hemolinfa dos insetos vetores. No Brasil, há relatos da presença de fitoplasmas infectando videiras nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. No Rio Grande do Sul, já foi verificado infectando macieiras, bem como a presença de seus possíveis insetos vetores, cigarrinhas do grupo Cicadellidae como parte da entomofauna vitícola. Nos últimos ciclos de produção, videiras apresentando sintomas de fitoplasmose vem sendo observadas nos vinhedos da Serra Gaúcha. O objetivo do presente estudo foi confirmar a presença de fitoplasmas infectando videiras na Região Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como classificar os fitoplasmas encontrados quanto ao grupo e subgrupo ao qual pertencem. Foram coletados, nos anos de 2014 e 2015, ramos e raízes de plantas que apresentavam sintomas como avermelhamento ou clorose das folhas em videiras tintas e brancas, respectivamente, enrolamento dos bordos foliares, superbrotamento de ramos, encurtamento de entrenós, necrose de nervuras e definhamento. O DNA total foi extraído e utilizado para detecção de fitoplasmas por meio de Nested-PCR com os primers R16 mF2/R16 R1, P/P7 ou P1/Tint na primeira reação e R16 F2n /R16 R2 na segunda reação. Para identificação molecular os produtos da segunda reação, fragmentos correspondentes à região 16S rDNA, foram sequenciados e as sequências geradas foram alinhadas entre si. Uma seqüência representativa dos fitoplasmas encontrados foi utilizada para análise de RFLP in silico, com 17 enzimas de restrição, e análise filogenética. Fitoplasmas foram verificados em quatro amostras oriundas de três videiras sintomáticas. As sequências alinhadas apresentavam 99% de similaridade com sequencias de fitoplasmas depositadas no GeneBank. A partir da avaliação dos perfis de restrição gerados pelo RFLP in silico e a análise filogenética, pode-se concluir que os fitoplasmas encontrados pertencem ao grupo 16SrIII, e ao subgrupo 16SrIII-J. Dessa forma, o presente estudo confirma a presença de fitoplasmas infectando videiras na Região Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul, indicando a ocorrência do amarelo da videira, doença até então não diagnosticada na região. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-02-22T12:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ronize Rohr dos Santos.pdf: 2096147 bytes, checksum: 52d3fdc210d2e34e4fcc1976c0c4920e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T12:41:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ronize Rohr dos Santos.pdf: 2096147 bytes, checksum: 52d3fdc210d2e34e4fcc1976c0c4920e (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. / The grapevine is one of the most cultivated fruit trees in the world, having great socio-economic importance in Brazil, particularly in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul. Numerous diseases affect grapevine worldwide, interfering in grape production and generating economic losses. One of these diseases is the grapevine yellow, whose etiologic agent is a phytoplasma. These wall-less prokaryotes live and multiply in phloem vessels of plants and hemolymph of insect vectors. In Brazil, there are reports of the presence of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in the states of São Paulo and Paraná. In Rio Grande do Sul has been found infecting apple trees, causing the apple rubbery wood disease, as well as the presence of their possible insect vectors in vineyards, leafhoppers of the Cicadellidae group. In recent cycles of production, grapevines showing typical symptoms of phytoplasma infection had been observed in the vineyards of the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed to confirm the presence of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in vineyards of the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul and rank the phytoplasmas on the group and subgroup to which they belong. Branches and roots of plants showing symptoms such as, reddening or yellowing of leaves on red or white cultivars respectively, leaf downwards rolling, proliferation of axillary buds resulting in a witches’ broom behavior, abnormal internodes elongation, phloem necrosis and stunting, were sampled during the years 2014 and 2015 vintage. Total DNA was extracted and used for phytoplasmas detection by nested PCR with primers mF2 R16/R16 R1, P1/P7 and P1/Tint in the first reaction and F2n R16/R16 R2 in the second reaction. For molecular identification the second reaction product, corresponding to the region 16S rDNA fragments were sequenced and generated sequences were aligned. A representative sequence of grapevine phytoplasma was used for RFLP analysis in silico, with 17 restriction enzymes, and phylogenetic analysis. Phytoplasmas were detected in four samples deriving from three symptomatic vines. The aligned sequences showed 99% similarity with phytoplasma sequences deposited in GeneBank. The RFLP patters and the phylogenetic analysis, allowed concluding that the phytoplasmas found belongs to the group16SrIII, and 16SrIII- J subgroup. Thus, this study confirms the presence of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul, indicating the occurrence of grapevine yellow disease hitherto none diagnosed in the region.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tabet_vg_me_ilha.pdf: 296081 bytes, checksum: c03f5ec675d051d3c1f3fdad607d8f60 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A videira é uma cultura de elevada importância econômica, e assim como outras culturas, sofre o ataque de diversas pragas e doenças. Videiras da região do município de Jales, Estado de São Paulo, tem sido intensamente infestadas pelo ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae), gerando aumento na utilização de acaricidas. O uso indiscriminado destes acaricidas pode contaminar o meio ambiente, os agricultores e os consumidores dos alimentos. Na busca por um controle alternativo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo testar o efeito acaricida de produtos naturais sobre os ácaros dessa espécie. Para isso, fêmeas de T. urticae, criadas em laboratório a partir de espécimes coletados em videiras daquele local, foram pulverizadas em torre de Potter. Foram testados três produtos a base de nim (Azadirachta indica Juss.) e extrato pirolenhoso em diferentes concentrações, extratos aquosos e hidroetanólicos de dez plantas e óleos essenciais de seis plantas. Cada tratamento foi testado duas vezes, para confirmação dos resultados. A parcela experimental consistiu de uma placa de Petri com um disco de folha de feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes L.) contendo cinco fêmeas adultas de T. urticae, utilizando-se dez placas por tratamento. As avaliações foram realizadas após 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, para contagem do número de fêmeas mortas no disco e fêmeas encontradas no algodão umedecido, utilizado como barreira. As maiores mortalidades foram registradas nos tratamentos com Natuneem, óleo emulsionado de sementes de nim, extrato hidroetanólico de camomila (Matriacaria chamomilla L.) e extrato aquoso de erva doce (Pimpinella anisum L.). Óleos essenciais não tiveram efeito acaricida sobre T. urticae. Extratos aquosos de hortelã (Mentha x piperita L.), melissa (Melissa officinalis L.) e losna (Artemisia absinthium L.) e hidroetanólicos... / The vine is a culture of high economic importance, and as other cultures, it is attacked by various pests and diseases. Vines of the municipality of Jales, Sao Paulo State, there has been heavy infestations by two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae), generating an use of acaricides increased. The indiscriminate use of acaricides can contaminate the environment, farmers and food consumers. In the search for an alternative control, this study aimed to test the acaricidal effect of natural products on mites of this species. For this, T. urticae females, reared in the laboratory from specimens collected in vines that place, were sprayed in tower Potter. We tested three products based on neem (Azadirachta indica Juss.) and pyroligneous acid in different concentrations, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of ten plants and essential oils of six plants. Each treatment was tested twice to confirm the results.The experimental plot consisted of a Petri dish with a Canavalia ensiformis L. leaf disk containing five T. urticae female, using ten plates per treatment. The evaluations were realized after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, with counting of females killed in the disk and in cotton wool barrier. The highest mortalities were recorded in Natuneem, emulsified oil from neem seeds, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) aqueous extract and fennel (Pimpinella anisum L.) hydroethanolic extract treatments. Essential oils have no acaricide effect on T. urticae. High mortalities were recorded with peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) aqueous extracts and with pacari (Lafoensia pacari Saint-Hilaire) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) hydroethanolic extract... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A videira (Vitis spp.) é uma das frutíferas mais cultivadas no mundo, tendo grande importância sócio-econômica no Brasil, principalmente na Região Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul. Inúmeras doenças acometem a videira afetando a produção vitícola e gerando prejuízos econômicos nas regiões produtoras. Uma destas doenças é o amarelo da videira, que tem associação com fitoplasmas. Esses procariotos, desprovidos de parede celular habitam e se multiplicam nos vasos do floema das plantas e na hemolinfa dos insetos vetores. No Brasil, há relatos da presença de fitoplasmas infectando videiras nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. No Rio Grande do Sul, já foi verificado infectando macieiras, bem como a presença de seus possíveis insetos vetores, cigarrinhas do grupo Cicadellidae como parte da entomofauna vitícola. Nos últimos ciclos de produção, videiras apresentando sintomas de fitoplasmose vem sendo observadas nos vinhedos da Serra Gaúcha. O objetivo do presente estudo foi confirmar a presença de fitoplasmas infectando videiras na Região Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como classificar os fitoplasmas encontrados quanto ao grupo e subgrupo ao qual pertencem. Foram coletados, nos anos de 2014 e 2015, ramos e raízes de plantas que apresentavam sintomas como avermelhamento ou clorose das folhas em videiras tintas e brancas, respectivamente, enrolamento dos bordos foliares, superbrotamento de ramos, encurtamento de entrenós, necrose de nervuras e definhamento. O DNA total foi extraído e utilizado para detecção de fitoplasmas por meio de Nested-PCR com os primers R16 mF2/R16 R1, P/P7 ou P1/Tint na primeira reação e R16 F2n /R16 R2 na segunda reação. Para identificação molecular os produtos da segunda reação, fragmentos correspondentes à região 16S rDNA, foram sequenciados e as sequências geradas foram alinhadas entre si. Uma seqüência representativa dos fitoplasmas encontrados foi utilizada para análise de RFLP in silico, com 17 enzimas de restrição, e análise filogenética. Fitoplasmas foram verificados em quatro amostras oriundas de três videiras sintomáticas. As sequências alinhadas apresentavam 99% de similaridade com sequencias de fitoplasmas depositadas no GeneBank. A partir da avaliação dos perfis de restrição gerados pelo RFLP in silico e a análise filogenética, pode-se concluir que os fitoplasmas encontrados pertencem ao grupo 16SrIII, e ao subgrupo 16SrIII-J. Dessa forma, o presente estudo confirma a presença de fitoplasmas infectando videiras na Região Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul, indicando a ocorrência do amarelo da videira, doença até então não diagnosticada na região. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. / The grapevine is one of the most cultivated fruit trees in the world, having great socio-economic importance in Brazil, particularly in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul. Numerous diseases affect grapevine worldwide, interfering in grape production and generating economic losses. One of these diseases is the grapevine yellow, whose etiologic agent is a phytoplasma. These wall-less prokaryotes live and multiply in phloem vessels of plants and hemolymph of insect vectors. In Brazil, there are reports of the presence of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in the states of São Paulo and Paraná. In Rio Grande do Sul has been found infecting apple trees, causing the apple rubbery wood disease, as well as the presence of their possible insect vectors in vineyards, leafhoppers of the Cicadellidae group. In recent cycles of production, grapevines showing typical symptoms of phytoplasma infection had been observed in the vineyards of the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed to confirm the presence of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in vineyards of the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul and rank the phytoplasmas on the group and subgroup to which they belong. Branches and roots of plants showing symptoms such as, reddening or yellowing of leaves on red or white cultivars respectively, leaf downwards rolling, proliferation of axillary buds resulting in a witches’ broom behavior, abnormal internodes elongation, phloem necrosis and stunting, were sampled during the years 2014 and 2015 vintage. Total DNA was extracted and used for phytoplasmas detection by nested PCR with primers mF2 R16/R16 R1, P1/P7 and P1/Tint in the first reaction and F2n R16/R16 R2 in the second reaction. For molecular identification the second reaction product, corresponding to the region 16S rDNA fragments were sequenced and generated sequences were aligned. A representative sequence of grapevine phytoplasma was used for RFLP analysis in silico, with 17 restriction enzymes, and phylogenetic analysis. Phytoplasmas were detected in four samples deriving from three symptomatic vines. The aligned sequences showed 99% similarity with phytoplasma sequences deposited in GeneBank. The RFLP patters and the phylogenetic analysis, allowed concluding that the phytoplasmas found belongs to the group16SrIII, and 16SrIII- J subgroup. Thus, this study confirms the presence of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul, indicating the occurrence of grapevine yellow disease hitherto none diagnosed in the region.