Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14147号 / 工博第2981号 / 新制||工||1442(附属図書館) / 26453 / UT51-2008-N464 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 後藤 仁志, 教授 細田 尚, 准教授 牛島 省 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

abstract: Child development scholars have demonstrated a host of negative outcomes of child physical abuse, including emotional problems, delinquency, and future victimization. However, it is unclear if child physical abuse during childhood is related to subsequent violent victimization during youth and young adulthood. Building on routine activity theory and prior research, and using data collected from 2,245 individuals in Changzhi, China, this study examines if the experience of child physical abuse is positively related to violent victimization in youth and young adulthood, and if the relationship between child physical abuse and violent victimization is mediated by an individual’s routine activities. The results from negative binomial regressions support routine activity theory. The implications of the findings for theory, research and practice are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

Orientador: Jorge Sidney Coli Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:13:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_CyraMariadeAraujo_M.pdf: 17168573 bytes, checksum: 44c8dc04b66daacc70a649bb5f114300 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As imagens de cunho pericial, como as que se encontram no Laboratório de Fotografia do Instituto de Criminalística em São Paulo (IC), enquadram-se num grupo de produção visual que pode ser chamado de descartável. Para além de sua função ilustrativa nos laudos periciais (e de sua força de argumento como índice do acontecido), a fotografia de natureza criminal (cenas de acidentes, de crimes, corpo de delito, procedimentos de autópsia, enfim, prova visual/material em inquérito policial e processo criminal judiciário) parece, num primeiro momento, incapaz de ser pensada como passível de interpretações visuais outras, se não o de uma imagem que adere a seu referencial. No âmbito acadêmico, por exemplo, a imagem forense quase sempre surge periférica e ilustrativa em estudos de caráter histórico/sociológico, ligados ao tema da criminologia ou variações sobre a marginalidade urbana. Um acessório apenas. Diferentemente, o estudo aqui realizado tem como objeto de pesquisa visual um acervo formado por negativos fotográficos de cenas de crimes (grupo "Sangue", nome dado a casos de Homicídios, Suicídios, Encontro de Cadáver e Morte a Esclarecer pela Equipe Técnica do Instituto de Criminalística) acontecidos na região metropolitana de São Paulo no período de 1987 a 2007. Durante o processo de levantamento e escolha de imagens, e a partir do convívio diário com fotógrafos no IC, a pesquisa terminou por também resgatar uma espécie de trajetória da fotografia forense e do fotógrafo pericial na Polícia Científica de São Paulo, principalmente através de conversas com os profissionais mais antigos ainda atuantes, já que não há arquivos precisamente preservados ou documentação histórica oficial sobre a fotografia e o fotógrafo pericial na Polícia Científica Paulista / Abstract: The forensic image, such as those found in the Photo Lab of the Institute of Criminology in São Paulo (IC), are part of a group of visual production that can be called disposable. In addition to its role in the illustrative expert reports (and its force of argument as an index of what happened), photographs of criminal nature (scenes of accidents, crimes, corpus delicti, autopsy procedures, finally, proof / visual material in police investigation and criminal justice) seems, at first, unable to be thought of as capable of other visual interpretations, if not an image that adheres to its material reference. In the academic sphere, for example, the forensic image almost always remains in peripheral and illustrative studies of a historical / sociological criminology related to the subject or variations on urban marginality. An accessory only. Unlike the study performed here as a research subject has a visual collection consists of photographic negatives of crime scenes (group "Blood," the name given to cases of homicide, suicide, corpse encounters and not clarified death, by the Institute of Criminalistics) that occurred in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo in the period 1987 to 2007. The intention is to treat these images as visual construction and representation, distancing the relationship between photography and indicial primary objective reality to highlight the link between real violence and speeches about violent death and the body with narratives that permeate modern and contemporary visual culture. During the assessment process and choice of images, and from daily contact with photographers in the IC, the study also ended up restoring a history of forensic photography and the police photographer expert in Sao Paulo, mainly through conversations with older professionals still on duty, since there is no politics of preserving files or official historical documentation about the photograph and the photographer expert in São Paulo?s forensic police / Mestrado / Historia da Arte / Mestre em História

This study focuses on the ontological and epistemological assumptions within the construction of expert knowledge regarding violent Islamic extremism in Sweden. Setting out from the academic field of critical terrorism studies, previous research highlights how following the 2001 attacks against the United States (9/11) Islam and terrorism have been presented as codependent. In this thesis I argue that in a Swedish context two overarching themes have been constructed by Swedish experts regarding violent Islamic extremists in Sweden, that of the passive victim, who is susceptible to the particular nature of their environment which is tainted by ‘alienation’, ‘segregation’, along with extremist influences; and the active threat, who is ‘anti - democratic‘, ‘manipulative’, and ‘violent’. In order to analyze the discursive constructs of the experts I have strategically selected reports from four Swedish centers of expertise and thereafter analyzed the reports through a theoretical and methodological framework based upon Michel Foucault’s (1972) discourse analysis. I argue that by applying Foucault’s discourse analysis to the reports it is possible to see how the experts do construct a connection between Islam and Muslims to violent extremism and terrorism by ascribing a particular notion of vulnerability amongst the perceived group in regards to their susceptibility to radicalization and violent extremism. In turn, exceptionally associating violent extremism and terrorism with Islam and Muslims. More so, I argue that the experts derive their legitimacy from the Swedish government and from internal and external confirmation and are as such part of a limited epistemological community. Therefore, the Swedish government acts not only as delimiters of the emergence of experts within the field, but also in the discursive rule formation of what is deemed as related to the field of terrorism studies and what is not.

The concept of peacebuilding evokes the image of international interventions in countries emerging from civil wars. Despite the visibility of this engagement, post-civil war peacebuilding is just one form of peacebuilding. As a response to smaller scale violent conflicts, ongoing peacebuilding interrupts cycles of violence and prevents the escalation of violent conflict. The 2007/8 post-election violence in Kenya captured international attention due to the scope and magnitude of the conflict. In 1992 and 1997, Kenya had experienced lower levels of electoral violence. The recurring and escalatory nature of violent conflict implies that peacebuilding should be a strategic response, earlier on, to prevent violence from reaching new levels. Since 2002, the Kenyan state has actively engaged in peacebuilding. This study on state-led peacebuilding in Kenya deviates from the typical post-war interventions to analyse peacebuilding as an ongoing preventative response by national actors to intermittent violence. This thesis seeks to explain the impact of this state-led peacebuilding approach on the practice and prospect of peace. To do so, I first explore the multiple conceptions of peace held by those engaged in this approach to understand what type of peace is being built. Second, I analyse the paradox of the state in peacebuilding and how the role of the state has influenced the nature of peacebuilding and consequently the prospects for peace. The state in peacebuilding presents a paradox because of the state’s direct and indirect involvement in violent conflict as well as the top-down nature of state engagement. Third, I interrogate the relationship between the institutionalisation of peacebuilding and the sustainability of peacebuilding and peace. I find that state-led peacebuilding in Kenya has raised the profile of peacebuilding, improved the synergy between peacebuilding actors and increased the inflow of resources available to build peace. This positive influence is countered by the negative implications of the state’s role in promoting a reductive conceptualisation of peace and unsustainably institutionalising peace building. I conclude that, though the state has a role to play in peacebuilding, the contradictory implications of state-led peacebuilding challenge the sustainability of peacebuilding and peace.

The 3-year rate of recidivism in the United States is around 43%, costing taxpayers millions of dollars every year. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between criminal thinking styles and self-reported recidivism, which included crimes committed that were not reported to authorities. According to Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy theory, behavior is a direct result of cognitive activity. The research question asked what relationship existed between criminal thinking styles and recidivism for post-release non-violent offenders on probation. Using the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, this study used a non-experimental survey approach, correlating scores from this measure with self-reported number of crimes from a sample of males and females ranging in age from18-65 years old (n = 9). Although responses to the recidivism question were obtained, the sample size was insufficient to show a significant relationship between these variables (rs = .45). This effect size suggests that further research could be carried out to determine if, with a larger sample size, a significant relationship might be found. It is important for the criminal justice system and forensic mental health services to gain a better understanding of the relationship between criminal thinking styles and recidivism. This study has revealed that self-report of crimes committed can be collected, enabling greater knowledge of offenders' maladaptive behaviors so that those working in the field to help those offenders to reenter society can do so more efficiently, therefore, reducing recidivism.

Theses (M.A.(Media Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / The purpose of this study was to outline the effects of violent films and video games on children in Giyani. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data collection was done using three methods, namely: structured questionnaires, interviews and observations. Participants for this study were sixty (60) children from four selected villages, namely Ndhambhi, Mageva , Bambeni and nwamarhanga. Twenty (20) parents from the same villages were also selected. Films and video games remain the source of entertainment for media consumers although they have effects. Such effects may be seen through long and short time exposures. There are positive and negative effects of media violence exposure. The effectiveness of effects on children may be determined by several factors such as: cognitive development of one’s mind, time spent consuming violent films and video games, age and interpretation attached to messages portrayed by the media. The findings reveal that children’s perceptions of the reality may be affected by media violence. Furthermore, parents do not always monitor what their children consume on daily basis. Repeated exposure of violence on children might result in aggressiveness and the syndrome world effects. Children should be taught about the importance of age restrictions and television guidelines.

Thesis advisor: Jonathan Laurence / In the decade following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, global focus has shifted towards analyzing how to combat terrorism. "Countering Violent Extremism" policies, or CVE, emerged as a means to combat the growing threat of extremist attacks against Western and Western-backed governments around the world. CVE promotes the use of deradicalization and integration techniques to develop trust in communities considered "at-risk" of becoming radicalized and executing extremist attacks. Problematically, CVE policies have been adopted and adored without having been scrutinized. I consider three historical cases of policies very similar to CVE, in France, Great Britain, and the United States, and analyze how CVE may distract from a concerning trend towards immigration, law enforcement, and military action instead of meaningful engagement. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Politicaql Science.

In recent years superhero movies have skyrocketed in popularity, bringing with them plots and characters that tend to exhibit high levels of aggression. As social learners, humans often learn from what they observe, and especially emulate characters they admire – including fictional superheroes and villains. Consequently, this study content analyzed non-physical aggressions (verbal aggression, relational aggression, and violent ideation) in the top 25 highest grossing superhero movies between 2005 and 2015. Results found an average of 171.8 acts of non-physical aggression per movie. Females in these movies were also significantly more likely to engage in verbal and relational aggressions, which contributes to gender stereotypes about aggression. Unfortunately, due to a failure in intercoder reliability testing, these results are unreliable.

Violent crime and its prevention Abstract Violent crime has been a part of our society since its inception. Nevertheless, just like our society, it keeps changing and evolving and for that reason its research remains relevant. As violent crime raises serious concerns for one's safety, the police, the media and the public pay close attention to it. The topic of violent crime is very extensive and it is difficult to grasp within the limited scope of the diploma thesis. With regard to this fact, the aim of this diploma thesis is to provide in six chapters at least a basic overview not only of violent crime, but also its prevention. The first chapter explains the concepts related to violent crime, and the attached overview table also lists the crimes that are classified as a violent crime. The second chapter provides information, based on the analysis of data from police statistics, on the share of violent crime in the total crime numbers, the state of violent crime in individual regions and throughout the Czech Republic and the structure of violent crime in 2020. It also discusses the development and evolution of violent crime up until 2020. The third chapter deals with the characteristics of violent crime with emphasis on the crime of robbery, its typology and international comparison. The fourth chapter...