<p>The purpose of the essay is to investigate whether the principles formulated by Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, concerning strategic non-violent conflicts, can serve a purpose when analyzing improvised non-violent conflicts. The principles are derived from factors that have been prominent in earlier successful improvised non-violent conflicts.</p><p>The essay is based on two research questions; if the factors included in the principles formulated by Ackerman and Kruegler, exist in the two cases that this study investigates, and if those principles offer a satisfactory explanation for the outcome of an improvised non-violent conflict.</p><p>To answer the questions the study uses a comparative method, where the improvised non-violent conflict of 2004 in Ukraine is compared to the improvised non-violent conflict of 1988 in Burma.</p><p>The answer to the first question shows that the factors contained in the principles previously mentioned, exists in both cases. The answer to the second question is more uncertain, as there seems to be doubts on whether the case of Ukraine really was completely improvised. Another reason for caution is that the factors contained in the principles, only consider actions made by non-violent actors, and not by opponents or third parties. Thus the risks of missing vital explanatory factors are substantial.</p>

Cette thèse rend compte de la crise de 1989 en Mauritanie, de ses ressorts lointains et complexes, et du processus inabouti de sortie négociée d’un conflit longtemps recouvert du voile du déni et du silence. Au-delà d’une simple histoire événementielle, elle se propose de considérer les raisons, pour parler comme George Mosse, de la « brutalisation » de la société mauritanienne, la signification dont cette violence et son exacerbation était porteuse et la « politique de réconciliation » initiée par les gouvernements successifs après la chute du président Ould Taya en août 2005. Ce travail, qui est donc une écriture de l’histoire du passé violent et de ses voies d’extrication en Mauritanie, a supposé de notre part de répondre à deux impératifs : premièrement, comprendre le sens des événements, le comment et le pourquoi. Autrement dit, travailler, tout en les interrogeant, à la restitution objective des faits. Deuxièmement, évoquer ce qu’a été la politique de l’Etat mauritanien pour faire face à son histoire problématique, faite de tensions ethniques et sociales, et trouver une issue à la crise. / Cette thèse rend compte de la crise de 1989 en Mauritanie, de ses ressorts lointains et complexes, et du processus inabouti de sortie négociée d’un conflit longtemps recouvert du voile du déni et du silence. Au-delà d’une simple histoire événementielle, elle se propose de considérer les raisons, pour parler comme George Mosse, de la « brutalisation » de la société mauritanienne, la signification dont cette violence et son exacerbation était porteuse et la « politique de réconciliation » initiée par les gouvernements successifs après la chute du président Ould Taya en août 2005. Ce travail, qui est donc une écriture de l’histoire du passé violent et de ses voies d’extrication en Mauritanie, a supposé de notre part de répondre à deux impératifs : premièrement, comprendre le sens des événements, le comment et le pourquoi. Autrement dit, travailler, tout en les interrogeant, à la restitution objective des faits. Deuxièmement, évoquer ce qu’a été la politique de l’Etat mauritanien pour faire face à son histoire problématique, faite de tensions ethniques et sociales, et trouver une issue à la crise.

abstract: The link between victimization and offending is well established in the literature, yet an unexplored causal pathway within this relationship is concerned with why some individuals engage in maladaptive coping in response to victimization. In particular, those with low self-control may be attracted to problematic yet immediately gratifying forms of coping post-victimization (e.g., substance use), which may increase their likelihood of violent offending in the future. Using three waves of adolescent panel data from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program, this research examines: (1) whether individuals with low-self control are more likely to engage in substance use coping following violent victimization, and (2) whether victims with low self-control who engage in substance use coping are more likely to commit violent offenses in the future. The results from negative binomial regressions support these hypotheses, even after controlling for prior offending, peer influences, prior substance abuse, and other forms of offending. The implications for integrating general strain and self-control theories, as well as for our understanding of the victimization-offending overlap, are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Criminology and Criminal Justice 2011

This diploma paper deals with the problems of domestic violence. The work itself is divided into two separate consequential parts. Theoretical part is pointed at general description of particular topics concerning domestic violence. These topics are also systematically classified. Theoretical findings lead to the main aim of the theory, which is the chapter violent person. The practical part sets two goals. The first one was to prove that the attitude of the ordinary people to the sufficient work with violent person is negative, which has been proven in my survey. Second goal was to make up a hypothesis in terms of work with the violent person.

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Between 2011-2021, violent tornadoes accounted for an average of 65% of all tornado-related fatalities. The Violent Tornado Parameter (VTP), created in 2018, attempts to address this forecast problem but has issues with false alarms. Storm Relative Helicity has historically been used in tornado forecasting. Recent studies have shown the 0-500 m effective layer SRH (ESRH) has skill in discerning significantly tornadic events from those that are not. This study explored the effects of incorporating 0-500 m ESRH into the VTP and issues relating to the parameter’s false alarm rate by examining RUC/RAP forecast soundings for 302 U.S. tornadic events (83 violent, 122 strong, 97 weak) from 2011 to 2020, along with test data from 2021. Overall, the study found that 0-500 m ESRH has skill in forecasting violent tornadoes, and that both the 0-3 km MLCAPE and 0-3 km Lapse Rate terms raised the parameter’s false alarm rate.

The purpose of this study was to explore women's dual experiences of IPV to examine whether their motivations fit the current framework on four types of intimate partner violence (IPV) in light of Johnson's typology, which includes: violent resistance (VR), situational couple violence (SCV), mutual violent combat (MVC), and intimate terrorism (IT) (Kelly and Johnson 2008). I applied these types of IPV to describe women's physical aggression, control, and emotional responses experienced and performed during IPV. Johnson's typology classified six of 10 participant experiences; to describe the remaining four, I applied blended types of IPV. Findings in this study indicated that VR and SCV overlooked women's use of controlling physical aggression; this study identified alternative concepts and additional dimensions of control and resistance, and introduced tempered violence resistance (TVR), a new IPV type to describe women's use of controlling physical aggression during protective violence. Correspondingly, findings also indicated that interpretations of physical aggression and control in MVC and IT did not consider wide-ranging degrees of control such as self-control, situational control, and partner control. Hence, distinctions between SCV or MVC and MVC or IT were limited by vague interpretations of control. Furthermore, VR, MVC, and IT did not fully describe women's emotional responses. These types of violence focused solely on the context of physical aggression and control, which minimized perceptions of conflict and omitted reported samples of motivations. Forthcoming studies applying Johnson's typology should include external contexts of relationship conflict and consider multiple types control and dimensions of resistance. / Ph. D.

Although societal interest in violence is not new, the lay public and legal and mental health professionals have become increasingly interested in distinguishing nonstranger and stranger violence. The importance of the victim-offender relationship is underscored by the fact that society appears to be less fearful of the nonstranger offender than it is of the stranger offender. This research explores the role of the victim-offender relationship in crimes of violence. Inmate self-report, official data, and prison infraction data were used. All data collection occurred within the Arizona state prison system and included 273 inmate subjects who committed violent offenses. The victim-offender relationship was studied in the context of the validity of offender self-report, the prison experience of inmates, criminal justice processing of offenders, recidivism of offenders, specialization of offenders, and offender's perception of victim contribution. Results suggest that the violent offender self-report is valid and reliable, and that stranger and nonstranger offenders are similar in some ways and different in others. In particular, stranger offenders have more disciplinary problems in prison; are charged and convicted of less serious crimes but are given longer sentences; have more extensive juvenile records and histories of drug abuse; are more likely to have been in prison before; do not have more extensive self-reported crime commission rates; are no more or no less likely to specialize; and are less likely to perceive victim contribution than nonstranger offenders. Conclusions and implications for public policy are discussed.

High prevalence and the negative legal, health, and psychological consequences of adolescent dating aggression underscore the need to identify risk and protective processes associated with this type of aggression. Studying dating aggression in early adolescence is important, as this is the developmental time frame when most youth are establishing attitudes, beliefs, and norms for dating behaviors. The current study investigated longitudinal associations between perceived parental and peer support for violent and nonviolent responses to conflict and dating aggression perpetration among middle school students. Participants included 1,399 adolescents (52% female) in the sixth (n = 466), seventh (n = 467), and eighth (n = 466) grades. Results showed that peer support for nonviolent responses predicted lower frequencies of subsequent dating aggression among sixth graders, and perceived parental support for nonviolent responses resulted in decreased frequencies of dating aggression in the seventh and eighth grades. Peer support for violent responses predicted increased dating aggression in the seventh grade, and perceived parental support for violent responses led to higher frequencies of dating aggression in the eighth grade. Additionally, dating aggression predicted changes in adolescent perceptions of parental and peer support for violent and nonviolent responses. No sex differences were found in these models. Lastly, moderation analyses identified two significant interactions. These interactions illustrated that different combinations of parental and peer support for violent and nonviolent responses affected dating aggression perpetration, highlighting the importance of examining mixed messages and combinations of messages from parents and peers. Overall, the findings from the current study indicated that adolescent perceptions of parental and peer support for violent and nonviolent responses to conflict are important risk and protective processes, respectively, that are longitudinally associated with dating aggression. These findings can inform dating violence prevention programs, and stress the importance of adolescent, parental, and peer involvement in these programs.

The theme of this thesis is "Violent Crime and its Prevention". The violence can be seen everywhere, in the family, in school, at work or in the streets. Every day the media inform the public about violent crime. Is it true that the violence increases in our society or is it only a report interesting for the media? The purpose of this study is the answer this question. The thesis is composed of seven chapters and a number of subchapters. The first and introductory chapter defines basic terminology used in the thesis, for example criminology, criminality, violent crime, aggression and violence. Chapter two deals with the phenomenology of violent crime. The chapter consist of three parts. Part one focuses on the state of violent crime. Part two is concerned with the structure of violent crime and part three documents dynamics of violent crime. Third chapter outlines the victims and theirs issues. This chapter firstly explains the terms as victimology, victimity, victimization, victim. Latter parts of this chapter are concerned with the behaviour of victim, the relationship between offender and victim, the typology of victims, the help to victims, prevention from becoming a victim, the victim's psychology and finally analyses the victims of violent crime in the Czech Republic. Fourth chapter is called "The...