Rock glaciers play a significant role in the alpine debris transport system. For practical and engineering considerations, identifying the internal structure and its relationship to surface characteristics is significant in terms of how a rock glacier settles during periods of melting, and the mode of deformation. A better understanding of these factors is important for engineers, engineering geologists and geomorphologists who must make prudent evaluations of rock glaciers as potential sites for human development and uses. It is equally important for evaluating potential stores for water on other planets such as Mars. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) shows that the internal structure of a lobate rock glacier located in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado consists of continuous to semi-continuous horizontal layers of ice-supersaturated sediments and coarse blocky rockslide debris which likely formed through catastrophic episodes of rockfall from the cirque headwall. Folds in the uppermost layers correspond to the surface expression of ridges and furrows, indicating that compressive stresses originating in the steep accumulation zone are transmitted downslope through the rock glacier. The rock glacier is a composite feature that formed by a process involving the development and overlap of discrete flow lobes that have overridden older glacial moraine and protalus rampart materials. The latter materials have been incorporated into the present flow structure of the rock glacier. The discovery of rock glacier-like features on Mars suggests the presence of flowing, or once-flowing ice-rock mixtures. These landforms, which include lobate debris aprons, concentric crater fill and lineated valley fill, hold significant promise as reservoirs of stored water ice that could be used as fuel sources for human exploration of Mars and provide a frozen record of the climatic history of the planet. To this end, the rock glacier in this study was used as a surrogate for similar Martian landforms. Liquid water, found to be abundant in this rock glacier, occurs within a network of interconnected channels that permeate throughout the landform. In terms of water storage within Martian analogs, consideration must include the possibility that some water ice may be stored in relatively pure form within lenses and vein networks that are supplied by seasonal frost accumulation and/or water influx from below.

The linear stability of high speed-viscous plane Couette and Couette-Poiseuille flows are investigated numerically. The conservation equations along with Sutherland&amp / #65533 / s viscosity law are studied using a second-order finite difference scheme. The basic velocity and temperature distributions are perturbed by a small-amplitude normalmode disturbance. The small-amplitude disturbance equations are solved numerically using a global method using QZ algorithm to find all the eigenvalues at finite Reynolds numbers, and the incompressible limit of these equations is investigated for Couette-Poiseuille flow. It is found that the instabilities occur, although the corresponding growth rates are often small. Two families of wave modes, Mode I (odd modes) and Mode II (even modes), were found to be unstable at finite Reynolds numbers, where Mode II is the dominant instability among the unstable modes for plane Couette flow. The most unstable mode for plane Couette &amp / #65533 / Poiseuille flow is Mode 0, which is not a member of the even modes. Both even and odd modes are acoustic modes created by acoustic reflections between a will and a relative sonic line. The necessary condition for the existence of such acoustic wave modes is that there is a region of locally supersonic mean flow relative to the phase speed of the instability wave. The effects of viscosity and compressibility are also investigated and shown to have a stabilizing role in all cases studied. Couette-Poiseuille flow stability is investigated in case of a choked channel flow, where the maximum velocity in the channel corresponds to sonic velocity. Neutral stability contours were obtained for this flow as a function if the wave number,Reynolds number and the upper wall Mach number. The critical Reynolds number is found as 5718.338 for an upper wall Mach number of 0.0001, corresponding to the fully Poiseuille case.

La modélisation des phénomènes physiologiques induits par un écoulement, tels que l'écoulement sanguin au travers d'une sténose ou l'écoulement d'air lors de la production de parole, repose souvent sur des théories quasi-unidimensionnelles ou bi-dimensionnelles. Cependant, il est établi que le développement des couches limites dépend de la section transversale. Le but de cette thèse est de modéliser, simuler et caractériser l'importance potentielle de la section transversale sur les écoulements laminaires, contrôlés en pression, en l'absence ou en présence d'une constriction. Des coordonnées de translation sont utilisées pour obtenir des solutions pour des écoulement visqueux au travers d'une section de forme arbitraire. Cette paramétrisation est appliquée à la résolution des équations physiques pour des formes à deux et à trois dimensions. Un modèle d'écoulement simplifié quasi-tridimensionnel, qui prend en compte les pertes dissipatives par convection, la viscosité et la forme de la section est présenté et appliqué à la description de l'écoulement le long d'une sténose. Des données expérimentales et issues de simulations numériques sont collectées afin de caractériser l'influence de la forme de la section transversale dans le cas d'une constriction. simulation numérique sont comparées. / Physical models of physiological flow-induced phenomena, such as blood flow through a stenosis or air flow during human speech production, often rely on a quasi-one-dimensional or two-dimensional flow model, so that details of the cross section shape are neglected. Nevertheless, boundary layer development is known to depend on the cross section shape. The aim of this thesis is to model, simulate and characterize the potential impact of the cross section shape for pressure-driven laminar channel flow without and with constriction. Stretched coordinates are introduced to obtain viscous flow solutions for channels with an arbitrary cross section. The proposed cross section shape parametrization is applied to solve physical equations for two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes. A simplified quasi-three-dimensional flow model, which accounts for kinetic losses, viscosity and the cross section shape, is presented and applied to describe the flow through a stenosis. Finally, flow data are gathered experimentally and numerically in order to characterize the influence of the cross section shape in the case of a constricted channel. Modeled, experimental and numerical data are compared.

Petrobrás; ANP; UTFPR; LACIT / Bombas centrífugas submersas têm sido cada vez mais utilizadas comométodo de elevação artificial para a produção de óleos em campos marítimos profundos. O bombeio de fluidos com viscosidades significativamente diferentes a da água gera um desempenho da bomba distinto ao do apresentado no seu catálogo, com uma queda de rendimento da mesma, assim sendo, a influência da viscosidade do fluido no desempenho em uma bomba centrífuga submersa tem recebido muita atenção há alguns anos. Neste cenário, no presente trabalho foi realizada a simulação numérica do escoamento monofásico, newtoniano, incompressível e isotérmico no rotor e difusor de uma bomba centrífuga submersa utilizando o programa de dinâmica de fluidos computacional ANSYS CFX. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para um estágio de uma BCS de três estágios para escoamentos envolvendo fluidos com viscosidades variando de 1 a 1020 cP. A partir dos resultados numéricos obtidos foram elaboradas as curvas para a altura de elevação da bomba e eficiência e comparados contra dados experimentais obtidos por Amaral (2007). Também foi realizada uma análise do padrão do escoamento no rotor e difusor com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento dos campos de velocidade e pressão, a intensidade turbulenta e o aparecimento de recirculações para a BCS operando fora da faixa de operação ótima. Alem disso foi analisada a degradação do desempenho da bomba em função da viscosidade do fluido de trabalho, e foram utilizados números adimensionais como parâmetros para quantificar essa degradação. / This work presents a numerical analysis on the influence of viscosity on the performance of a semi-axial electrical submersible pump (ESP) such as the ones used in offshore petroleum production. A single stage composed of an impeller with seven blades and a diffuser with seven vanes is considered. Flow simulations for water and other fluids with viscosity ranging from 60 to 1020 cP were performed with the aid of Computational Fluid Dynamics, and both design and off-design flow rates and impeller speeds were investigated. The numerical model was compared with experimental measurements of the static pressure difference on a given stage of a three-stage ESP system. Results showed good agreement between the numerical and the measured pressure difference values. As a main objective, the pump performance degradation relative to viscosity is analyzed for several conditions regarding design and off-design operation. The flow field pattern associated with the effect of viscosity is also analyzed. Studying the pump performance degradation cause by viscosity, especially for off-design operation like this work is also intended, is a current and ongoing demand in offshore petroleum production. In association with that, understanding the flow field pattern for those scenarios, which seems to be very particular for each pump, should help to contribute to the related literature in this field.

O processo de usinagem por hidroerosão é utilizado em bicos injetores do sistema diesel para melhorar seu desempenho a partir do arredondamento do raio de entrada dos canais de injeção por onde escoa o diesel para injeção no motor. A eficiência do processo de usinagem por hidroerosão está relacionada às condições do fluido erosivo utilizado no processo, sendo que a viscosidade desempenha papel fundamental para manutenção da eficiência. O acoplamento das partículas abrasivas com o fluido é afetado pela redução da viscosidade que ocorre durante o processo, influenciando assim a eficiência de remoção de material e trazendo perdas de produtividade para o processo, que se torna mais lento para que se atinja a remoção de material especificada. No trabalho em questão, a eficiência do processo foi avaliada durante 160 horas, utilizando correção da viscosidade do fluido erosivo para manutenção da viscosidade próxima à condição inicial de trabalho. A causa para a redução da viscosidade também foi investigada, a partir da avaliação de uma possível contaminação do fluido erosivo por outros fluidos de menor viscosidade existentes no processo. Após 160 horas de monitoramento aplicando-se correção da viscosidade, observou-se a ocorrência de redução da viscosidade do fluido erosivo de 8,8 % considerando a primeira e a última amostra, além de uma redução na eficiência do processo de apenas 4,2 %, em detrimento a uma redução de 20 % observada em estudo anterior, no qual não houve renovação de partículas e ajuste da viscosidade. A contaminação do fluido erosivo pelo óleo de exame utilizado na estação anterior à de usinagem por hidroerosão se mostrou responsável por 37,5 % da redução da viscosidade do fluido ao longo de 40 horas de trabalho. / Hydroerosive grinding process is used on nozzle injectors for diesel system in order to improve its performance by rounding the internal diameter of the injection channels through which flows the diesel for injection in the engine. The efficiency of hydroerosive grinding process is related to the conditions of the erosive fluid used in the process, for which viscosity has a major role for efficiency maintenance. Coupling between particles and fluid is affected by viscosity decrease along time, thus influencing material removal rate efficiency and causing productivity losses, once cycle time increases to achieve the specified material removal rate. In the present investigation, the process efficiency was evaluated during 160 hours using viscosity correction of the erosive fluid in order to keep viscosity close to its initial work condition. The root cause for viscosity decrease was also investigated through evaluation of possible contamination of the erosive media by lower viscosity fluids existing in the process. After 160 hours of process monitoring with viscosity adjustment, it was observed 8,8 % of viscosity reduction considering the first and the last samples, besides that the material removal rate efficiency decreased only 4,2 % over 20 % decrease observed in a previous study related to hydroerosive grinding process without particle replacement and viscosity adjustment. Contamination of the erosive fluid by measurement oil used in the previous station was responsible for 37,5 % of viscosity decrease along 40 hours of production.

Petrobrás; ANP; UTFPR; LACIT / Bombas centrífugas submersas têm sido cada vez mais utilizadas comométodo de elevação artificial para a produção de óleos em campos marítimos profundos. O bombeio de fluidos com viscosidades significativamente diferentes a da água gera um desempenho da bomba distinto ao do apresentado no seu catálogo, com uma queda de rendimento da mesma, assim sendo, a influência da viscosidade do fluido no desempenho em uma bomba centrífuga submersa tem recebido muita atenção há alguns anos. Neste cenário, no presente trabalho foi realizada a simulação numérica do escoamento monofásico, newtoniano, incompressível e isotérmico no rotor e difusor de uma bomba centrífuga submersa utilizando o programa de dinâmica de fluidos computacional ANSYS CFX. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para um estágio de uma BCS de três estágios para escoamentos envolvendo fluidos com viscosidades variando de 1 a 1020 cP. A partir dos resultados numéricos obtidos foram elaboradas as curvas para a altura de elevação da bomba e eficiência e comparados contra dados experimentais obtidos por Amaral (2007). Também foi realizada uma análise do padrão do escoamento no rotor e difusor com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento dos campos de velocidade e pressão, a intensidade turbulenta e o aparecimento de recirculações para a BCS operando fora da faixa de operação ótima. Alem disso foi analisada a degradação do desempenho da bomba em função da viscosidade do fluido de trabalho, e foram utilizados números adimensionais como parâmetros para quantificar essa degradação. / This work presents a numerical analysis on the influence of viscosity on the performance of a semi-axial electrical submersible pump (ESP) such as the ones used in offshore petroleum production. A single stage composed of an impeller with seven blades and a diffuser with seven vanes is considered. Flow simulations for water and other fluids with viscosity ranging from 60 to 1020 cP were performed with the aid of Computational Fluid Dynamics, and both design and off-design flow rates and impeller speeds were investigated. The numerical model was compared with experimental measurements of the static pressure difference on a given stage of a three-stage ESP system. Results showed good agreement between the numerical and the measured pressure difference values. As a main objective, the pump performance degradation relative to viscosity is analyzed for several conditions regarding design and off-design operation. The flow field pattern associated with the effect of viscosity is also analyzed. Studying the pump performance degradation cause by viscosity, especially for off-design operation like this work is also intended, is a current and ongoing demand in offshore petroleum production. In association with that, understanding the flow field pattern for those scenarios, which seems to be very particular for each pump, should help to contribute to the related literature in this field.

O processo de usinagem por hidroerosão é utilizado em bicos injetores do sistema diesel para melhorar seu desempenho a partir do arredondamento do raio de entrada dos canais de injeção por onde escoa o diesel para injeção no motor. A eficiência do processo de usinagem por hidroerosão está relacionada às condições do fluido erosivo utilizado no processo, sendo que a viscosidade desempenha papel fundamental para manutenção da eficiência. O acoplamento das partículas abrasivas com o fluido é afetado pela redução da viscosidade que ocorre durante o processo, influenciando assim a eficiência de remoção de material e trazendo perdas de produtividade para o processo, que se torna mais lento para que se atinja a remoção de material especificada. No trabalho em questão, a eficiência do processo foi avaliada durante 160 horas, utilizando correção da viscosidade do fluido erosivo para manutenção da viscosidade próxima à condição inicial de trabalho. A causa para a redução da viscosidade também foi investigada, a partir da avaliação de uma possível contaminação do fluido erosivo por outros fluidos de menor viscosidade existentes no processo. Após 160 horas de monitoramento aplicando-se correção da viscosidade, observou-se a ocorrência de redução da viscosidade do fluido erosivo de 8,8 % considerando a primeira e a última amostra, além de uma redução na eficiência do processo de apenas 4,2 %, em detrimento a uma redução de 20 % observada em estudo anterior, no qual não houve renovação de partículas e ajuste da viscosidade. A contaminação do fluido erosivo pelo óleo de exame utilizado na estação anterior à de usinagem por hidroerosão se mostrou responsável por 37,5 % da redução da viscosidade do fluido ao longo de 40 horas de trabalho. / Hydroerosive grinding process is used on nozzle injectors for diesel system in order to improve its performance by rounding the internal diameter of the injection channels through which flows the diesel for injection in the engine. The efficiency of hydroerosive grinding process is related to the conditions of the erosive fluid used in the process, for which viscosity has a major role for efficiency maintenance. Coupling between particles and fluid is affected by viscosity decrease along time, thus influencing material removal rate efficiency and causing productivity losses, once cycle time increases to achieve the specified material removal rate. In the present investigation, the process efficiency was evaluated during 160 hours using viscosity correction of the erosive fluid in order to keep viscosity close to its initial work condition. The root cause for viscosity decrease was also investigated through evaluation of possible contamination of the erosive media by lower viscosity fluids existing in the process. After 160 hours of process monitoring with viscosity adjustment, it was observed 8,8 % of viscosity reduction considering the first and the last samples, besides that the material removal rate efficiency decreased only 4,2 % over 20 % decrease observed in a previous study related to hydroerosive grinding process without particle replacement and viscosity adjustment. Contamination of the erosive fluid by measurement oil used in the previous station was responsible for 37,5 % of viscosity decrease along 40 hours of production.

La digitation visqueuse est une instabilité hydrodynamique apparaissant lorsque, dans un milieu poreux, un fluide moins visqueux déplace un fluide plus visqueux. L'objectif de notre thèse est l'étude expérimentale des propriétés des motifs de digitation lorsque l'échantillon de fluide visqueux est de taille finie et lorsqu'une réaction chimique modifie la viscosité dans un milieu poreux modèle, en l'occurrence une cellule de Hele-Shaw. En particulier, notre étude a permis de quantifier la contribution de dispersion et de la digitation visqueuse, l'étalement dans l'espace d'échantillons de taille finie en fonction des paramètres expérimentaux (contraste de viscosité, vitesse de déplacement et taille de l'échantillon). Pour les fluides réactifs, nous analysons la digitation induite par une réaction A + B C dont le produit C est plus visqueux que les réactifs A et B, ceux-ci ayant la même viscosité. Nous mettons en évidence l'effet des concentrations en réactifs, du choix du fluide vecteur et du débit d'injection sur le motif de digitation. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In this dissertation, we are concerned with the numerical simulation for flows of electrically conducting fluids exposed to an external magnetic field (also known as magnetohydrodynamics or in short MHD). The aim of the present dissertation is twofold. First, the in-house CFD hydrodynamic solver SFELES is extended to MHD problems. Second, MHD turbulence is studied in the simple configuration of a MHD pipe flow within an external transverse magnetic field. Chapter 2 of this dissertation aims at reminding the physical equations that govern incompressible MHD problems. Two equivalent formulations are put forward in the particular case of quasi-static MHD. Chapter 3 is devoted to the detailed development of the hybrid spectral - stabilized finite element methods for quasi-static MHD problems. The extension of SFELES is made for both Cartesian and axisymmetric systems of coordinates. The short chapter 4 follows to provide the performances of SFELES executed by several processes in a parallel environment. The addition of a parallel direct solver is studied in regards with the memory and time requirements. The extension of SFELES is then validated in chapter 5 with test cases of increasing complexity. For this purpose, laminar flows with an existing analytical-asymptotic solution are considered. The subject of chapter 6 is the MHD turbulent pipe flow within an external transverse and uniform magnetic field. The results are partially compared with the corresponding hydrodynamic flow and with a few data available in the literature. / Le thème de cette thèse de doctorat est la simulation numérique d'écoulements de fluides conducteurs d'électricité qui sont exposés à un champ magnétique extérieur (également connu sous le nom de magnétohydrodynamique ou encore MHD). L'objectif de ce travail est double. Premièrement, le code CFD maison SFELES est étendu aux problèmes MHD. Deuxièmement, la turbulence MHD est étudiée dans la configuration de l'écoulement en conduite cylindrique à l'intérieur d'un champ magnétique transverse. Le chapitre 2 de cette thèse a pour but de rappeler les équations qui gouvernent les problèmes de MHD incompressible. Deux formulations équivalente sont mises en évidence dans le cas particulier de la MHD quasi-statique. Le chapitre 3 est dévoué au développement détaillé des méthodes spectrale - éléments finis pour la MHD quasi-statique. L'extension de SFELES est réalisée dans les systèmes de coordonnées cartésiennes et axisymétriques. Le court chapitre 4 suit pour fournir les performances de SFELES exécuté sur plusieurs processeurs dans un environnement parallèle. L'ajout d'un solveur parallèle direct est étudié en ce qui concerne les demandes en temps et mémoire. L'extension de SFELES est alors validée dans le chapitre 5 avec des cas d'étude de complexité croissante. Dans ce but, des écoulements laminaires avec solution théorique-asymptotique sont envisagés. Le sujet du chapitre 6 est l'écoulement MHD turbulent en conduite cylindrique à l'intérieur d'un champ magnétique transverse et uniforme. Les résultats sont partiellement comparés avec l'écoulement hydrodynamique correspondant et avec des données disponibles dans la littérature. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is dedicated to the study of the interaction between a gas jet and a liquid film on a moving surface. This flow configuration corresponds to the gas-jet wiping technique, which is widely used in the coating industry to reduce and control the thickness of a liquid film dragged by a moving substrate. For that purpose, a turbulent slot jet impinges on the liquid surface, involving a runback flow and consequently a lower coating thickness downstream wiping. The different process parameters (nozzle pressure, nozzle to substrate standoff distance, slot width, substrate speed) allow controlling the final film thickness. This metering technique is very common in coating processes, such as the application of gelatin layers on photographic films.<p><p>The first part of this thesis deals with the prediction of the mean jet wiping flow, i.e. the film thickness distribution in the wiping region. A lubrication model is developed for that purpose, which is simplified to a zero-dimensional model giving directly the final thickness<p><p>In the second part, the prediction of splashing occurrence in jet wiping is addressed. The splashing phenomenon in jet wiping is featured by the ejection of droplets from the runback flow, and it constitutes a physical limit to the process. An experimental investigation is conducted on a water model facility, and based on a phenomenological description, a dimensionless correlation in terms of film Reynolds number and jet Weber number is derived for splashing occurrence. The latter is perfectly well validated with observations on industrial lines.<p><p>The last part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the unsteady phenomena occurring on the free surface of the liquid film downstream wiping. This phenomenon has never been understood nor characterized up to now. In the present research, undulation is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Two model test facilities with dedicated measurement techniques have been designed and constructed. They allow performing parametric studies of the undulation characteristics (amplitude, wavelength, wave velocity), and analyzing the jet/film interaction.<p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished