Optical wireless communications (OWC) has the potential to become a remedy for the shortage of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Especially in indoor environments, OWC could enable wireless home networking systems which offload data traffic from existing RF systems. In OWC, data is transmitted by modulating the intensity of light sources, typically incoherent light emitting diodes (LEDs). Thus, OWC systems employ intensity modulation (IM) and direct detection (DD) of the optical carrier. Since off-the-shelf LEDs have a limited modulation capability, the transmission bandwidth of practical OWC systems is restricted. Consequently, the available bandwidth has to be used efficiently. In this thesis, spectrally efficient optical wireless transmission techniques are evaluated. Firstly, multiple transmitter-receiver techniques are investigated. These multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques provide high spectral efficiency, and therefore high data rates. Specifically, the MIMO techniques repetition coding (RC), spatial multiplexing (SMP) and spatial modulation (SM) are analysed for indoor OWC. The performance of these techniques is evaluated analytically and by means of computer simulations. It is shown that inducing power imbalance between the multiple optical transmitters can substantially improve the performance of optical MIMO techniques as the power imbalance improves the differentiability of the multiple channels. In addition, it is found that link blockage and the utilisation of transmitters having different optical wavelengths enhance channel differentiability as well. These methods enable the utilisation of optical MIMO techniques under conditions which typically disallow the application of MIMO schemes due to little differences between the multiple links. Secondly, a novel optical wireless transmitter concept is developed. This concept uses discrete power level stepping to generate intensity modulated optical signals, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms. The transmitter consists of several on-off-switchable LED groups which are individually controlled to emit scaled optical intensities. As a result, the digital-to-analogue conversion of the signals to be sent is done in the optical domain. This method enables the implementation of low-complex and power-efficient optical transmitter front-ends – the major shortcoming of conventional optical OFDM transmitters. Thirdly, a novel approach for wireless data transmission within an aircraft cabin is presented. The data is transferred by 2-dimensional visual code sequences. These sequences are displayed on the in-flight entertainment (IFE) screen and are captured by the built-in camera of a user device which acts as receiver. Transmission experiments within an aircraft cabin mock-up demonstrate the functionality of the implemented system under realistic conditions, such as ambient illumination and geometric configuration. Altogether, this thesis has analysed the potential of spectrally efficient optical wireless transmission techniques. It is shown that OWC systems can greatly benefit from these techniques.

Intro In this practice-led research project I investigate relations between structures of coercion in the built world and sculptural language. The aim of my project is to present a series of exhibitions and situations that examine architectures of bodily discipline as practices of form/space composition and spatial manipulation. Such architectures range from the delineation of public space to the choreography of bodies by urban design. The project engages the viewer in a dialogue around art and the spatio-visual codes that embody what Michel Foucault regarded as the coercive powers of modern 'carceral culture'. I research a range of studio and workshop, site and gallery based processes contextualised by contemporary notions of sculpture, materiality and art practice. I work from a position derived from the writings on art by the minimalist sculptor Robert Morris (1966, 1970), Rosalind Krauss (1977, 1979) and Hal Foster (1996), which stress the experience of the viewer as an integral part of the art work and emphasise the nature of art work in 'real' spaces. Proposed Project To investigate relations between 'structures of coercion' in the built world and sculptural language through a series of exhibitions and situations (installations at ARIs, public collaborative works, studio documentations) that examine architectures of bodily discipline as practices of form/space composition and spatial manipulation. The proposed artworks will engage the viewer in a dialogue around art and the spatio-visual codes that exist in urban space. Main objective The main objective of this research project is to: • Identify new ways of understanding spatio-visual codes of discipline in the city through sculpture practice.

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Dept. of Visual Arts and Design, Faculty of Human Sciences - Vaal University of Technology / The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between visual and verbal codes of visual rhetoric in a sequential art setting. The literature investigation component of the study covered: (1) the notion of visual literacy; (2) the principles of visual rhetoric, and (3) trends in sequential art. The empirical component of the study involved the production of sequential art test material with an accompanying questionnaire in order to measure the comprehension of visual rhetoric in a sample of 197 undergraduate students at the Vaal University of Technology. The working hypotheses that guided the study were, firstly, that the comprehension of the visual code of the visual rhetoric used in a sequential art setting differs between (a) study participants that received visual training prior to the data collection and (b) study participants that received no visual training prior to the data collection, and secondly, that the comprehension of the visual code of the visual rhetoric used in a sequential art setting differs between (a) study participants that received test material in their home language and (b) study participants that did not receive the test material in their home language. Following a one-way ANOVA analysis of the questionnaire data, the first hypothesis indicated a significant statistical difference (p=O.OO) and was not rejected. The second hypothesis indicated no significant statistical difference (p=0.138) and was rejected. Based on the result obtained, possibilities for further research were motivated. / Vaal University of Technology

La presente investigación permite conocer la problemática desde Diseño Gráfico en la comunicación visual de los materiales educativos adaptados por las docentes del CEBE San Martín de Porres, de la estrategia nacional Aprendo en casa. Este trabajo pretende evidencia que el trabajo en conjunto del Diseño Gráfico, mediante las áreas de conocimiento de Códigos, Infográfica e Iconoplástica, junto con la pedagogía contribuyen en mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje – enseñanza de niños y niñas de 6 a 11 años con Discapacidad Intelectual (DI). El enfoque empleado en esta investigación es mixto. El estudio es de tipo experimental, la población estuvo conformada por 40 personas, entre ellas, 20 docentes especializadas en discapacidad intelectual y 18 niños y niñas de 6 a 11 años que cursan el 3° y 4° de primaria. Se utilizó las técnicas de encuesta, cuestionarios y entrevistas para conocer y recopilar mayor información. Se realiza, además, la observación de las clases sincrónicas con los estudiantes, lo que permite conocer la respuesta y el impacto de la propuesta gráfica. Se plantea como propuesta de solución, elaborar una guía gráfica de auxilio para las docentes, en la que se brinden los lineamientos de los criterios básicos del diseño adecuados para la elaboración del material educativo en beneficio de los niños y niñas con DI En conclusión, de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos por parte de los usuarios finales, se puede afirmar que la propuesta fue recibida positivamente, contribuyendo en mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje-enseñanza de la educación especial. / This research allows us to know the problem found from Graphic Design in the visual communication of educational materials adapted by the teachers of CEBE San Martín de Porres, of the national strategy Aprendo en casa. This work aims to show that the joint work of Graphic Design, through the areas of knowledge of Codes, Infographic and Iconoplastics, together with pedagogy contribute to improving the learning process - teaching of boys and girls from 6 to 11 years old with Intellectual Disability (DI). The approach used in this research is mixed. The study is experimental, the population consisted of 40 people, including 20 teachers specialized in intellectual disability and 18 boys and girls from 6 to 11 years old who are in the 3rd and 4th grades of primary school. Survey techniques, questionnaires and interviews were used to learn and collect more information. In addition, the observation of the synchronous classes with the students is carried out, which allows knowing the response and the impact of the graphic proposal. It is proposed as a solution proposal, to elaborate a graphic aid guide for teachers, in which the guidelines of the basic criteria of adequate design are provided for the elaboration of educational material for the benefit of children with DI. In conclusion, according to the results obtained by the end users, it can be affirmed that the proposal was positively received, contributing to improve the learning-teaching process of special education. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

La siguiente investigación tuvo como propósito estudiar el rol de los códigos visuales analizando el caso de la novela gráfica peruana Selva misteriosa, la cual en un principio se presentó como una tira diaria. La hipótesis desarrollada se basa en que son los códigos visuales dotan de características específicas que ayudan a la identificación de estas representaciones gráficas como parte de la Amazonía peruana y, por ende, a la creación de una identidad propia. En cuanto al enfoque teórico de esta investigación, se realiza un aporte al conocimiento del diseño gráfico sobre la importancia y la contribución de los códigos visuales en la creación de las novelas gráficas, y el aporte que tienen en su desarrollo. Luego del análisis, se halló como principales resultados que el uso de códigos estereotipado principalmente en los personajes, además de ayudar a un fácil reconocimiento de estos como figuras nativas de la selva, puede llegar a convertirse en códigos asociativos. También se encontró que las representaciones de la selva suelen ser muy diversas esto se debe a que no existe un concepto único de la selva y sería ilógico buscar mostrarla de esta forma. / The purpose of the following research was to study the role of visual codes by analyzing the case of the Peruvian graphic novel Selva misteriosa, which was initially presented as a daily strip. The hypothesis developed is based on the visual codes that provide specific characteristics that help to identify these graphic representations as part of the Peruvian Amazon and, therefore, to create their own identity. Regarding the theoretical approach of this research, a contribution is made to the knowledge of graphic design on the importance and contribution of visual codes in the creation of graphic novels, and the contribution they have in their development. After the analysis, it was found as the main results that the use of stereotyped codes mainly in the characters, in addition to helping them to be easily recognized as native figures of the jungle, can become associative codes. It was also found that the representations of the jungle are usually very diverse, this is because there is no single concept of the jungle, and it would be illogical to show it in this way. / Trabajo de investigación

El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la función de los códigos visuales con fines persuasivos y retórica visual de las campañas de prevención de cáncer de mama, empleado en las campañas publicitarias de “Tetas con propósito”, “Diálogo de tetas” y “Ponte rosa”. Asimismo, es parte de la hipótesis que supone una relación directa entre la disminución del cáncer de mama en Perú con la ayuda de las campañas publicitarias de prevención de cáncer de mama que usan códigos visuales y retórica visual como un mecanismo innovador para transmitir una información de carácter sanitario. La investigación está diseñada a partir de una metodología con enfoque cualitativo para indagar frente a la percepción y recepción de las usuarias frente a las campañas de prevención y correspondiente al diseño no experimental transcriptivo descriptivo para el análisis de los componentes gráficos persuasivos en los códigos visuales y retórica visual orientados a la prevención. Los principales resultados indican que la construcción del lenguaje visual como los códigos visuales y retórica visual de las campañas preventivas se centra en un mensaje preventivo y persuasivo que se desarrolla en conjunto con figuras retóricas como la metáfora y la enfatización de la anatomía femenina. No obstante, la percepción y recepción de usuarias y expertos muestra que la integración y difusión de este mensaje no se muestra constante y llamativo. Por ende, se concluye que los análisis de las campañas gráficas de cáncer de mama reflejan la persuasión por medio de códigos visuales y retórica visual para emitir un mensaje de prevención, aunque la difusión de dichas campañas no se vea estrechamente relacionadas al decrecimiento del cáncer de mama en Perú. / The following study aims to analyze the function of visual codes for persuasive purposes and visual rhetoric of breast cancer prevention campaigns, used in the advertising campaigns of "TETASCONPROPOSITO", "DIÁLOGO DE TETAS" and "PONTEROSA". Likewise, it is part of the hypothesis that assumes a direct relationship between the decrease of breast cancer in Peru with the help of advertising campaigns for the prevention of breast cancer that use visual codes and visual rhetoric as an innovative mechanism to transmit information of sanitary character. The research is designed from a methodology with a qualitative approach to investigate the perception and reception of users in the face of prevention campaigns and corresponding to the non-experimental descriptive transcriptional design for the analysis of persuasive graphic components in visual codes and prevention-oriented visual rhetoric. The main results indicate that the construction of visual language such as visual codes and visual rhetoric of preventive campaigns focuses on a preventive and persuasive message that is developed in conjunction with rhetorical figures such as metaphor and emphasis on the female anatomy. However, the perception and reception of users and experts shows that the integration and dissemination of this message is not constant and striking. Therefore, it is concluded that the analysis of graphic breast cancer campaigns reflect persuasion through visual codes and visual rhetoric to issue a prevention message, although the dissemination of such campaigns is not closely related to the decrease in breast cancer in Peru. / Trabajo de investigación

La siguiente investigación tiene como propósito analizar el uso del trazo y la trama como códigos no verbales en la construcción de un lenguaje visual en el manga japonés, cuyo objetivo es el de la transmisión de expresividad gráfica. El contenido narrativo y visual del manga japonés ha generado un alto índice de interés en las culturas occidentales. Éste cuenta con un lenguaje visual con características únicas que lo hacen reconocible frente a otros tipos de cómics. Es por ello que los autores mencionados en la investigación presentan análisis visuales y narrativos en distintas obras gráficas, con el objetivo de exhibir su método de transmisión de historias, ideas o pensamientos, a partir de elementos gráficos no verbales. Los resultados de la investigación mostraron que existe un entendimiento colectivo de los códigos visuales usados comúnmente en el manga, de manera que los usuarios relacionaron dichos códigos con la emoción evaluada en el análisis visual. Sin embargo, en el caso de la trama, los resultados mostraron que es necesario el contexto de un panel para concluir en la emoción deseada. / The following research aims to analyze the use of the line and screentones as non-verbal codes in the construction of a visual language in Japanese manga, whose objective is to transmit graphic expressiveness. The narrative and visual content of Japanese manga has generated a high rate of interest in Western cultures. It contains a visual language with unique characteristics that make it recognizable compared to other types of comics. That is why the authors mentioned in the research display a deep visual and narrative analysis in different graphic works, with the aim of exhibiting their method of transmitting stories, ideas or thoughts, based on non-verbal graphic elements. The results of the research showed that there is a collective understanding of the visual codes commonly used in manga, so that users related these codes to the emotion evaluated in the visual analysis. However, in the case of the screentones, the results showed that the context of a panel is necessary to conclude in the desired emotion. / Trabajo de investigación

El siguiente articulo aborda el webtoon coreano desde una perspectiva gráfica, tiene como objetivo explicar el papel de los códigos visuales en la narrativa crossmedia del webtoon coreano, corroborando la hipótesis de que los códigos visuales contribuyen al webton debido a la estandarización de estos. Se realizaron un muestreo no probabilístico, entrevistas y análisis semiótico. Los principales resultados se basan en los códigos visuales de los personajes y su estandarización y se concluye que de esa manera los códigos visuales contribuyen a la narrativa crossmedia del webtoon. / The following article addresses the Korean webtoon from a graphic perspective, its objective is to explain the role of visual codes in the crossmedia narrative of the Korean webtoon, corroborating the hypothesis that visual codes contribute to the webtoon due to their standardization. Non-probability sampling, interviews and semiotic analysis were carried out. The main results are based on the visual codes of the characters and their standardization, and it is concluded that in this way the visual codes contribute to the crossmedia narrative of the webtoon. / Trabajo de investigación

Este artículo tiene como objeto de estudio la manifestación del lenguaje visual en los carteles de películas peruanas no masivas estrenadas entre 2013 y 2019. Se plantea como objetivo general explicar las características diferenciadoras del lenguaje visual presente en dicho grupo de carteles. La indagación parte de que existe una representación autónoma del lenguaje mediante la utilización de diversos códigos visuales en la construcción de carteles no masivos. Dicho supuesto se comprobó mediante el uso de una metodología descriptiva y el estudio cualitativo de veintinueve carteles de películas peruanas dentro del rango temporal establecido. Entre los principales resultados se evidenció patrones representativos en cada categoría analizada, descubriendo una tendencia por el uso de la imagen no figurativa en los carteles no masivos a diferencia de los carteles masivos, que buscan reflejar el concepto general de la película a través de la literalidad de la imagen, sin la posibilidad de interpretarla por parte del espectador. De este modo, se concluye que en diecisiete de los veintiún carteles de películas no masivas muestreadas construyen un lenguaje visual diferenciado debido a factores narrativos, actorales o incluso presupuestales, los que se ven reflejados mediante códigos gráficos en la propuesta de diseño. / The main objective of this article is to study the manifestation of visual language in non massive Peruvian movie posters between 2013 and 2019. It is set as a general objective to explain the differentiating characteristics of the visual language presented in that group of posters. The inquiry starts from the existence of an autonomous representation of the language by using a variety of visual codes in the construction of non-massive posters. This assumption was verified by the use of a descriptive methodology and the qualitative study of twenty-nine Peruvian movie posters within a set time range. Representative patterns were evidenced in each analyzed category among the main results, finding a tendency for the use of non-figurative images in the non-massive posters, marking a difference with the massive posters, that pretend to reflect the general concept through the literality of the movie without a possibility of interpretation from the viewer side. On this way it is concluded that from twenty-one sampled non massive movie posters, seventeen build a differentiated visual language due to narrative, acting and budget factors, which are reflected by graphics codes in the design proposal. / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente trabajo de titulación se ha desarrollado un sistema gráfico informativo que incentive la prevención y la importancia de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en el Perú, los materiales diseñados están dirigidos al usuario primario, los serumistas y a la audiencia que en esta oportunidad es la Comunidad Santa Clara del Ojeal, ubicada en la amazonía del país, la ciudad de Loreto. El trabajo está compuesto por tres partes, en la primera parte se encontrará la información recolectada respecto al sustento teórico relacionado al coronavirus y la vacunación contra la COVID-19 con la finalidad de promover la salud, difundir la información en los códigos visuales pertinentes y crear conciencia para dirigirlos a una toma de decisión consiente.En la segunda parte se detalla el proceso y desarrollo de las piezas gráficas que responden a las necesidades del usuario primario y la audiencia. Finalmente, en la última parte se presenta la validación de las piezas gráficas realizadas con los especialistas de salud y los usuarios. / In the following research paper, we are presenting an informative graphic system that encourages prevention and enhances the importance of Covid 19 vaccination in Peru. The materials that have been designed are oriented to the primary user, the serumist and the main audience, which in this case is the Santa Clara del Ojeal Community, located in the Amazonas region of the country, in the city of Loreto.The following investigation is structured in three parts, the first section will portray the recollected data regarding key information of the coronavirus and its vaccine, with the main objective of setting a framework and promoting health habits, share information in the adequate visual codes and build consciousness and sense of urgency regarding decision making.In the second section, we detail de process and development of the graphic designs directed to answer the needs of the primary user and target audience. Finally, the third section focuses on the validation of the graphic designs done by the health specialists and key user feedback / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional