Investigamos, no Experimento, se o estímulo precedente, que captura a atenção quando existem demarcações, deixa de capturar a atenção na ausência de demarcações por ter seu processamento filtrado precocemente. Além disso, investigamos, nos experimentos 2, 3 e 4, se alterações no fundo da tela, que gerassem maior competição no processamento dos estímulos presentes na cena visual, poderiam levar à captura da atenção, mesmo sem a presença das demarcações classicamente utilizadas. Observamos que quando a intensidade dos estímulos competidores presentes na tela era alta, o estímulo precedente passou a capturar a atenção. Explicamos esse resultado com a hipótese de que as demarcações são importantes por adicionarem ruído ao processamento dos estímulos apresentados, influenciando a representação desses estímulos e, portanto, a possibilidade de um estímulo capturar a atenção. Por fim, no Experimento 5, investigamos se os resultados da tarefa de escolha de local seriam replicados em uma tarefa de discriminação de forma. / In Experiment 1 we investigated if a peripheral stimulus, which is able to capture attention when there are placeholders on the screen, is no longer able to capture attention in the absence of placeholders because is early filtered. In Experimento 2, 3 and 4 we investigated if changes on screen background, which would generate stronger processing competition between stimuli, could lead to attentional capture even in absence of placeholders. Accorging to our results the peripheral stimuli is able to capture attention when competing stimuli of high intensity are presented togueter on screen. Our explanation is that placeholders are important because they add noise to stimuli processing, affecting stimuli representation and, therefore, the probability that a stimulus will capture attention. Lastly, in Experimento 5 we investigated if similar results would be obtained in a form discrimination task.

Investigamos, no Experimento, se o estímulo precedente, que captura a atenção quando existem demarcações, deixa de capturar a atenção na ausência de demarcações por ter seu processamento filtrado precocemente. Além disso, investigamos, nos experimentos 2, 3 e 4, se alterações no fundo da tela, que gerassem maior competição no processamento dos estímulos presentes na cena visual, poderiam levar à captura da atenção, mesmo sem a presença das demarcações classicamente utilizadas. Observamos que quando a intensidade dos estímulos competidores presentes na tela era alta, o estímulo precedente passou a capturar a atenção. Explicamos esse resultado com a hipótese de que as demarcações são importantes por adicionarem ruído ao processamento dos estímulos apresentados, influenciando a representação desses estímulos e, portanto, a possibilidade de um estímulo capturar a atenção. Por fim, no Experimento 5, investigamos se os resultados da tarefa de escolha de local seriam replicados em uma tarefa de discriminação de forma. / In Experiment 1 we investigated if a peripheral stimulus, which is able to capture attention when there are placeholders on the screen, is no longer able to capture attention in the absence of placeholders because is early filtered. In Experimento 2, 3 and 4 we investigated if changes on screen background, which would generate stronger processing competition between stimuli, could lead to attentional capture even in absence of placeholders. Accorging to our results the peripheral stimuli is able to capture attention when competing stimuli of high intensity are presented togueter on screen. Our explanation is that placeholders are important because they add noise to stimuli processing, affecting stimuli representation and, therefore, the probability that a stimulus will capture attention. Lastly, in Experimento 5 we investigated if similar results would be obtained in a form discrimination task.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Young learners with reading and writing difficulties cannot reach their full potential in school. Teachers, parents and illustrators of children’s books cannot assume the efficacy of illustrations as an aid in developing reading skills as a matter of course. Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus theory explains perceptual diversity. Illustrations, as varied visual contexts, can be interpreted in different ways and, therefore, also provoke different meanings. The thesis proposes that the young learner should be provided with a diversity of visual stimulants. The thesis proposes that such visual stimulants comprise multiple characterising in illustrated form. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Jong leerders met lees- en skryfprobleme kan nie hul volle potensiaal bereik nie. Onderwysers, ouers en illustreerders van kinderboeke kan nie die effektiwiteit van illustrasies as hulpmiddel in die ontwikkeling van leesvaardighede as vanselfsprekend aanvaar nie. Pierre Bourdieu se habitusteorie verduidelik perseptuele verskille in die registrasie van beeld en teks. Illustrasies, as gevarieerde visuele kontekste kan op verskillende maniere geïnterpreteer word en daarom roep dit verskillende betekenisse op. Die tesis stel voor dat die jong leerder variasies in visuele stimulante behoort te ontvang. Die tesis stel ook voor dat sodanige visuele stimulante multikarakterisering in geïllustreerde vorm behels.

This thesis focuses on functional assessments, visual stimulation and on offers of Centres for Early Intervention that provide services in the area of visual perception for children in early and preschool age. The goal of the thesis is to analyze interviews with workers in these centres on options and services in the area of visual aid that these centres provide for families and their children with disabilities. The first four chapters deal with theoretical background in the area of functional assessments of vision, visual stimulation and description of the group of children in early and preschool age with visual and multiple disabilities. Last but not least, these chapters also deal with organizations that provide early intervention services, their structure, composition of personnel and range of offered services. The content of the fifth chapter is a qualitative research investigation. The data were collected through interviews with instructors of visual stimulation and with an early intervention assistant. Analysis of these interviews then became basis for the subsequent definition of commendable suggestions for good practise.

The thesis is focused on the development of visual qualities of children in the early and preschool age. The aim is to analyze current trends and research in the sphere of the early intervention for children with severe visual impairments with a focus on developing their visual qualities. The first three chapters deal with the theoretical knowledge about the development of children at the early and preschool age and the development of children with visual impairments, about the diagnosis of visual impairments at the early age and about the methods of visual training and visual stimulation. The fourth chapter consists of the analysis of current trends and research in the sphere of intervention for visually impaired children at the early and preschool age in selected countries. The analysis is realized by analyzing foreign professional publications, articles and research in journals or websites of the organizations that deal with support and assistance to people, or to children with visual impairments. The analysis shows that the system of the initiation of the early intervention for children with severe visual impairments in those countries is not the same. They differ in the level of provided services. In some states the early intervention is still badly available or expensive. They also differ in...

Cílem této diplomové práce je najít a popsat souvislost mezi fixací očí v emočně zabarveném stimulu, kterým je obrázek či video, a EEG signálu. K tomuto studiu je třeba vyvinout softwarové nástroje v prostředí Matlab k úpravě a zpracování dat získaných z eye trackeru a propojení s EEG signály pomocí nově vytvořených markerů. Na základě získaných znalostí o fixacích, jsou v prostředí BrainVision Analyzeru EEG data zpracovány a následně jsou segmentovány a průměrovány jako evokované potenciály pro jednotlivé stimuly (ERP a EfRP). Tato práce je vypracována ve spolupráci s Gipsa-lab v rámci výzkumného projektu.

Title of thesis: Source analysis and comparation of Feldenkrais inspired movement and visual stimulation using sLORETA Objectives: The thesis aim is to evaluate intracerebral source activity during a simple arm movement inspired by Feldenkrais method and to compare it with a visual stimulation of the same movement presented in a clip and with an imagination of the same movement. The movement inspired by Feldenkrais method was simplified to a repeated flexion of the dominant arm. Source analysis was evaluated from EEG and processed using sLORETA program, Methods: To obtain the data, experimental group was put together containing 12 participants aged 22-60, (mean = 27.2), both genders included. Participants were subjected to one-off measurement by the EEG instrument. Feldenkrais inspired movement of a flexion of a dominant upper right arm was investigated. The experiment constisted of six parts: 1. native EEG record with eyes closed and open, 2. active flexion of the dominant upper arm with eyes closed, 3. active flexion of the dominant upper arm with eyes opened, 4. watching video presenting repeated upper arm flexion, 5. dominant upper arm flexion imagination with eyes closed. Every part lasted for two minutes. Between individuals parts was inserted a pause. Obtained EEG data were processed with...

La perception visuelle des visages est une fonction importante du cerveau humain, essentielle pour les interactions sociales. L’étude des bases neurales de la perception des visages a débuté il y a plusieurs décennies et les découvertes servent de modèle pour la compréhension de la perception visuelle en général. L’imagerie structurelle des patients présentant un déficit de reconnaissance des visages à la suite d’une lésion cérébrale a montré l’importance d’un vaste territoire au sein du cortex ventral occipito-temporal (VOTC), du lobe occipital jusqu’au lobe temporal antérieur (LTA), avec une prédominance droite. L’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a montré l’existence de zones cérébrales circonscrites qui répondent plus fortement aux visages qu’aux autres objets visuels (organisation en « cluster ») principalement dans le VOTC postérieur. Cependant l’IRMf a été limitée dans sa capacité à retrouver de telles régions dans le lobe temporal antérieur à cause d’artefacts méthodologiques. Les études d’électro-encéphalographie intracrânienne (iEEG) réalisées chez les patients épileptiques sont une opportunité unique d’enregistrer l’activité neuronale directe avec un très haut rapport signal/bruit. Les études iEEG ont enregistré des réponses sélectives aux visages largement distribuées dans le VOTC, sans organisation en « clusters ». Malgré des années de recherches, plusieurs questions cruciales restent sans réponse : (1) quelle est l’organisation spatiale des régions sélectives aux visages (organisation distribuée vs. en « clusters ») ? ; (2) quelles sont les bases neurales de la perception des visages dans le LTA ? ; (3) quelles sont les régions critiques pour la perception des visages ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons utilisé les enregistrements et les stimulations électriques intracérébraux. Dans une 1ère étude (Jonas et al., sous presse), nous avons combiné les enregistrements iEEG avec la stimulation visuelle périodique rapide (FPVS). La méthode FPVS est basée sur le principe suivant : présenter des stimuli visuels à une fréquence fixe va générer une réponse EEG périodique à la même fréquence. Nous avons utilisé cette approche pour réaliser une cartographie complète des réponses sélectives aux visages dans le VOTC (28 participants). Nous leur avons montré des séquences d’images d’objets présentées à une fréquence fixe et rapide (6 Hz), avec un visage présenté tous les 5 objets (1,2 Hz). Les réponses sélectives aux visages ont été identifiées objectivement (à la fréquence de stimulation) et quantifiées dans tout le VOTC. Bien que ces réponses aient été enregistrées de manière largement distribuée, nous avons identifié plusieurs régions dans les lesquelles les réponses les plus fortes se regroupent spatialement (en « clusters »). De plus, nous avons enregistré la plus forte réponse dans le gyrus fusiforme droit. Enfin, nous avons enregistré des réponses sélectives aux visages dans 3 régions distinctes du LTA. Dans 3 autres études, nous rapportons de très rares cas de stimulations électriques de régions sélectives aux visages, testant leur rôle critique dans la perception des visages. Nous rapportons un cas de déficit transitoire de la perception des visages après stimulation du gyrus occipital inférieur droit, la région sélective au visage la plus postérieure (Jonas et al., 2012, 2014) et un cas similaire après stimulation du LTA (Jonas et al., 2015). Dans l’ensemble, ces études montrent que : (1) les régions impliquées dans la perception des visages sont largement distribuées le long du VOTC et certaines sont marquées par un regroupement spatial de leurs réponses les plus fortes ; (2) plusieurs régions distinctes sont sélectives aux visages dans le LTA; (3) des régions spécifiques dans le VOTC postérieur et le LTA sont critiques pour la perception des visages. Ces études montrent l’intérêt des enregistrements intracérébraux pour la compréhension des mécanismes de perception visuelle / Visual perception of faces is a primary function of the human brain, critical for social interactions. The neural basis of face perception in humans has been investigated extensively for decades as a primary research goal, whose findings may serve as a rich model for understanding perceptual recognition. Structural imaging of individuals with face recognition impairment following brain damage point to a large territory of the human ventral occipito-temporal cortex (VOTC), from the occipital lobe to the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), with a right hemispheric advantage. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (fMRI) have reported face-selective responses (larger responses to faces than other visual objects) in circumscribed regions (clustered organization) of the posterior VOTC. However, they failed to report genuine responses in the ATL because of methodological artefacts. Intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) recordings performed in epileptic patients offer a unique opportunity to measure direct local neural activity with a very high signal-to-noise ratio. In contrast to fMRI studies, iEEG studies recorded face-selective responses in widely distributed regions of the VOTC without any evidence of a clustered organization. Despite decades of research, several outstanding questions are still unanswered: (1) what is the spatial organization of brain regions supporting face perception (clustered vs. distributed)?; (2) what are the neural basis of face perception in the ATL?; (3) which are the critical regions for face perception? To address these gaps in knowledge, we used human iEEG recordings and electrical intracerebral stimulations. In a first study (Jonas et al., in press), we combined iEEG recordings with the Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS), a powerful approach providing objective and high signal-to-noise brain responses. FPVS is based on the simple principle: presenting visual stimuli at a fixed rate generates a periodic EEG response at exactly the same frequency. We use this approach to report a comprehensive map of face-selective responses across the VOTC in a large group of participants (N=28). They were presented with natural images of objects at a rapid fixed rate (6 images per second: 6 Hz), with face stimuli interleaved as every 5th stimulus (i.e., 1.2 Hz). Face-selective responses were objectively (i.e., exactly at the face stimulation frequency) identified and quantified throughout the whole VOTC. Although face-selective responses were widely distributed, specific regions displayed a clustered spatial organization of their most face-selective responses. Among these regions, the right fusiform gyrus showed the largest face-selective response. In addition, we recorded face-selective responses in 3 distinct regions of the ATL. In 3 others studies, we reported very rare cases of intracerebral electrical stimulation of face-selective brain regions, testing the critical role of these regions in face perception. We reported a case of transient inability to recognize faces following the stimulation of the right inferior occipital gyrus, the most posterior face-selective region (Jonas et al., 2012, 2014) and one similar case following the stimulation of the right ATL (Jonas et al., 2015). Overall, these studies show that: (1) face-selective responses are widely distributed but some specific regions displayed a clustered spatial organization of their most face-selective responses; (2) several distinct regions are face-selective in the ATL; (3) specific brain regions in the posterior VOTC and in the ATL are critical for face perception. These finding also illustrate the diagnostic value of intracerebral electrophysiological recordings in understanding visual recognition processes

Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation mathématique des stimulations visuelles afin d'analyser finement des données expérimentales en psychophysique et en électrophysiologie. Plus précis\'ement, afin de pouvoir exploiter des techniques d'analyse de données issues des statistiques Bayésiennes et de l'apprentissage automatique, il est nécessaire de développer un ensemble de stimulations qui doivent être dynamiques, stochastiques et d'une complexité paramétrée. Il s'agit d'un problème important afin de comprendre la capacité du système visuel à intégrer et discriminer différents stimuli. En particulier, les mesures effectuées à de multiples échelles (neurone, population de neurones, cognition) nous permette d'étudier les sensibilités particulières des neurones, leur organisation fonctionnelle et leur impact sur la prise de décision. Dans ce but, nous proposons un ensemble de contributions théoriques, numériques et expérimentales, organisées autour de trois axes principaux : (1) un modèle de synthèse de textures dynamiques Gaussiennes spécialement paramétrée pour l'étude de la vision; (2) un modèle d'observateur Bayésien rendant compte du biais positif induit par fréquence spatiale sur la perception de la vitesse; (3) l'utilisation de méthodes d'apprentissage automatique pour l'analyse de données obtenues en imagerie optique par colorant potentiométrique et au cours d'enregistrements extra-cellulaires. Ce travail, au carrefour des neurosciences, de la psychophysique et des mathématiques, est le fruit de plusieurs collaborations interdisciplinaires. / The goal of this thesis is to propose a mathematical model of visual stimulations in order to finely analyze experimental data in psychophysics and electrophysiology. More precisely, it is necessary to develop a set of dynamic, stochastic and parametric stimulations in order to exploit data analysis techniques from Bayesian statistics and machine learning. This problem is important to understand the visual system capacity to integrate and discriminate between stimuli. In particular, the measures performed at different scales (neurons, neural population, cognition) allow to study the particular sensitivities of neurons, their functional organization and their impact on decision making. To this purpose, we propose a set of theoretical, numerical and experimental contributions organized around three principal axes: (1) a Gaussian dynamic texture synthesis model specially crafted to probe vision; (2) a Bayesian observer model that accounts for the positive effect of spatial frequency over speed perception; (3) the use of machine learning techniques to analyze voltage sensitive dye optical imaging and extracellular data. This work, at the crossroads of neurosciences, psychophysics and mathematics is the fruit of several interdisciplinary collaborations.