Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-02T12:38:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cristiano_Klinger.pdf: 1151714 bytes, checksum: c21e1f043e70fe9529db3e88e5bffc26 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-02T12:47:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cristiano_Klinger.pdf: 1151714 bytes, checksum: c21e1f043e70fe9529db3e88e5bffc26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T12:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cristiano_Klinger.pdf: 1151714 bytes, checksum: c21e1f043e70fe9529db3e88e5bffc26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-20 / Sem bolsa / O objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar o relacionamento entre a orientação estratégica, a diferenciação competitiva e o desempenho, em empresas vinícolas no Brasil. O tipo de pesquisa utilizada foi a quantitativa, sendo que a estratégia desenvolvida foi a survey. O universo compreendeu todas as vinícolas do Brasil vinculadas a entidades representativas, obtendo uma amostra por pertinência de 123 empresas, sendo de diferentes estados brasileiros, com representatividade do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Paraná, Pernambuco e Bahia. Para a análise dos dados, em um primeiro momento, foi utilizada a análise fatorial confirmatória, buscando verificar o quão bem as variáveis mediam o construto, tendo em vista que o comportamento formou uma base de dados dicotômica, utilizou-se o software Mplus, versão 6, para tratamento dos dados. Na sequência, realizou-se a modelagem de equações estruturais para o teste de hipóteses formuladas. Identificou-se que a orientação estratégica influencia na tomada de decisões direcionadas a diferenciação competitiva e, tendo estes impactos no desempenho da indústria vinícola brasileira. Foi possível identificar que a orientação estratégica analista é antagônica ao processo de diferenciação competitiva nas empresas. Já a orientação estratégica defensora apresenta uma relação indefinida com a diferenciação competitiva. Ainda se verificou que a relação confirmada entre a diferenciação no impacto do desempenho do negócio, como demonstrado pelas práticas das vinícolas na busca por produtos e processos que gerem resultado superior aos atuais. Como sugestão para trabalhos futuros, sugere-se a análise da relação do construto orientação estratégica com a capacidade turística, comparação com outras regiões e países, em particular a Lombardia na Itália, pelo desenvolvimento territorial apresentado. / The objective of this dissertation was to analyze the relationship between strategic orientation, competitive differentiation and performance in wine companies in Brazil. The type of research used was quantitative, and the strategy developed was a survey. The universe comprised all the wineries in Brazil linked to representative entities, obtaining a sample by pertinence of 123 companies, being from different Brazilian states, representing Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Paraná, Pernambuco and Bahia. For the analysis of the data, in the first moment, the confirmatory factorial analysis was used, seeking to verify how well the variables measured the construct, considering that the behavior formed a dichotomous database, the software Mplus, version 6, for data processing. Then, the structural equation modeling was performed to test formulated hypotheses. It was identified that the strategic orientation influences in the decision making directed to the competitive differentiation and, having these impacts in the performance of the Brazilian wine industry. It was possible to identify that the strategic orientation analyst is antagonistic to the process of competitive differentiation in the companies. On the other hand, the defensive strategic orientation has an indefinite relation with the competitive differentiation. It has also been verified that the relationship confirmed between the differentiation in the impact of business performance, as demonstrated by the practices of the wineries in the search for products and processes that generate results higher than the current ones. As a suggestion for future work, it is suggested the analysis of the relation between the construct strategic orientation and the tourist capacity, comparison with other regions and countries, in particular Lombardy in Italy, for the territorial development presented.

A região noroeste do estado de São Paulo é um importante pólo produtor de uvas de mesa, porém possui condições ambientais muito propícias à ocorrência de doenças fúngicas durante todo o ciclo da videira. Alternativas como o uso de coberturas plásticas e de sistemas de alerta fitossanitário têm se mostrado bastante vantajosas para tal, porém, ainda com poucos estudos sobre isso na região. Deste modo, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia de sistemas de alerta fitossanitário no controle do míldio (Plasmopara viticola) em videiras cultivadas sob coberturas plásticas, e, consequentemente, na produtividade e na qualidade das uvas, no Noroeste Paulista. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Viticultura Tropical (EVT) da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, localizada no município de Jales, SP, durante os anos de 2012 e 2013. Foram conduzidas três ruas de 120 m de videiras, cultivar apirênica \'BRS Morena\', em espaçamento de 3,0 m entre plantas. Metade do vinhedo foi coberto com filme plástico de polipropileno trançado sobre estrutura metálica em forma de arco (PPT) e a outra metade com tela preta, com 18% de sombreamento (TP18%). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados compostos por cinco tratamentos, com seis repetições por ambiente coberto. Os tratamentos foram determinados a partir de diferentes manejos de controle do míldio da videira: TE - Testemunha (sem controle fitossanitário para o míldio); CA - Controle convencional (calendário); BA - Alerta fitossanitário denominado \'Regra 3-10\' (BALDACCI et al., 1947); MA25 - Alerta fitossanitário com eficiência de infecção baixa - i0 > 25% (MADDEN et al., 2000); e MA75 - Alerta fitossanitário com eficiência de infecção alta - i0 >75% (MADDEN et al., 2000). De acordo com os resultados, sob o PPT a transmissividade média da radiação solar global foi de 82,4% em 2012 e 67,3% em 2013 e sob a TP18%, da ordem de 90% nos dois anos estudados. Os ambientes sob as coberturas apresentaram temperaturas máximas do ar superiores aos valores observados a céu aberto, sendo as diferenças da ordem de 0,7 °C sob ao PPT e de 1,0 °C sob a TP18%. Sob o PPT, a duração do período de molhamento foliar foi 34% superior do que sob TP18%. Os tratamentos baseados nos sistemas de alertas fitossanitários (BA, MA25 e MA75) revelaram níveis baixos de severidade do míldio da videira sob PPT, semelhantes aos verificados no tratamento com base no calendário (CA). Os tratamentos BA, MA25 e MA75 sob TP18% indicaram um número de pulverizações similar aos realizados sob o PPT, porém foram menos eficientes em relação a CA. Houve uma significativa redução no número de pulverizações entre o tratamento CA e os tratamentos BA, MA25 e MA75, da ordem de 70%. As videiras, sob o PPT, pulverizadas com base em BA, MA25 e MA75 apresentaram características produtivas e qualitativas semelhantes às das videiras pulverizadas de acordo com CA. Conclui-se que o cultivo de videiras sob cobertura plástica de polipropileno, aliado à adoção de sistemas de alertas fitossanitários, resultou em excelentes níveis de controle do míldio da videira no Noroeste Paulista. / The Northwest region of the state of São Paulo is one of the main producers of table grapes in Brazil, however has a very favorable environmental conditions to fungal diseases during the growing season. The use of disease warning systems and plastic covers are promising alternatives for disease control, but there are not many researches about that in this region of the state. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of warning systems for managing downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in vineyards cultivated under plastic coverings, and, consequently, their impact on vine productivity and quality, in the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the EMBRAPA - Tropical Viticulture Experimental Station (EVT/Embrapa Uva e Vinho), located in Jales, SP, Brazil. Three rows of 120 m of the seedless grape cultivar \'BRS Morena\', spaced with 3.0 m between plants were conducted during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Half of the vineyard was covered with braided polypropylene plastic film installed over a metallic arc-shaped structure (PPT) and the other half with black screen, with 18% of shading (TP18%). The experimental design was randomized blocks composed of five treatments, with six repetitions per covered environment. The treatments were defined by the different grapevine downy mildew management : (TE) Control (no sprays against downy mildew); (CA) Conventional control (calendar); (BA) Warning system \'Rule 3-10\' (BALDACCI et al., 1947); (MA25) Warning system with low-infection efficiency - i0 > 25% (MADDEN et al., 2000); and (MA75) Warning system with high infection efficiency - i0 > 75% (MADDEN et al., 2000). According to the results, under the PPT the average global solar radiation transmissivity was 82.4% in 2012 and 67.3% in 2013 and under TP18%, around 90% along the two growing seasons. The microclimate under the plastic covers showed maximum air temperatures higher than the values observed in the external environment, and the differences was around 0.7 °C under the PPT and 1.0 °C under TP18%. In the PPT, leaf wetness duration (LWD) was about 34% higher in relation to the TP18%. The treatments based on warning systems (BA, MA25 and MA75) revealed low levels of severity of grapevine downy mildew under PPT, similar to those observed in the treatment based on a calendar spray (CA). The treatments BA, MA25 and MA75 under TP18% indicated a number of sprays similar to those obtained under the PPT, but less efficient in relation to the CA. There was a significant reduction in the number of sprays between the CA and BA, MA25 and MA75 treatments, about 70%. The vines under the PPT and sprayed based on BA, MA25 and MA75 had productive and quality characteristics similar to those sprayed according to the CA. It is concluded that the association of cultivation under polypropylene plastic cover and the use of disease warning systems resulted in excellent levels of downy mildew control in vineyards in the Northwest region of São Paulo state.

Precision agriculture applied to vitiviniculture can bring several advantages to vitis crop production with positive effects on grape and wine quality. This study s objective was to put into practice precision vtiticulture, aiming to improve the administration and management of vinifera grapes. This research was carried out in a commercial vitis cropland with 2.4 ha located in Encruzilhada do Sul (RS) close to RS/BR km 471. In this area, sandy clay loam Palleudult soil prevails. Sampling for the purposes for soil characterisation was carried out in 0-0,2 m depth. The soil attributes determined were: pH, SOM, texture, Ca, Mg, Al, N, MO, K and P, and the plant attributes were: productivity, alcoholic potential and tartaric acid, using a 35 X 35m grid. Data were analyzed through geostatistics by interpolation technique of kriging. The data of yield and enological parameters were obtained by manual harvest in georeferenced points. Grape data were collected during the harvest in 2007 and 2008 seasons. Soil and plant data were submitted to statistical analysis and basic geostatistic. Spatial variability of soil chemical attributes in the area behaved in accordance with the nutrient evaluated. pH showed low variability, clay, Ca, Mg, and N, showed median variability while MO, P and K , a high variability was found, and for Al, very high. In 2007 harvest, tartaric acid and alcoholic potential showed low variability, number of bunches per plant and weight per bunch presented median variability while weight per plant showed high variability. In 2008 harvest, alcoholic potential showed low variability, while tartaric acid, number of bunches per plant, weight per plant, weight per bunch and number of gems showed median variability. The 35 X 35 m sampling grid has shown itself adequate for soil attributes excepting clay, which obtained a 30.06 m distance reach. In 2007 harvest, the alcoholic potential was the plant attribute that showed smaller reach n the area, 18.42 m. In 2008 harvest, all the plant attributes studied showed a below 35 m reach. The correlation analysis has revealed itself significant among nitrogen and alcoholic potential in 2007 harvest. In 2008 harvest, phosphorus and potassium showed significant correlation with alcoholic potential. The comparison of the demand for the application of fertilizer at varied rate, with application at steady rate of lime, phosphorus and potassium was based on the soil sampling. In the case of lime, there was a 700 kg saving of it with varied rate application, the same was not observed with phosphorus and potassium, which would increase the product quantity if implemented this way, this happens because the levels of them in the soil are appropriate. The adoption of precision viticulture can help the wine grower to know better and further the productive area, allowing to improve the quality and quantity of the vineyard. / O uso da agricultura de precisão aplicada à vitivinicultura pode trazer benefícios à cultura da vitis e à cadeia produtiva, com reflexos na qualidade da uva e do vinho. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a vitivinicultura de precisão, visando aprimorar a gestão e o manejo de áreas produtivas de uvas viníferas. O estudo foi conduzido em um vinhedo comercial, numa área de 2,4 ha, destinado à fabricação de espumantes situada às margens da RS/BR km 471, em Encruzilhada do Sul-RS. Na área predominam solos classificados como Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. A amostragem para fins de caracterização do solo foram realizadas na profundidade de 0-0,2m. Os atributos de solo determinados foram: pH, SMP, Argila, Ca, Mg, Al, N, MO, K e P, e os atributos de planta foram produtividade, ácido tartárico e potencial alcoólico usando uma malha de amostragem de 35 X 35 m. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica de interpolação geoestatística por krigagem. Os dados de rendimento e parâmetros enológicos foram obtidos por colheita manual em pontos georreferenciados. Os dados de uva foram coletados durante a colheita nas safras 2007 e 2008. Os dados de solo e de planta foram submetidos à analise estatística básica e geoestatistica. A variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo na área comportou-se de forma distinta de acordo com o nutriente avaliado. O pH apresentou variabilidade baixa, a Argila, o Ca, o Mg, e o N, o apresentaram variabilidade média enquanto que a MO, o K e o P, a variabilidade encontrada foi alta, e para o Al muito alta. Na safra 2007, o ácido tartárico e o potencial alcoólico apresentaram variabilidade baixa, o número de cachos por planta e o peso por cacho apresentaram variabilidade média enquanto que o peso por planta apresentou variabilidade alta. Na safra 2008, o potencial alcoólico apresentou variabilidade baixa, enquanto que o ácido tartárico, o número de cachos por planta, o peso por planta, o peso por cacho e o número de gemas apresentaram variabilidade média. A malha de amostragem de 35X35m se mostrou adequado para os atributos de solo com exceção da argila, que obteve uma distância de alcance de 30,06m. Na safra 2007 o potencial alcoólico foi o atributo de planta que apresentou menor alcance na área, de 18,42 m. Na safra 2008, todos os atributos de planta estudados apresentaram alcance inferior a 35 m. A analise da correlação se revelou significativa entre o nitrogênio e o potencial alcoólico na safra 2007. Na safra 2008, o fósforo e o potássio mostraram correlação significativa com o potencial alcoólico. A comparação da demanda de aplicação de fertilizantes a taxa variada, com a aplicação à taxa fixa de calcário, fósforo e potássio foi feita com base na amostragem de solo. No caso do calcário observou-se uma economia de 700 kg do mesmo com aplicação a taxa variada, o mesmo não foi observado com o fósforo e com o potássio, que aumentaria a quantidade do produto caso fosse aplicado desta forma, isso se dá pelo fato dos teores dos mesmos no solo serem adequados. A adoção da vitivinicultura de precisão pode auxiliar o viticultor a conhecer melhor e mais detalhadamente a área produtiva, permitindo aprimorar a qualidade e quantidade do vinhedo.

Following the examples of foreign countries, there are institutions founded in the Czech Republic engaging with viticulture and winemaking. The Wine-grower's Fund is the most important and is the only institution winemakers are obliges to pay contributions from every litre of wine launching the market and from every hectare of vineyard. Furthermore, the Wine-grower's Fund is the only wine-growing institution financed from 50% from the state budget. The aim of this thesis is to ascertain the status of VF and commitments of which it generates, such as procurement contracts and to analyse if the projects financed by the Wine-grower's Fund are transparent. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter pays attention to the wine-growing history and the origin of each institution in the Czech Republic. The second chapter discusses the Wine-grower's Fund and is focused on the income and expenses of the Wine-grower's Fund. Lastly, the third chapter analyses selected projects financed by the Wine-grower's Fund.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the planning and realisation of a project documentation for a new building of a family viticulture (to be built between existing terraced houses). The building consists of several types of spaces according to the functional use. It connects the living function (an apartment on the second floor and a small guesthouse for degustation purposes), rooms for the store and services (the wine shop, degustation) and the room for stocking (wine storage - barrels/baskets). The building has three floors, the basement is entirely embedded into the terrain. The building will be located approximately 500 metres SW from the city centre of Lednice (584631), within the district of Břeclav in the South-Moravian region, on the lots 756/1, 756/2 and 755.

The diploma thesis is elaborated as an architectural study on the theme of Nikolsburg Mikulov Winery. Main idea of this project is to create a new hotel building combined with the production of wine so it would naturally fit the given landscape and so it wouldn’t disturb its natural character. This building was also designed so it has extraordinary views of the whole wine area of Mikulov. Primary function of the building is accommodation in a 4-star hotel rooms and a clean production of wine, which includes maturing, bottling and labeling. There is also a restaurant with a terrace, with beautiful views of the countryside and significant landmarks, a wine bar, tasting salon with immediate a wine cellar designed for wine maturing and also last but not least a wellness center with sauna world.

Molte attività antropiche danno origine a problemi ambientali per i quali è necessario trovare soluzioni. La presenza di sostanze indesiderabili nell'acqua, infatti, può rappresentare un rischio per la salute e l'igiene sia degli uomini che degli animali. È quindi fondamentale trovare metodi per evitare gli inquinanti di queste matrici, in modo da renderli compatibili con il mantenimento di condizioni ambientali adeguate e salutari. Questa tesi si propone di valutare la qualità delle acque sotterranee di un'area in cui la qualità dell'acqua non è mai stata studiata, in particolare indagando la presenza di pesticidi e nitrati al fine di comprendere l’impatto della viticoltura sull'inquinamento delle acque sotterranee. Questo studio nasce dalla necessità di migliorare la governance delle acque e di implementare le migliori pratiche di gestione e misure di mitigazione per prevenire l'inquinamento delle acque e quello ambientale. I risultati degli studi di monitoraggio hanno mostrato una contaminazione delle acque sotterranee da parte di pesticidi e nitrati e quindi è stata effettuata una valutazione della fonte di contaminazione da pesticidi e nitrati attraverso studi isotopici di N e O di NO3-, e attraverso analisi idrologiche utilizzando il modello CRITERIA 3D. Come una delle principali conclusioni del lavoro si può affermare che la presenza di pesticidi nelle acque sotterranee in un’area ad attività vitivinicola intensa, non può essere correlata solo alle proprietà e al destino chimico-ambientale delle sostanze o alle condizioni pedoclimatiche, ma anche al comportamento dell'utilizzatore finale. In effetti, la fonte di contaminazione valutata, è risultata essere dovuta sia a una contaminazione diffusa che a una contaminazione puntiforme. Per quanto riguarda l'influenza della fertilizzazione a base di azoto sulla presenza di nitrati nelle acque sotterranee, i risultati hanno mostrato un'elevata vulnerabilità dell'acquifero ai cambiamenti esterni. Dalle indagini isotopiche è emerso che la maggior parte dell'NO3- rilevato nelle acque sotterranee, deriva dall'utilizzo di fertilizzanti azotati inorganici, in accordo con le pratiche di uso del suolo e di viticoltura dichiarate dagli agricoltori della zona. Il risultato più importante dello studio, tuttavia, è stato che alla fine del processo, l'approccio multi-actor e la strategia di coinvolgimento adottati, hanno avuto successo nel migliorare gli atteggiamenti verso pratiche più sostenibili. / Many anthropic activities give rise to environmental problems for which it is necessary to find solutions. The presence of undesirable substances in water, indeed, can pose a risk to the health and hygiene of both men and animals. It is, therefore, essential to find methods in order to avoid pollutants from these matrices, so as to make them compatible with the maintenance of healthy environmental conditions. This thesis aims to assessing the groundwater quality of an area in which the quality of water was never studied, particularly investigating the occurrence of pesticides and nitrate in order to understand the grant of viticulture on water pollution. This study derives from the necessity to improve the water governance and to implement the best management practices and mitigation measures to prevent groundwater and environmental pollution. The results of monitoring studies showed a contamination of groundwater by pesticides and nitrate and thus an evaluation of PPPs and nitrates source contamination was carried out through isotopic studies of N and O of NO3- , and through hydrologic analysis by use of the model CRITERIA 3D. As one of the main conclusions of the work, the occurrence of PPPs in groundwater in areas with intensive viticultural activities cannot be related just to chemical environmental fate properties or pedoclimatic conditions, but also to end-user behavior. In fact, the contamination source evaluated, resulted to be due to both diffuse and point-source contamination. For what concerns the influence of nitrogen-based fertilization on nitrate occurrence in groundwater, the results showed a high vulnerability of the aquifer to external changes. Isotopic investigations showed that most of the NO3- detected in the groundwater, derived from the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, in agreement with the land use and viticulture practices declared by the farmers. The most important result of the study, however, was that at the end of the overall process, the multi-actor approach and engagement strategy adopted were successful in improving attitudes to more sustainable practices.

The agriculture sectors in Canada are highly vulnerable to a wide range of inter-related weather risks linked to seasonal climate variability (e.g., El Ni ̃no Southern Oscillation(ENSO)), short-term extreme weather events (e.g., heatwaves), and emergent disease(e.g., grape powdery mildew). All of these weather-related risks can cause severe crop losses to agricultural crop yield and crop quality as Canada grows a wide range of farm products, and the changing weather conditions mainly drive farming practices. This dissertation presents three machine learning-based statistical models to assess the weather risks on the Canadian agriculture regions and to provide reliable risk forecasting to improve the decision-making of Canadian agricultural producers in farming practices. The first study presents a multi-scale, cluster-based Principal Component Analysis(PCA) approach to assess the potential seasonal impacts of ENSO to spring wheat and barley on agricultural census regions across the Canada prairies areas. Model prediction skills for annual wheat and barley yield have examined in multi-scale from spatial cluster approaches. The ’best’ spatial models were used to define spatial patterns of ENSO forcing on wheat and barley yields. The model comparison of our spatial model to non-spatial models shows spatial clustering and ENSO forcing have increase model performance of prediction skills in forecasting future cereal crop production. The second study presents a copula-Bayesian network approach to assess the impact of extreme high-temperature events (heatwave events) on the developments of regional crops across the Canada agricultural regions at the eco-district-scale. Relevantweather variables and heatwave variables during heatwave periods have identified and used as input variables for model learning. Both a copula-Bayesian network and Gaussian-based network modeling approach is evaluated and inter-compared. The copula approach based on ’vine copulas’ generated the most accurate predictions of heatwave occurrence as a driver of crop heat stress. The last study presents a stochastic, hybrid-Bayesian machine-learning approach to explore the complex causal relationships between weather, pathogen, and host for grape powdery mildew in an experimental farm in Quebec, Canada. This study explores a high-performance network model for daily disease risk forecast by using estimated development factors of pathogen and host from recorded daily weather variables. A fungicide strategy for disease control has presented by using the model outputs and forecasted future weather variability. The dissertation findings are beneficial to Canada’s agricultural sector. The inter-related weather risks explored by the three separate studies in multi-scales provide a better understanding of the interactions between changing weather conditions, extreme weather, and crop production. The research showcases new insights, methods, and tools for minimizing risk in agricultural decision-making / Graduate / 2021-08-19

Durant l’Antiquité, Valence bénéficie du prestigieux statut de colonie romaine, au même titre qu’Arles, Vienne et Lyon. Sa position au confluent du Rhône et de l’Isère et au carrefour de plusieurs itinéraires terrestres - Voie d’Agrippa, Voie des Alpes - lui conférait un rôle stratégique et économique considérable. Cette région, au cœur de la moyenne vallée du Rhône, occupe une position charnière qui lui assure, au moins depuis le Premier Âge du fer, un rôle d’intermédiaire entre le bassin méditerranéen et le monde celtique.Elle bascule dans l’orbite de Rome en même temps que la Gaule méridionale, soit dès la fin du IIe s. av. J.-C. Valence est fondée dans un deuxième temps, vraisemblablement entre 46 – 36 av. J.-C. et acquiert son statut de colonie de droit romain peut-être dès cette date avancée selon P. Faure et N. Tran (2013). La fondation d’une colonie romaine s’accompagne d’une division du sol public, matérialisée par une centuriation afin qu’il soit distribué aux membres du corps civique nouvellement créé comprenant plusieurs milliers de colons. Dans ce contexte historique précis, ces citoyens sont principalement des vétérans de l’armée romaine alors constituée majoritairement d’Italiens. Ce phénomène a donc un impact démographique et culturel considérable pour la vie des populations locales. Le statut juridique avantageux conféré à ces communautés leur assure également des avantages économiques importants stimulant les productions agro-pastorales et artisanales. Les travaux consacrés aux provinces gauloises ont montré que les siècles suivants ne sont pas exempts de mutations économiques et culturelles importantes qui touchent les structures de peuplement et de production. Partant de ce constat, j’ai choisi d’aborder cet impact culturel et économique à travers la culture matérielle (vestiges architecturaux, objets de la vie quotidienne) et l’analyse de l’occupation du sol. Le cadre chronologique et spatial retenu doit permettre d’observer de manière dynamique l’évolution des modes de vie et des activités agro-pastorales et artisanales dans les campagnes de la cité de Valence. L’examen des caractéristiques de plusieurs centaines d’établissements ruraux doit permettre de proposer une lecture diachronique et complexe de l’occupation et l’exploitation de ce territoire, d’aborder les rapports qu’entretient la colonie avec l’espace rural. L’approche chronologique et fonctionnelle des bâtiments et des objets de la vie quotidienne permet d’apprécier plus finement l’évolution dans le temps des techniques, des modes de vie, mais aussi de relever la diversité des situations locales à une même période. / During the Antiquity, Valence is known as a roman colony like Lyon, Arles or Vienna, settled in the middle Rhône valley at the confluent of the Rhône and the Isère, and also at the crossroads of alpine route and the Via Agrippa. This strategic position confers to the colony an important role in the economy of the roman Gaul. Since the early Iron Age, this area is a link between the mediterranean and the celtic worlds.Even if the region is conquered by Rome since the end of the II c. B.-C., the colony is founded later, perhaps between 46 and 36 B.-C. and maybe already own his prestigious status of colonia of roman rights according to P. Faure and N. Tran hypothesis (2013). As a consequence of the foundation, the public soil is divided, centuriated, and distributed to thousands of new citizens.In this specific historical context, the citizens are chosen among the veterans of the roman army, who were Italians at this time. This decision should have huge demographic and cultural consequences on local communities. The legal status of the citizens gives them considerable economics advantages that stimulate the local economy. The studies devoted to the gallic provinces have shown that the following centuries see numerous changes affecting settlements and economic structures.Considering this historical context, I have chosen to evaluate the cultural and economic impact of this foundation by studying settlement patterns and material culture (architectural remains, objects of the daily life) between the II c. B.-C. to the VIth c. B.-C.The study of few hundreds of settlements allows us to introduce a complex and diachronic view of the settlements, their economic roles and relations with the colony.The chronological and functional study of the buildings and daily life objects allow us to assess finely the evolution through time about craftsmen’s techniques, lifestyle and highlight regional differences during a same period.

The Columbia Gorge Wine Region (CGWR) is an emerging wine producing area that extends for about 100km along the Columbia River in Oregon and Washington State in which the number of vineyards, wineries and physical terroir conditions have yet to be defined. To better understand the physical factors affecting Oregon and Washington wine, this project analyzes climate, topography, geology and soil at vineyards in the CGWR. This was accomplished using Geographic Information Systems, existing earth science databases and field work. The region, which includes the Columbia Gorge American Viticulture Area (AVA) and the southwest portion of the Columbia Valley AVA, is home to 82 vineyards, 513 hectares (1268 acres), 37 wineries and 41 different varieties of Vitus Vinifera. Vineyards range in elevation from 29 to 548 meters (95 to 1799 feet). Vintner responses to a grower's survey suggest that twenty-eight grape varieties account for 98% of the estimated grape variety acreage, with Pinot Noir being the most widely planted grape variety in both AVAs. The boundaries of each climatic regime were mapped based on 1981-2010 PRISM data, the Winkler Index (Amerine and Winkler, 1944) updated by Jones et al. (2010) and climatic maturity groupings designed for Oregon (Jones et al., 2002; Jones et al., 2010). Three Winkler climate regimes are represented within the CGWR, including regions Ia, Ib, and II from the Winkler Index (Jones et al., 2010). The diversity in regimes allows for a diversity of grape varieties to be planted within the regime. The average growing season temperatures and growing degree days, respectively, from 1981-2010 calculated for vineyards ranges from 13.7°C (55.7°F) to 17.7°C (63.9°F) and 871 for °C (1567 for °F) to 1664 for °C (2994 for °F) respectively. 58% of the vineyards are characterized in an intermediate climatic regime, 29% are within a cool climatic regime, 9% are within a warm climatic regime and 4% are on the boundaries between a cool, intermediate or warm regime. 80% of the vineyards are within Regions Ia and Ib characterized by the Winkler Index, and 20% are within Region II. The growing degrees days calculated for the CGWR are similar those measured in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, Burgundy, France, Umpqua Valley AVA in Oregon and Bordeaux wine region in France. All of the soils currently being used to grow grapes are well-drained and within a xeric moisture regime, which are favorable conditions for viticulture. 30 soil series are represented among the vineyard sites, with the Chemawa Series (Underwood Mountain) and Walla Walla Series (eastern portions) being the dominant soil series used to grow grapes. Majority of the soils contain a silt loam texture. Soil Survey data for Oregon and Washington suggest that loess is extensive in the CGWR, with 46.5% of the total vineyard acreage planted on soils formed in loess. The Missoula Floods also greatly influenced the texture and age of the soil in this region, with skeletal textures being close to the Columbia River. Other common geological deposits at vineyards in the CGWR include, Quaternary Basalt (19.6%), Missoula Flood deposits (9.1%), The Dalles Formation (8.0%), Columbia River Basalt Group (7.5%), Pliocene Basalt (3.0%), Quaternary Surficial deposits (3.0%), lahars (2.3%) and Quaternary Basaltic Andesite and Andesite (0.9%). Common geological deposits, soil series, and climate conditions at vineyard sites vary spatially in the region, and therefore it is suggested that future work focus on separating the region into separate climatic sub-AVA regimes to better reflect the diversity in terroir conditions.