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Energy demands are steadily increasing as the world's population continues to grow. Automobiles are primary transportation means in a large portion of the world. The combination of fuel consumption by automobiles along with the shrinking fossil fuel reserves makes the development of new more energy efficient technologies crucial. Electric vehicle technologies have been studied and are still being studied today as a means of improving fuel efficiency. To that end, this work studies the effect of switching frequency on the efficiency of a hybrid electric vehicle traction drive, which contains both an internal combustion engine as well as electric motor. Therefore improving the efficiency of the electric motor and its drive will help improve the viability of alternative vehicle technologies. Automobiles spend the majority of their operational time in the lower speed, lower torque region. This work focuses on efficiency improvements in that region. To estimate the efficiency trend, the system is modeled and then tested both electrically and thermally. The efficiency is shown to increase at lower switching frequencies. The experimental results show that there are some exceptions, but the basic trend is the same. / Master of Science

Distributed energy resources like solar power (PV Panels) are usually connected to the AC grid through a single phase voltage source inverter (VSI). The major drawback associated with single phase grid tie inverters is the double frequency component of the grid that appears on the DC bus link. Large electrolytic capacitors are generally employed in the inverters to eliminate the ripple component. However, their bulkiness and relatively short lifetime are motivational factors to replace them with small film capacitors. This paper presents a synchronous boost/buck based active power decoupling circuit in parallel with the dc-bus link capacitor and discusses the different types of control strategies implemented. Simulation results are presented for each control technique and it is shown that the ripple on the DC bus link is largely reduced due to inclusion of this circuit along with an expected extension of the lifetime due to the reduction in the amount of dc-bus capacitance used. / text

The past few decades have seen a rapid sales increase and technological development of electric vehicles (EVs). As the key part of the electrical powertrain systems, the traction machine drive systems in modern EVs are composed of voltage source inverters (VSI) and electric machines. In this thesis, multiphase VSIs are studied and designed to achieve volume reductions when compared with existing 3-phase benchmark VSIs. Different existing switching strategies for arbitrary phase number multiphase VSIs are investigated resulting in an understanding of best practice and a newly proposed switching strategy. Thus, the first contribution of this thesis is switching strategies that support subsequent investigations and experimental validation. DC-link capacitor and heat sink are two bulkiest components in VSIs and hence it is more efficient to decrease their volumes to achieve the compactness improvement. The investigation methodology and procedure for arbitrary phase number VSI DC-link capacitor requirements, i.e. capacitance and RMS current ratings, are firstly developed. Increased phase number decreases the DC-link capacitor requirements and hence the VSI volume significantly. Throughout this analysis, the connected multiphase machine is considered appropriately, though no electric machine design is described in the thesis. While other authors have studied DC-link current ripple, this thesis qualifies and quantifies the system benefits. This is the second contribution. Multiphase VSIs thermal models are built and their respective thermal performances studied and evaluated against a reference 3-phase benchmark VSI. The power loss deviation among different semiconductor dies is lower or even eliminated in the multiphase VSIs. Furthermore, the multiphase integrated design VSIs have a significant heat sink volume reduction when compared to the 3-phase benchmark VSI. This study and concluding benefits are the third contribution. Finally, comparative test validations are made on an experimental set-up designed to illustrate the benefits of a 9-phase against a reference 3-phase system. Here, the test hardware and implementation are carefully designed to representatively illustrate performance benefits. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In recent decades there has been a rapidly growing demand for high quality, uninterrupted power. In light of this fact, this study has addressed some of the causes of poor power quality and control strategies to ensure a high performance level in inverter-fed power systems. In particular, specific loading conditions present interesting challenges to inverter-fed, high power systems. No-load, unbalanced loading, and non-linear loading each have unique characteristics that negatively influence the performance of the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Ideal, infinitely stiff power systems are uninfluenced by loading conditions; however, realistic systems, with finite output impedances, encounter stability issues, unbalanced phase voltage, and harmonic distortion. Each of the loading conditions is presented in detail with a proposed control strategy in order to ensure superior inverter performance. Simulation results are presented for a 90 kVA, 400 Hz VSI under challenging loading conditions to demonstrate the merits of the proposed control strategies. Unloaded or lightly loaded conditions can cause instabilities in inverter-fed power systems, because of the lightly damped characteristic of the output filter. An inner current loop is demonstrated to damp the filter poles at light load and therefore enable an increase in the control bandwidth by an order of magnitude. Unbalanced loading causes unequal phase currents, and consequently negative sequence and zero sequence (in four-wire systems) distortion. A proposed control strategy based on synchronous and stationary frame controllers is shown to reduce the phase voltage unbalance from 4.2% to 0.23% for a 100%-100%-85% load imbalance over fundamental positive sequence control alone. Non-linear loads draw harmonic currents, and likewise cause harmonic distortion in power systems. A proposed harmonic control scheme is demonstrated to achieve near steady state errors for the low order harmonics due to non-linear loads. In particular, the THD is reduced from 22.3% to 5.2% for full three-phase diode rectifier loading, and from 11.3% to 1.5% for full balanced single-phase diode rectifier loading, over fundamental control alone. / Master of Science

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) has branched out from its application origins of load leveling, in the early 1970s, to include power quality for utility, industrial, commercial and military applications. It has also shown promise as a power supply for pulsed loads such as electric guns and electromagnetic aircraft launchers (EMAL) as well as for vital loads when power distribution systems are temporarily down. These new applications demand more efficient and compact high performance power electronics. A 250 kW Power Conditioning System (PCS), consisting of a voltage source converter (VSC) and bi-directional two-quadrant DC/DC converter (chopper), was developed at the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES) under an ONR funded program. The project was to develop advanced power electronic techniques for SMES Naval applications. This thesis focuses on system analysis and development of a demonstration test plan to illustrate the SMES systems' ability to be multitasked for implementation on naval ships. The demonstration focuses on three applications; power quality, pulsed power and vital loads. An integrated system controller, based on an Altera programmable logic device, was developed to coordinate charge/discharge transitions. The system controller integrated the chopper and VSC controller, configured applicable loads, and dictated sequencing of events during mode transitions. Initial tests with a SMES coil resulted in problems during mode transitions. These problems caused uncontrollable transients and caused protection to trigger and processors to shut down. Accurate models of both the Chopper and VSC were developed and an analysis of these mode transition transients was conducted. Solutions were proposed, simulated and implemented in hardware. Successful operation of the system was achieved and verified with both a low temperature superconductor here at CPES and a high temperature superconductor at The Naval Research Lab. / Master of Science

The voltage source inverter (VSI) is certainly the most popular topology used in dc to ac power conversion. Virtually every commercial electric motor is driven by a VSI. There is a need for smaller and more efficient drives in high performance applications that is dictating unprecedented power density requirements on airborne motor drive systems. In reply to this need, higher switching frequencies are being sought and new switching devices like Silicon Carbide (SiC) JFETs have emerged. Although faster switching rates favor a reduction in the size of passive components and alleviate the current ripple in the inverter, a penalty is paid on switching losses. Owing to their low switching energy profile, SiC JFETs stand as promising candidates in high switching frequency environments. Their normally-on nature, however, raises a level of discomfort among designers due to the added complexities in the gate drive circuitry and the increased risk of dc bus shoot-through faults in voltage source inverters. Despite of these challenges the use of SiC JFETs continues proliferating in high power density applications. In an effort to study the new challenges introduced by this trend a 2 kW IGBT-based three-phase voltage source inverter operating at 65 kHz was designed, built, and tested. In addition a novel overcurrent protection residing in the inverter dc link is proposed in response to the concern of using normally-on devices in voltage source inverters. Successful hardware validation of both the VSI and the overcurrent protection circuit is supported with experimental results. / Master of Science

Induction motor (IM) drives are employed in a wide range of industries due to low maintenance, improved efficiency and low emissions. Industrial installations of high-power IM drives rated up to 30 MW have been reported. The IM drives are also employed in ultra high-speed applications with shaft speeds as high as 500; 000 rpm. Certain applications of IM drives such as gas compressors demand high power at high speeds (e.g. 10 MW at 20; 000 rpm). In high-power voltage source inverter (VSI) fed induction motor drives, the semiconductor devices experience high switching energy losses during switching transitions. Hence, the switching frequency is kept low in such high-power drives. In high-speed drives, the maximum modulation frequency is quite high. Hence, at high speeds and/or high power levels, the ratio of switching frequency to fundamental frequency (i.e. pulse number, P ) of the motor drive is quite low. Induction motor drives, operating at low-pulse numbers, have significant low-order volt-age harmonics in the output. These low-order voltage harmonics are not filtered adequately by the motor inductance, leading to high total harmonic distortion (THD) in the line current as well as low-order harmonic torques. The low-order harmonic torques may lead to severe torsional vibrations which may eventually damage the motor shaft. This thesis addresses numerous issues related to low-pulse-number operation of VSI fed IM drives. In particular, optimal pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes for minimization of line current distortion and those for minimization of a set of low-order harmonic torques are proposed for two-level and three-level inverter fed IM drives. Analytical evaluation of current ripple and torque ripple is well established for the induction motor drives operating at high pulse numbers. However, certain important assumptions made in this regard are not valid when the pulse number is low. An analytical method is proposed here for evaluation of current ripple and torque ripple in low-pulse-number induction motor drives. The current and torque harmonic spectra can also be predicted using the proposed method. The analytical predictions of the proposed method are validated through simulations and experimental results on a 3:7-kW induction motor drive, operated at low pulse numbers. The waveform symmetries, namely, half-wave symmetry (HWS), quarter-wave symmetry (QWS) and three-phase symmetry (TPS), are usually maintained in induction motor drives, operating at low switching frequencies. Lack of HWS is well known to introduce even harmonics in the line current. Impact of three-phase symmetry on line current and torque harmonic spectra is analyzed in this thesis. When the TPS is preserved, there are no triplen frequency components in the line current and also no harmonic torques other than those of order 6, 12, 18 etc. While TPS ensures that the triplen harmonics in the three-phase pole voltages are in phase, these triplen frequency harmonics form balanced sets of three-phase voltages when TPS is not preserved. Hence, triplen frequency currents flow through the stator windings. These result in torque harmonics of order 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc., and not just integral multiples of 6. These findings are well supported by simulation and experimental results. One can see that two types of pole voltage waveforms are possible, when all waveform symmetries (i.e. HWS, TPS and QWS) are preserved in a two-level inverter, These are termed as type-A and type-B waveforms here. Also, QWS could be relaxed, while maintain-ing HWS and TPS, leading to yet another type of pole voltage waveform. Optimal switching angles to minimize line current THD are reported for all three types of pole voltage wave-forms. Theoretical and experimental results on a 3:7-kW IM drive show that optimal type-A PWM and optimal type-B PWM are better than each other in different ranges of modulation at any given low pulse number. In terms of current THD, the optimal PWM without QWS is found to be close to the better one between optimal type-A and optimal type-B at any modulation index for a given P . A combined optimal PWM to minimize THD is proposed, which utilizes the superior one between optimal type-A and optimal type-B at any given modulation index and pulse number. The performance of combined optimal PWM is shown to be better than those of synchronous sine-triangle (ST) PWM and selective harmonic elimination (SHE) PWM through simulations and experiments over a wide range of speed. A frequency domain (FD) based and another synchronous reference frame (SRF) based optimal PWM techniques are proposed to minimize low-order harmonic torques. The objective here is to minimize the combined value of low-order harmonic torques of order 6, 12, 18, ..., 6(N 1), where N is the number of switching angles per quarter cycle. The FD based optimal PWM is independent of load and machine parameters while the SRF based method considers both load and machine parameters. The offline calculations are much simpler in case of FD based optimal PWM than in case of SRF based optimal PWM. The performance of the two schemes are comparable and are much superior to those of synchronous ST PWM and SHE PWM in terms of low-order harmonic torques as shown by the simulation and experimental results presented over a wide range of fundamental frequency, The proposed optimal PWM methods for two level-inverter fed motor drives to minimize the line current distortion and low-order torque harmonics, are extended to neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter fed drive. The proposed optimal PWM methods for the NPC inverter are compared with ST PWM and SHE PWM, having the same number of switching angles per quarter. Simulation and experimental results on a 3:7-kW induction motor drive demonstrate the superior performance of proposed optimal PWM schemes over ST PWM and SHE PWM schemes. The di_erent optimal PWM schemes proposed for two-level and three-level inverter fed drives, having di_erent objective functions and constraints, are all analyzed from a space vector perspective. The three-phase PWM waveforms are seen as a sequence of voltage vector applied in each case. The space vector analysis leads to determination of optimal vector sequences, fast o_ine calculation of optimal switching angles and e_cient digital implementation of the proposed optimal PWM schemes. A hybrid PWM scheme is proposed for two-level inverter fed IM drive, having a maximum switching frequency of 250 Hz. The proposed hybrid PWM utilizes ST PWM at a _xed frequency of 250 Hz at low speeds. This method employs the optimal vector sequence to minimize the current THD at any speed in the medium and high speed ranges. The proposed method is shown to reduce both THD as well as machine losses signi_cantly, over a wide range of speed, compared to ST PWM Position sensorless vector control of IM drive also becomes challenging when the ratio of inverter switching frequency to maximum modulation frequency is low. An improved procedure to design current controllers, and a closed-loop ux estimator are reviewed. These are utilized to design and implement successfully a position sensorless vector controlled IM drive, modulated with asynchronous third harmonic injected (THI) PWM at a constant switching frequency of 500 Hz. Sensorless vector control is also implemented successfully, when the inverter is modulated with synchronized THI PWM and the maximum switching frequency is limited to 500 Hz.

Wave power is a renewable energy source with great potential, which is why there are more than a hundred ongoing wave power projects around the world. At the Division of Electricity, Uppsala University, a point-absorber type wave energy converter (WEC) has been proposed and developed. The WEC consists of a linear synchronous generator placed on the seabed, connected to a buoy floating on the surface. Power is absorbed by heave motion of the buoy, and converted into electric energy by the generator. The point-absorber WEC must be physically much smaller than the wavelength of the incoming waves, and can therefore not be scaled to very high power levels. Instead, the total power output is boosted by increasing the number of WECs, connecting them in wave power farms. To transfer the electric energy to the grid, an intermediate marine substation is proposed, where an AC/DC/AC conversion step is performed. Within this PhD-work, a full-scale offshore marine substation has been designed, constructed and experimentally evaluated. The substation is rated for grid-connection of seven WECs to the local 1kV-grid, and is placed on the seabed 3km off the coast at a depth of 25m. Various aspects of the substation design have been considered, including the mechanical and electrical systems, the WEC electrical interface, offshore operations and the automatic grid connection control system. A tap change circuit and different multilevel topologies have also been proposed. This dissertation has an experimental approach, validating a major part of the work with lab results. The final substation electrical circuit has been tested at rated grid voltage with a fluctuating input power source. The efficiency has been measured and the implemented functions are verified. Offshore operations have been successfully carried out and offshore wave farm data is expected in the nearby future.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-06T15:48:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3791340 bytes, checksum: 58dd4dde93f8552a891a0760151a7c10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-06T15:48:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3791340 bytes, checksum: 58dd4dde93f8552a891a0760151a7c10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The interest for the study of multiphase (more than three phases) machines and variable speed drives has substantially increased in the last two decades. The advantages presented by the multiphase systems compared to their three-phase counterparts have being the the main effort to increase researches all over the world. Reduction in torque oscillation, lower current ratings, high drive reliability, better fault tolerance and harmonic content reduction in the DC bus are some of these advantages. The additional degrees of freedom due to extra phases make multiphase systems very flexible when it comes to control systems and modulation strategies. Although three-phase systems are predominant in industrial applications, the use of multiphase machines and drives has increased in very specific areas such as locomotive traction, electric ship propulsion, aerospace industry (more electric aircraft), electric and hybrid vehicles and industrial high power systems. Due to high coupling degree between electric variables in multiphase systems, modeling of multiphase machines has been and still is a challenge task in research centers. In this present work, analitic modeling of symmetric and asymmetric nine-phase machines using natural variables and space vector decomposition are presented. The principles used in the study are the same used for three-phase systems. However, multiphase systems are analised in multiple d-q planes. PWM modulation strategies based on space vectors theory (SVPWM) for a voltage source inverter (VSI) are presented. The multiphase drive system presented works in the linear operation region with sinusoidal voltage generation. Results for both machines and drive modeled are verified by simulation programs developed in C programming language an Matlab. / O interesse pelo estudo de máquinas de indução multifases (mais de três fases) e dos seus sistemas de acionamento cresceu substancialmente nas últimas duas décadas. As muitas vantagens apresentadas pelos sistemas multifases, em relação aos sistemas trifásicos convencionais, têm sido fatores motivadores para o aumento de pesquisas em todo o mundo. Redução das oscilações de torque, redução da corrente por fase, maior confiabilidade do acionamento, grande tolerância à faltas e redução no conteúdo harmônico da corrente no barramento CC são algumas destas vantagens. O maior grau de liberdade proporcionado pelas fases extras torna os sistemas multifases bastante flexíveis quanto às estratégias de modulação e de controle. Apesar da atual predominância da utilização das máquinas e acionamentos trifásicos na indústria, as máquinas multifases estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas em áreas de aplicações específicas tais como tração de locomotivas, propulsão de navios elétricos de grande porte, indústria aeroespacial, tração de veículos híbridos e elétricos e sistemas industriais de alta potência. Devido ao alto grau de acoplamento entre as variáveis elétricas de um sistema multifases, a modelagem e análise desses sistemas tem representado uma tarefa desafiadora nos centros de pesquisa. No presente trabalho são apresentadas as modelagens analíticas de uma máquina de indução de nove fases simétrica e de uma máquina de nove fases assimétrica pelo método de variáveis naturais e pelo método de decomposição vetorial. Os princípios utilizados na modelagem são os mesmos utilizados nos sistemas trifásicos. No entanto, sistemas multifases são analisados em múltiplos planos d-q. Estratégias de modulação PWM baseadas na teoria de vetores espaciais (SVPWM) para um inversor de nove fases tipo VSI (Inversor Fonte de Tensão) são apresentadas para acionamento das máquinas. O sistema de acionamento apresentado trabalha na região linear de operação e gera tensão de saída senoidal. Dados de simulação obtidos a partir de programas desenvolvidos em linguagem C e Matlab são apresentados para ambas as máquinas de nove fases modeladas.