This study presents laboratory observations of flow characteristics for regular waves passing a rectangular barge in a two dimensional wave tank. The rectangular barge was fixed and free to roll (one degree of freedom) in a beam sea. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to measure the velocity field in the vicinity of the structure. The mean velocity and turbulence properties were obtained by phase-averaging the velocity profiles from repeated test runs. The quantitative flow characteristics were represented to elucidate the coupled interactions between the regular wave and the barge in roll motion or fixed condition. Additionally, the turbulence properties including the turbulence length scale and the turbulent kinetic energy budget were investigated to characterize the flow pattern due to the wave interaction. Because all the data including wave elevations, roll motion, and dynamic pressure were synchronized with velocity profiles, the results between the roll motion and the fixed condition were compared. The viscous effects due to the flow separation depend on the relative relation between the wave water particle motion and the roll motion of the barge. The viscous damping mechanism that reduces the roll motion at the roll natural period wave is illustrated. It shows that the vortex flow was mainly induced by the roll motion. For wave periods longer than the roll natural period, the flow was separated in different directions accompanying the roll natural period wave. The longer waves may help the roll motion with the vortex flow predominantly separated by the wave water particle motion rather than the barge motion. This may be called the viscous exciting effect. Moreover, the variations of dynamic pressures near the corners were measured and analyzed along with the viscous effect for both the roll motion and the fixed barge cases.

The baroclinic and surface-frictional contributions to stratified wake formation are considered as a function of the non-dimensional height ( = Nho/U) and aspect-ratio ( = ho/L) of the barrier. Numerical simulations are computed for a wide range of the - parameter space, including both unstratified ( = 0) and highly stratified ( = 4) flows and for terrain slopes characteristic of both geophysical ( = 0.1) and laboratory scale ( = 2.0) obstacles. Simulations both with and without applied surface stresses are compared to gain insight into the baroclinic and surface-frictional contributions to each flow. Particular emphasis is given to the changes in kinematic wake structure, the relative contributions of skin and pressure drag, and the vertical momentum flux observed as the mountain height and terrain slope are varied. We also examine several cases from the parameter-space study in more detail using a method for decomposing the flow into baroclinic and viscous parts. The decompositions show that for large- and small- flows, wake generation is primarily baroclinic in nature, while at smaller- and/or larger-, the wake becomes increasingly surface frictional.

Numerical simulations are presented for three dimensional viscous incompressible free shear flows. The numerical method is based on solving the vorticity equation using Vortex-In-Cell method. In this method, the vorticity field is discretized into a finite set of Lagrangian elements (particles) and the computational domain is covered by Eulerian mesh. Velocity field is computed on the mesh by solving Poisson equation. The solution proceeds in time by advecting the particles with the flow. Second order Adam-Bashford method is used for time integration. Exchange of information between Lagrangian particles and Eulerian grid is carried out using the M’4 interpolation scheme. The classical inviscid scheme is enhanced to account for stretching and viscous effects. For that matter, two schemes are used. The first one used periodic remeshing of the vortex particles along with fourth order finite difference approximation for the partial derivatives of the stretching and viscous terms. In the second scheme, derivatives are approximated by least squares polynomial. The novelty of this work is signified by using the moving least squares technique within the framework of the Vortex-in-Cell method and implementing it to a three dimensional temporal mixing layer. Comparisons of the mean flow and velocity statistics are made with experimental studies. The results confirm the validity of the present schemes. Both schemes also demonstrate capability to qualitatively capture significant flow scales, and allow gaining physical insight as to the development of instabilities and the formation of three dimensional vortex structures. The two schemes show acceptable low numerical diffusion as well.

L'ancrage des vortex est utilisé comme une sonde pour l'identification du type de désordre et son effet sur la supraconductivité dans la famille 122 des supraconducteurs à base de fer. Une nouvelle technique d'analyse obtenue d'images de décoration de Bitter prenant en compte l'interaction de chaque vortex avec ses voisins, a permis d'obtenir l'énergie et la force de piégeage dans Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2, dans le régime de bas champ magnétique. La corrélation avec des mesures de courant critique Jc a montré que le piégeage des vortex dans ce composé est due à l'hétérogénéité des propriétés supraconductrices sur une échelle de 20-100 nm. Application de la même méthode d'analyse pour les vortex dans le BaFe2(As1-xPx)2 a montré que l'énergie et la force d'ancrage dépendent du dopage x. Les mesures de Jc et de la distribution des forces de piégeage ont montré que la distance moyenne entre différents centres de piégeage est de l'ordre de 90 nm et que cette distance augmente quand on augmente le conteneur en P. La combinaison de ces résultats avec les mesures de Jc mène à la conclusion que l'ancrage fort des lignes de flux due à l'hétérogénéité des propriétés supraconductrice à l'échelle de nm est à l'origine de la constante observé à des champ faibles dans les courbes de Jc ainsi que la diminution en loi de puissance qui suit. On traite également la contribution d'ancrage faible collectif à Jc, qui se manifeste à des champs magnétiques plus importants, de l'ordre de 1 T. Cette contribution a été analysée en terme de la diffusion des quasiparticules et de la fluctuation spatiale du libre parcours moyen. Afin de tester l'hypothèse avancé ci-dessus, l'irradiation aux électrons d'énergie 2.5 MeV, sur les composés dopé au Co, Ni et P de la famille 122 a été réalisé à des différentes doses pour plusieurs dopage de ces matériaux. Ce type d'irradiation introduit des défauts ponctuels de taille atomique dans le matériau. La température critique Tc de tous les matériaux étudiés diminue après irradiation de façon similaire. Une claire augmentation de la contribution d'ancrage faible collectif à Jc dans le composé dopé au Co a été observée. De plus, cette contribution qui, avant irradiation, était absente dans tous les dopages du composé au P, apparait après irradiation. Les défauts ponctuels de taille atomique, diffuseur des quasiparticules, dans les supraconducteurs à base de fer sont donc à l'origine de la contribution d'ancrage faible collectif à Jc .

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The long time energy decay of vortices for several different initial flow scenarios is investigated both theoretically and numerically. The theoretical analysis is based on the energy method. Numerical calculations are done by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using a high order stable finite difference method. The simulations verify the theoretical conclusion that vortices decay at a slow rate compared to other types of flows. Several Reynolds numbers and grid sizes in both two and three dimensions are considered.

The GARVEE Transportation Program started by the Idaho Transportation Department has improved parts of I-84 in Boise, Idaho. These desired improvements led to the widening of a bridge over the New York Canal (NYC) in 2009. To support the wider road, additional bridge columns were installed. The new bridge columns had a larger diameter than the existing columns and raised the number of columns from 28 to 60. Construction was completed just before the irrigation season began. During the first irrigation season it was observed that waves and oscillations were occurring within the canal immediately adjacent to the bridge structure. Throughout the irrigation season, it was observed that the intensity of the oscillations would vary. It was also observed that the wave oscillations propagated upstream and downstream from the bridge structure. Both longitudinal and transverse waves were observed. The waves appeared to originate in the section of the canal that was under the I-84 Bridge. A physical model was built in 2010 at Utah State University's (USU) Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL) in an attempt to simulate the oscillation phenomenon and to develop potential solutions to the problem. During the original modeling work, a thorough investigation to the causes of this phenomenon was not accomplished due to time constraints. The objective of the follow-up research presented in this thesis was to qualitatively determine the causes of the oscillations. Laboratory tests were performed using the original physical model used in the original 2010 testing.

Vortex-induced vibrations of a pivoted circular cylinder and control of these vibrations were investigated experimentally. A novel experimental setup was employed to reproduce orbiting response observed in some engineering applications. An adaptive pendulum tuned-mass damper (TMD) was integrated with the cylindrical structure in order to control the vortex-induced vibrations. All experiments were performed at a constant Reynolds number of 2100 for a range of reduced velocities from 3.4 to 11.3 and damping ratios from 0.004 to 0.018. For the experiments involving TMD, the TMD mass ratio was 0.087 and the TMD damping ratios investigated were 0 and 0.24. The results of the experiments performed without the TMD show that, in the synchronization region, the frequencies of transverse and streamwise vibrations lock onto the natural frequency of the structure. The cylinder is observed to trace elliptic trajectories. A mathematical model is introduced to investigate the mechanism responsible for the occurrence of the observed elliptic trajectories and figure-8 type trajectories reported in previous laboratory investigations. The results show that the occurrence of either elliptic trajectories or figure-8 type trajectories is governed primarily by structural coupling between vibrations in streamwise and transverse directions. Four types of elliptic trajectories were identified. The results show that the occurrence of the different types of elliptic trajectories is linked to phase angle between the streamwise and transverse vibrations of the structure, which depends on structural coupling. The results of the experiments performed to investigate effectiveness of the TMD in controlling vortex-induced vibrations show that tuning the TMD natural frequency to the natural frequency of the structure decreases significantly the amplitudes of transverse and streamwise vibrations of the structure. Specifically, the transverse amplitudes of vibrations are decreased by a factor of ten and streamwise amplitudes of vibrations are decreased by a factor of three. The results show that, depending on the value of the TMD damping ratio, the frequency of transverse vibrations is either characterized by the natural frequency or by two frequencies: one higher and the other lower than the natural frequency of the structure, referred to as fundamental frequencies. Independent of TMD damping and tuning frequency ratios, the frequency of streamwise vibrations matches that of the transverse vibrations in the synchronization region, and the cylinder traces elliptic trajectories. The phase angle between the streamwise and transverse vibrations is nearly constant when the pendulum is restrained. However, with the TMD engaged and tuned to the natural frequency, the phase angle fluctuates significantly with time. A mathematical model was utilized to gain insight into the frequency response of the structure. The results of the modeling show that the frequency of transverse vibrations is characterized by the fundamental frequency or frequencies of the structure and the frequency of streamwise vibrations is characterized by the fundamental frequency or frequencies as well as the first harmonic of the fundamental frequency or frequencies of the structure.

This thesis is an experimental study of shear effect of a two-degree-of-freedom cylinder in fluid flow in terms of different mass ratio. This study is done using an elastic cylinder of high natural frequency, and the free stream velocity is 0.2m/s to 1.5m/s. The results show that as mass ratio increases, the motion of cylinder becomes more stable and small, and the frequency response of cylinder self-excited is bigger than vortex-shedding response when spring constant is bigger enough. Thus it is not easy to observe the vortex-shedding frequency variation with respect to various velocities by dint of cylinder vibration. When it come to the shear effect, the effect of shear flow could decreases the drag force, and increases the lift force. Orbits of cylinder vibration is not symmetric; the displacement is more significant on low velocity side.

The present study aims to explore the dynamical behavior in the uniform flow by numerical method. The theoretical model is based on transient of continuity equation and momentum equation in CFD software: Fluent. With User Define Function¡]UDF¡^, we can simulate the Vortex-induced vibration¡]VIV¡^under the uniform flow by numerical method and plot the contour of amplitude and flow field under different Reynolds number. We will identify the accurate and capable of central difference method in UDF by comparing with the previous study. Also, we focus on whether the amplitude and flow situation will effect by uniform flow in different degrees or not. Furthermore, this study shows how the time step size and mesh effect the conclusion so that we could have the best choice on model.