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La thèse porte sur le statut sémantico-pragmatique des propositions relatives appositives (PRA), étudié à travers l’examen du fonctionnement discursif des phrases complexes de la forme ‘Matrice, qui PRA’ du français. Dans beaucoup de langues, les PRA n’interagissent pas sémantiquement avec les opérateurs présents dans leurs propositions enchâssantes et tendent à s’interpréter pragmatiquement comme porteuses d’informations non-centrales ou secondaires pour la question en discussion (QUD) du discours en cours. Plusieurs analyses (Holler 2005, Arnold 2007, Koev 2012) dissocient ces deux propriétés en dérivant la projection des PRA de leur statut d’assertions indépendantes et en expliquant leur lecture pragmatique à l’aide de principes généraux de gestion du flot discursif. En effet, lorsque les PRA apparaissent en fin de phrase, elles sont susceptibles d’interagir avec la QUD tout en ayant une portée large vis-à-vis du reste de la phrase. Certains phénomènes discursifs semblent néanmoins contredire l’idée que les PRA constituent des assertions indépendantes. D’abord, les PRA peuvent interagir avec la QUD seulement si leurs matrices véhiculent également des informations pertinentes pour le sujet en discussion. Ensuite, contrairement à ce que l’on peut observer dans une séquence de deux propositions indépendantes, dans une séquence formée d’une proposition matrice et d’une PRA, quel que soit l’ordre de leur linéarisation, la matrice s’interprète toujours comme centrale pour le discours, alors que le statut pragmatique de la PRA dépend fortement du degré d’informativité du reste de la phrase vis-à-vis de la QUD. Enfin, les résultats de deux études comportementales conduites pour la thèse montrent que, suite au traitement de phrases complexes comme ‘Matrice, qui PRA’, les référents du type ‘individu’ mentionnés par la matrice restent hautement saillants pour le discours subséquent contrairement à ceux dont il est question dans la PRA, qui jouissent d’un degré d’accessibilité assez faible. Partant de ces données, nous concluons que la lecture pragmatique centrale des PRA n’est pas une conséquence de leur statut d’assertions indépendantes mais résulte de l’intégration de leur contenu dans le domaine focal de leurs matrices. Plus généralement, en nous appuyant sur les travaux d’Ander Bois & al. (2010) et Schlenker (2013, ms), nous défendons l’idée que le manque d’interaction entre les PRA et le reste de leurs phrases d’accueil ainsi que leur prédisposition à une interprétation non-centrale pour le discours proviennent du fait, qu’à la différence de leurs matrices, dont l’énonciation s’accompagne de l’introduction d’un référent propositionnel nouveau, les PRA sont des anaphores propositionnelles, dont la portée sémantique et l’interprétation pragmatique dépendent de la position discursive de l’expression important dans l’univers du discours le référent auquel s’applique le contenu qu’elles expriment. / The thesis focuses on the semantic-pragmatic status of appositive relative clauses (ARC). We address this question by examining discourse functioning of complex sentences of the form ‘Matrix, qui ARC’ in French. Crosslinguistically, ARC fail to interact semantically with scope taking operators contained in their embedding clauses and tend to be interpreted pragmatically as carrying non-central or secondary information for the question under discussion (QUD) in the ongoing discourse. Several analysis (Holler 2005, Arnold 2007, Koev 2012) dissociate these two properties, deriving the ARC projection from their status of independent assertions and explaining their pragmatic reading with independent principles of the discourse flow management. Indeed, when an ARC follows linearly its embedding clause, it can interact with the QUD while still receiving a wide scope relatively to the rest of the host sentence. Some discursive phenomena seem nevertheless contradict the idea that ARC constitute independent assertions. First, an ARC can interact with a QUD only if its matrix clause also conveys information relevant to the subject under discussion. Second, contrary to what we observe examining sequences of two independent clauses, in sequences formed of a matrix clause and an ARC, regardless of the order of their linearization, the matrix clause is always interpreted as being at-issue for the discourse, while the pragmatic status of the ARC depends to a great extent on the degree of informativeness of the rest of the sentence relatively to the QUD. And, third, the results of two psycholinguistic experiments conducted as part of this study show that after processing a sentence such as ‘Matrix, qui ARC’, the entity-type referents realized by the matrix clause are highly salient for the subsequent discourse unlike those realized by the ARC, which have a rather low accessibility degree. Based on these data, we conclude that at-issue pragmatic reading of ARC is not a consequence of their functioning as independent assertions but results from integration of their content into the focal domain of the embedding clause. More generally, building on the works of AnderBois & al. (2010) and Schlenker (2013, ms), we defend the idea that the lack of interaction between ARC and the host sentences as well as their tendency to receive a not at-issue reading in discourse arise from the fact that unlike their matrix clauses, whose utterance has the effect of introducing a new propositional referent, ARC are propositional anaphora, the semantic and pragmatic interpretation of which depends thus on the discourse position of their antecedent expression, importing into the discourse the propositional referent the ARC’s content applies to.

The Thesis deals with God{\crq}s presence. Discovers how the Old Testament, gospel and apostle Paul sees God{\crq}s presence in our lifes. In the second part I introduce two theological conceptions. American evangelical theologian and founder of Pastoral Care Ministries, Leanne Payn, who provides healing prayer service. The author assures us that entirety comes with the inner Christ{\crq}s presence. The second theologian is catholik clergyman Raniero Cantalamessa who in his work and his sermons leads his readers into the deep awareness of the God{\crq}s Spirit presence and calls for new personal Pentacost.

De par sa position, le Golfe du Lion est un site idéal pour l’investigation des changements paléo-environnementaux et des processus affectant le dépôt sédimentaire. Les travaux antérieurs ont permis de mettre en évidence les impacts de la variabilité climatique et glacioeustatique sur l’organisation stratigraphique de la marge, mais également sur les exports terrestres de matière organique.L’étude isotopique du carbone organique et de l’azote de la matière organique dans les sédiments du forage PRGL1-4 nous a permis de mettre en évidence de forts exports fluviaux lors des interstades survenus au cours des 200 000 derniers milles ans. La mise en regard de cette découverte avec les enregistrements paléo-climatologiques terrestre et marin disponibles dans la région indique que ces forts exports fluviaux résultent d’une augmentation des précipitations le long de la bordure Nord Méditerranéenne. Grâce à la position dePRGL1-4, nous proposons que ces pluies soient le résultat d’une augmentation du passage de dépressions Nord Atlantique dans le bassin Ouest Méditerranéen.Une caractérisation des isotopes du soufre préservés dans la pyrite sédimentaire a été réalisée. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence une variation isotopique insoupçonnée, l’une des plus grandes observées de nos jours, dont la cyclicité semble indiquer un fort contrôle climatique. Nous proposons deux mécanismes influençant le fractionnement isotopique: une modulation de l’activité bactérienne par le climat, et/ou (ii) une modulation locale liée la nature des sédiments impliqués dans la formation des pyrites en lien avec les variations eustatiques. / By its position, the Gulf of Lion is an ideal location for investigation of past ecological changes and processes affecting the sedimentary deposition. Previous work has highlighted the impacts of climatic and glacio-eustatic changes on the GoL stratigraphic organization, but also on terrestrial exports of organic matter.This isotopic study based on the organic carbon and nitrogen preserved in PRGL1-4 sediments highlights important rivers runoff during warm periods of the last 200 000 years.Regional intercomparison with terrestrial and marine records indicates that these river exports resulting from an increase of precipitation over the North Mediterranean borderland.Using PRGL1-4 location, out of Mediterranean cyclogenetic area, we suggest that these pluvial events occurred in response to enhance passage of North Atlantic atmospheric perturbation into the Western Mediterranean basin.Pyrite sulfur isotopes investigations over the last 500 kyr have also been done. The stratigraphic variations (up to 76‰) in the isotopic data reported here are among the largest ever observed in pyrite, and are in phase with glacial-interglacial sea level. These results suggest that there exist important but previously overlooked depositional controls on sedimentary sulfur isotope records. Two different mechanisms influencing the isotopic fractionation can explain the observed dataset: a climatic modulation of the bacterial activity, and / or (ii) a local sedimentary modulation involve during early diagenetic formation of pyrite in relation with the eustatic variations.

L'IRMd est un moyen non invasif permettant d'étudier in vivo la structure des fibres nerveuses du cerveau. Dans cette thèse, nous modélisons des données IRMd à l'aide de tenseurs d'ordre 4 (T4). Les problèmes de comparaison de groupes ou d'individu avec un groupe normal sont abordés, et résolus à l'aide d'analyses statistiques sur les T4s. Les approches utilisent des réductions non linéaires de dimension, et bénéficient des métriques non euclidiennes pour les T4s. Les statistiques sont calculées dans l'espace réduit, et permettent de quantifier la dissimilarité entre le groupe (ou l'individu) d'intérêt et le groupe de référence. Les approches proposées sont appliquées à la neuromyélite optique et aux patients atteints de locked in syndrome. Les conclusions tirées sont cohérentes avec les connaissances médicales actuelles. / DW-MRI is a non-invasive way to study in vivo the structure of nerve fibers in the brain. In this thesis, fourth order tensors (T4) were used to model DW-MRI data. In addition, the problems of group comparison or individual against a normal group were discussed and solved using statistical analysis on T4s. The approaches use nonlinear dimensional reductions, assisted by non-Euclidean metrics for T4s. The statistics are calculated in the reduced space and allow us to quantify the dissimilarity between the group (or the individual) of interest and the reference group. The proposed approaches are applied to neuromyelitis optica and patients with locked in syndrome. The derived conclusions are consistent with the current medical knowledge.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse the conception of marriage in the works of two Indian female authors, namely Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's novels Sister of My Heart and its sequel The Vine of Desire and Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things. The thesis consists of two parts. The objective of the theoretical part is to portray the position of marriage within Indian society and to introduce two female authors and their novels where the theme of Indian marriage plays a significant role. The practical part of the work focuses on a thorough analysis of three chosen female characters. Their roles within the marriage and the influence of marriage on their lives will be further discussed. The result of this part will be an overall comparison of how the chosen authors approach the theme of traditional Indian marriage in their works. . KEY WORDS Indian society, arranged marriage, marriage of one's own will, Indian vs. American marriage, social roles related to marriage, transgressions of marital laws, divorces

La quantité croissante de données générées est à l’origine de nombreuses problématiques en bioinformatique telles que le développement de nouvelles méthodes de traitement et d’analyse efficaces de ces données. Plus particulièrement, les réseaux de régulation des fonctions cellulaires sont au coeur de nombreux projets aujourd’hui. Il est donc nécessaire, afin d’appréhender correctement ces systèmes de régulation, de comprendre l’origine et de caractériser les acteurs de ces systèmes tels que les ARN et les pseudogènes.Nous avons établi une nouvelle méthode de comparaison d’une séquence ARN requête avec un jeu de séquences ARN cibles. Notre méthode se base sur (i) l’indexation préalable des graines en séquence/structure des ARN du jeu cible, (ii) la recherche des ARN cibles par détection des graines de la séquence requête présentes également dans le jeu de données cible et le chainage de ces graines, puis (iii) la complétion de l’alignement obtenu à l’aide d’un algorithme d’alignement exact incorporant des contraintes d’alignement. Cette méthode a été appliquée sur le jeu de données de BraliBase2.1. L’exactitude des résultats obtenus et l’efficacité de la méthode ont alors été comparés à la méthode d’alignement exact LocARNA et à son filtre basé sur un algorithme de chainage de graines récemment développé, ExpLocP. Notre méthode RNA-unchained permet d’améliorer significativement les temps de calcul de LocARNA et présente des temps de calcul similaires à ExpLocP, tout en améliorant l’exactitude des alignements finaux.De plus, nous avons développé une méthode, PseudOE, de détection et de caractérisation du pseudome au sein d’un génome et d’analyse comparative de ce pseudome entre plusieurs génomes. Cette méthode a ainsi permis de réaliser l’analyse du panpseudome de deux souches relativement distantes de l’espèce Oenococcus oeni et qui présentent des propriétés oenologiques opposées. On observe dans ces génomes compacts, de 1,8Mb, 8,5% de pseudogènes. Par comparaison aux autres génomes bactériens, les génomes d’O. oeni semblent sensibles à la pseudogénisation. La majorité des pseudogènes détectés ont pour origine des mutations de leur séquence et sont présents uniquement dans l’un des génomes, ce qui soutient l’hypothèse d’une origine récente de ces séquences et qui illustre la tendance des O. oeni à l’hypermutabilité. De plus, l’analyse des données fournies par PseudOE a permis la mise en évidence d’une organisation spatiale des pseudogènes au sein de territoires spécifiques du chromosome. L’ensemble de ces analyses illustre les particularités des pseudogènes chez O. oeni et apporte des informations supplémentaires concernant l’évolution des gènes/génomes dont les annotations de génomes pourraient retirer des bénéfices. / The increasing amount of available data is a source of many issues in bioinformatics such that the development of new methods of treatments and efficient analysis of data. Especially, regulatory networks are at the heart of many projects. Also, in order to understand regulatory systems, it appears to be necessary to characterize and to understand actors of these systems such as RNA and pseudogenes. We develop a new method to compare a query RNA with a static set of target RNAs. Our method is based on (i) a preliminary indexing of the sequence/structure seeds of the target RNAs, (ii) searching the potentially homolog RNAs by detecting seeds of the query present in targets, chaining these seeds, then (iii) completing the alignment using an anchor-based exact alignment algorithm. We apply our method on the benchmark Bralibase2.1. We compare our method accuracy and efficiency with the exact method LocARNA and its recent seeds-based speed-up ExpLocP. Our pipeline RNA-unchained greatly improves computation time of LocARNA and is comparable to the one of ExpLocP, while improving the overall accuracy of the final alignments.Moreover, we develop a new method, PseudOE, to detect and to characterize the pseudome of one genome, and to analyse by comparison two genomes at least. This method allows to analyse the pan-pseudome of two distantly related Oenococcus oeni strains with opposite oenological properties. Quite interestingly, with 8.5% of pseudogenes for a compact 1.8Mb genome, O. oeni appeared to be prone to pseudogenization compared to other bacteria. A great proportion of pseudogenes were found to come from mutational degradation suggesting a relatively recent origin that could illustrate the natural propensity of O. oeni for hypermutability. In addition, we identify a spatial organization of pseudogenes into dedicated chromosomal territories. These analysis illustrate peculiar properties of O. oeni pseudogenes, providing additional insights of gene/genome evolution from which future genome annotation will benefit.

Many researchers (e.g., Nation, 2001, 2015; Schmitt, 2000) have recognized the importance of vocabulary learning in second language (L2) or additional language (AL) acquisition. The strong effects of lexical and background knowledge on L2reading comprehension have similarly been found in various studies (e.g., Hu & Nation, 2000; Rokni & Hajilari, 2013). In the case of Japanese language, the opportunities for acquiring the lexical and background knowledge associated with Japanese history and culture, especially traditional culture, are scant, because only a small number of Japanese pedagogical materials deal minimally with these topics. Meanwhile, many learners are motivated to study Japanese because of their interest in Japanese history and culture, according to a survey conducted by the Japan Foundation in 2012. This project aimed to increase the opportunities for learning Japanese history and traditional culture through the development of new pedagogical materials based on kabuki, and then the empirical evaluation of the developed pedagogical materials. Nine Chinese-as-a-first-language Japanese learners at the upper-intermediate level participated in the nine-week online course, including the pre- and post-course tests in the first and last weeks. Employing a multi-method research approach, the study examined the changes in learners’ lexical and background knowledge related to Japanese history and culture, their reading comprehension, and their interest in kabuki. Four kinds of multiple-choice tests were administered to collect the quantitative data. In addition, the qualitative data were gathered through the pre- and post-course questionnaires and post-course individual interviews. Overall, the findings indicated that almost all participants increased their background knowledge of kabuki, as well as their vocabulary related to kabuki and general theatrical performances. The results in other areas, such as historical vocabulary, vocabulary depth, reading comprehension, and historical background knowledge were mixed. Further, concerning the depth of vocabulary knowledge, it was found that the learning of vocabulary depth was more difficult than learning of vocabulary breadth. Likewise, the knowledge of use, such as collocations and register constraints, was found to be more difficult to learn than other aspects of vocabulary depth. The participants’ reports in the post-course questionnaire and individual interviews showed that most participants seemed to have increased their interest in kabuki. Overall, the first-of-their-kind developed pedagogical materials contributed to the development of lexical and background knowledge, specifically knowledge associated with Japanese traditional culture and history. This study may provide a model for an evidence-based approach to the development of pedagogical materials that practitioners can adopt or adapt. / Graduate

The work is aimed at familiarizing the audience with the problems of water in the Czech Republic and its distribution within the landscape. However, its character, which approaches to documentary work, doesn´t explicitly describe the problem, but rather attempts to visualize it and give the viewer space for his own imagination. The work draws in contrast the examples of fine functional interventions in the landscape with examples of monstrous concrete structures - dams. It points to problematic places and tries to convey to the viewer the current issue not only in the chosen location. The main thing is the lyrical performance, which evokes not only a video but also the sound part and the narrative that explains the whole problem. The video is not purely informative, its specificity is also focused on the enjoyment of the viewer. He plays with documentary techniques but does not use them as a priority. The shots are deliberately chosen so that the concrete buildings look monumental and have their seriousness. The background of the shots also shows the time of their creation. This element is supposed to be critical and is supposed to be opposed to studies that use old plans to build new water reservoirs that do not give space for a more efficient solution. The work also touches on the overproduction and issues of today's modern agriculture.

Bakgrund och problem: Det har riktats kritik mot den traditionella ekonomistyrningen vilket har gjort att moderna styrmetoder och verktyg växt fram för att komplettera ekonomistyrningen. De faktorer som tvingat fram den moderna styrningen går även att se i musikbranschen. Detta, tillsammans med att ekonomistyrning i musikbranschen generellt sett är outforskat, gör att det blir intressant att undersöka hur skivbolag i musikbranschen använder sig av en traditionell ekonomistyrning eller modern verksamhetsstyrning. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att genom att undersöka två skivbolags ekonomistyrning kartlägga hur ekonomistyrningen karaktäriseras utifrån traditionell ekonomistyrning och modern verksamhetsstyrning. Metod: Metoden som använts vid denna studie är kvalitativ. Vi har genom fallstudier hos två skivbolag undersökt och skapat oss en förståelse av ekonomistyrningen i bolagen med hjälp av semi-strukturerade intervjuer och kompletterande frågor via mail.   Slutsats: Det går att se att skivbolagen övergått delvis till en modern verksamhetsstyrning men att det alltså finns en blandning mellan användandet av traditionella och moderna styrmetoder och verktyg. / Background and problem: Criticism has been raised towards the traditional management control which pushed forward modern management methods and tools to complement management accounting. The factors that pushed out this modern management control are possible to see in the music industry aswell. This, together with the fact that management control in the music industry has a research gap, makes it interesting to examine how record labels in the swedish music industry are using traditional or modern management control. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to through the examination of two record labels create an understanding of how the management control is characterized through traditional or modern management control. Method: The method used in this study is qualitative. We have through a multiple-case study at two record labels examined and created an understanding of the management control in the companies with the help of semi-structured interviews and complementary questions through mail. Conclusion: It is possible to see that the record labels has partly moved to modern management control but also that you can see a mix between the usage of traditional and modern control methods and tools.