Dans la conception des futurs réacteurs de fusion, l’impact des interactions plasma – paroi pèse grandement sur le choix des matériaux à utiliser en première interface. L’utilisation du tritium en tant que combustible impose de plus des limites de sécurité quant à la quantité totale contenue dans le réacteur. L’analyse d’échantillons de parois de Tokamaks a montré une pénétration et une rétention du deutérium (utilisé à la place du tritium) au sein des matériaux carbonés; cette rétention est problématique car contrairement à la rétention dans les couches co-déposées, on ne peut espérer l’éliminer facilement. De part l’accès difficile aux échantillons réels, l’étude de ce phénomène se limite souvent à des analyses post-mortem.Afin d’accéder à la dynamique du phénomène et de s’affranchir de potentielles redistributions des éléments lors du stockage, un dispositif couplant micro analyse nucléaire (µNRA) et implantation basse énergie simultanée, visant à reproduire l’interaction entre le deutérium et les matériaux de la première paroi, a été mis en place. L’analyse µNRA permet de caractériser les profils de répartition en trois dimensions du deutérium en temps réel, à des échelles micrométriques. Des tests ont permis de confirmer le caractère non-perturbateur du faisceau d’analyse.On observe sur l’ensemble des données obtenues que la surface de l’échantillon (0-1 µm) présente une teneur en deutérium élevée et quasi constante ; la répartition du deutérium y est uniforme. A contrario, le deutérium piégé en profondeur (1-11 µm) se concentre dans des sites préférentiels liés à la microstructure du matériau. L’inventaire deutérium en profondeur semble augmenter avec la fluence incidente, malgré une grande dispersion des données attribuée à la variation de structure des zones étudiées. La saturation surfacique comme la migration en profondeur sont instantanées ; le stockage sous vide entraine une légère désorption du deutérium.Les observations faites par µNRA ont été croisées avec celles obtenues via d’autres techniques expérimentales. La µtomographie X a permis d’identifier clairement les porosités comme sites de localisation préférentielle du deutérium en profondeur. La micro-spectrométrie Raman a révélé la formation d’une couche amorphe fine (~30 nm) et saturée en deutérium à la surface du CFC suite à l’exposition au faisceau de deutérium. Enfin, la caractérisation expérimentale de la migration du deutérium dans les CFC obtenue est confrontée aux modèles existants, et un modèle simplifié original est proposé. Considérant que le dépôt en profondeur se produit par le biais de l’implantation et de la diffusion coulombienne du deutérium à la surface des porosités, il permet de reproduire qualitativement les profils de migration observés. / Plasma-wall interactions play an important part while choosing materials for the first wall in future fusion reactors. Moreover, the use of tritium as a fuel will impose safety limits regarding the total amount present in the tokamak. Previous analyses of first-wall samples exposed to fusion plasma highlighted an in-bulk migration of deuterium (used as an analog to tritium) in carbon materials. Despite its limited value, this retention is problematic: contrary to co-deposited layers, it seems very unlikely to recover easily the deuterium retained in such a way. Because of the difficult access to in situ samples, most published studies on the subject were carried out using post-mortem sample analysis.In order to access to the dynamic of the phenomenon and come apart potential element redistribution during storage, we set up a bench intended for simultaneous low energy ion implantation, reproducing the deuterium interaction with first-wall materials, and high energy microbeam analysis. Nuclear reaction analysis performed at the micrometric scale (µNRA) allows characterizing deuterium repartition profiles in situ. This analysis technique was checked to be non-perturbative.We observed from the experimental data set that the material surface (depth 0-1 µm) displays a high and nearly constant deuterium content, with a uniform distribution. On the contrary, in-bulk deuterium (1-11 µm) localizes in preferential trapping sites related to the material microstructure. In-bulk deuterium inventory seems to increase with the incident fluence, in spite of the wide data scattering attributed to the structure variation of studied regions. Deuterium saturation at the surface as well as in-depth migration is instantaneous; in-vacuum storage leads only to a small deuterium global desorption.Observations made via µNRA were combined with results from other characterization techniques. X-ray µtomography allowed identifying porosities as the preferential trapping sites for in-depth deuterium retention. Raman µspectrometry disclosed the formation of an amorphous layer at the surface, very thin (~30 nm) and deuterium saturated, following deuterium irradiation.At last, we confronted the experimental characterization obtained with existing models for deuterium behaviour in carbon materials and proposed a simple and original one. Considering that in-depth retention is due to deuterium implantation and Coulombian diffusion at the open porosity surfaces, it allows reproducing qualitatively the observed experimental profiles.

O trabalho apresenta o estado-da-arte das fachadas-cortina executadas com placas de grês porcelanato, discutindo os principais parâmetros para a elaboração de projetos e produção desta tipologia de revestimentos. Acredita-se ser este um dos primeiros trabalhos acadêmicos elaborados no Brasil sobre o assunto, pretendendo-se contribuir quando da implantação desse sistema no país. Procura-se estabelecer os principais conceitos e definições sobre as fachadas-cortina e fachadas ventiladas, objetivando fundamentar a utilização desses termos que vêm sendo empregados sem precisão pelo meio técnico brasileiro. São abordadas as principais características e propriedades dos componentes, elementos construtivos e dispositivos empregados, como também os principais requisitos a serem considerados quando da elaboração do projeto. São destacadas as vantagens relativas desta tecnologia construtiva quando comparada aos revestimentos tradicionais aderidos, ressaltando-se sua importância como alternativa e potencialidades quando comercializado como um sistema de produção. / This report approaches the state-of-art of the porcelain tiles curtain wall. Both design and installations methods are discussed, including main features and properties of the components, elements and devices necessary. Main requirements considered to the design process are also take into consideration. It is believed that this study is one of the first academic studies developed in Brazil concerning this theme, and it is intended to contribute to the implementation of this system in the country. It aims at establishing the main concepts and the definitions on the curtain walls and ventilated facades. The prime objective is to base the correct use of these terms, since they have been used without accuracy by the Brazilian technicians. main features and properties of the components, elements and devices necessary. Main requirements considered to the design process are also take into consideration. Several advantages concerning this type of cladding are emphasized when compared with traditional coverings, standing out the comportance of the method as an interesting technology alternative.

Este estudo trata das proteínas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento e à formação da parede celular vegetal de cana-de-açúcar, com o objetivo de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para a produção de etanol celulósico a partir do bagaço de cana. Com isso, as proteínas de parede celular de entrenós e folhas de plantas com 4 meses de idade em dois estádios de desenvolvimento, juvenil e maduro, foram identificadas. Para extração foi utilizado o método não destrutivo por infiltração a vácuo utilizando dois sais, 0,2 M de CaCl2 e 2 M de LiCl seguido de centrifugação. As amostras complexas foram digeridas, fracionadas, sequenciadas por LC-MSE . Os peptídeos foram processados utilizando o ProteinLynx 2.5 e comparados com a base de dados de ESTs traduzidos de cana e sorgo. A anotação das proteínas foi realizada com base no programa PFAM e dividas em classes funcionais. Apenas as proteínas que apareceram em pelo menos duas das três repetições biológicas foram utilizadas na análise principal. Para prever a localização subcelular das proteínas selecionadas utilizaram-se os softwares: SignalP, TargetP, Predotar e TMHMM. Apenas aquelas proteínas que foram preditas para serem secretadas por dois ou mais programas foram consideradas como proteínas de parede celular (PPC). Ao todo, 543 proteínas foram consideradas como PPC: 205 em entrenós jovens, 143 em entrenós maduros, 124 em folhas jovens e 71 em folhas maduras. Dentre essas proteínas, 365 foram consideradas diferentes, e caracterizadas em dez classes funcionais. A análise estatística compreendeu a análise de PCA e PLS-DA, havendo diferença estatística entre os tratamentos analisados. Neste trabalho, foram encontradas 66 glicosil-hidrolases e 39 peroxidases, sendo 14 e 11 exclusivas de tecidos juvenis, respectivamente. Essas proteínas são conhecidas por terem funções relacionadas à quebra e ao remodelamento dos polissacarídeos da parede celular vegetal, e, portanto, foram indicadas neste estudo como alvo de pesquisas futuras que utilizem as próprias enzimas da planta para otimização da produção do etanol celulósico.Individualmente, este estudo foi o que mais identificou PPCs dentre a literatura existente, além de ter sido pioneiro na utilização da análise quantitativa para PPC. / This study provides information about the proteins of the cell wall of sugarcane at diferente stages of development and formation. The aim of this study is to assist in the development of new technologies for the production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse. Cell wall proteins from 4-month-old internodes and leaves of sugarcane in two developmental stages, juvenile and mature, have been identified. Protein extraction was performed with a non-destructive method by using vacuum infiltration with two salts, 0.2 M CaCl2 and 2 M LiCl, followed by centrifugation. Complex samples were digested, fractionated and sequenced by LC-MSE. Peptides were processed by ProteinLynx 2.5 and compared to the translated sugarcane and sorghum ESTs database. The annotation of the proteins was performed using PFAM and the functional classification was according the one used in other related studies. Only the proteins that appeared in at least two of the three biological replicates were used in the main analysis. In order to predict the subcellular localization of these proteins, SignalP, TargetP, TMHMM and Predotar softwares were used. Only those proteins that were predicted to be secreted by two or more programs were considered as cell wall proteins (PPS). Altogether, 543 proteins were classified as PPC: 205 inimmature internodes, 143 in mature internodes, 124 in young leaves and 71 in matured leaves. Among these proteins, 365 were considered different, and divided into ten functional classes. Statistical analysis was made with PCA and PLSDA, confirming that there were statistical differences among the treatments. In this work, 66 glycoside hydrolases and 39 peroxidases c identified, being 14 and 11 unique to young tissues, respectively. These proteins have their function related to plant cell wall polysaccharides breakdown and remodeling, and, therewith, the glycoside hydrolases and peroxidases found in this study were indicated to be the target of future research using the plant\'s own enzymes to optimize the cellulosic ethanol production. Individually, this study was the one that most identified PPC among the existing literature, and is a pioneer in the use of quantitative analysis for PPCs.

Full scale lateral load testing was performed on four 12.75x0.375 pipe piles spaced at 3.9, 2.9, 2.8, and 1.7 pile diameters behind an MSE wall which was constructed for this research to determine appropriate reduction factors for lateral pile resistance based on pile spacing behind the back face of the wall. The load induced on eight soil reinforcements located at various transverse distances from the pile and at different depths was monitored to determine the relationship between lateral load on the pile and load induced in the reinforcement. Each pile was loaded towards the wall in 0.25 in. increments to a total deflection of 3.0 in. Additionally, wall panel displacement was also monitored to determine if it remained in acceptable bounds. The results of the research indicate that pile resistance tends to decrease as spacing decreases. P-multipliers for the 3.9, 2.9, 2.8, 1.7D tests were found to be 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.5, respectively using back-analysis with the computer model LPILE. However, these multipliers are higher than expected based on previous testing and research. Piles spaced further than 3.8D can be assumed to have no interaction with the wall. The resistance of piles spaced closer to the wall than 3.8D can be modeled in LPILE using a p-multiplier less than 1.0. The reinforced backfill can be modeled in LPILE using the API Sand (1982) method with a friction angle of 31º and a modulus of approximately 60 pci when a surcharge of 600 psf is applied. If no surcharge is applied, a friction angle of 39º and modulus of 260 pci is more appropriate. Maximum wall panel displacement was highest for the 2.8D test and was 0.35 in. at 3.0 in. of pile head displacement. For all the other tests, the maximum wall displacement at 3.0 in. of pile head displacement was similar and was approximately 0.15 inches. Induced load in the soil reinforcement increases with depth to the 2nd or 3rd layer of reinforcement after which it decreases. Induced load in the reinforcement increases as pile spacing decreases. Induced load in the reinforcement decreases rapidly with increased transverse distance from the pile. Induced load in the reinforcement can be estimated using a regression equation which considers the influence of pile load, pile spacing behind the wall, reinforcement depth or vertical stress, and transverse spacing of the reinforcement.

We use gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory to compute one-point functions of active and inert scalar fields of the GPPZ RG-flow in AdS5. Linearized Einstein equations are computed and made gauge-invariant for D-dimensional Euclidean domain-wall geometry. We briefly review the procedure of holographic renormalization for the GPPZ RG-flow in AdS5 to get different one-point functions. The source-dependant vev of the operator dual to the ∆ = 3 active scalar field in the GPPZ solution is computed and agrees with literature. We also find the source-dependant one-point function of the operator dual to the ∆ = 3 inert scalar.

Much of the scholarly work in the area of the separation of church and state in America has centered on such lofty goals as examining the Constitution of the United States and voluminous court documents. Others meticulously scrutinize every word ever uttered by the founding fathers on the subject. During the last two decades, there has been a considerable increase in the debate concerning the separation of church and state. The religious right has become determined to infuse our governmental institutions with a decidedly more religious tone, while the religious left prefers the separation of church and state as it is. But how does the average American feel about the separation of church and state? This project will examine our religious heritage from Europe and the development of the separation of church and state in America. Finally this project conducted surveys of Americans to determine just how much they know about how the separation of church developed in America and perhaps more importantly what they believe it should be. Two separate surveys totaling 19 questions were developed. The questions probed historical facts, the founding fathers and questions regarding the separation of church and state today. The surveys were conducted in Manatee County, Florida during the spring of 2008 and again in late August and early September, 2008. The survey respondents were made up of 4 distinct groups. Those respondents surveyed in Spring 2008 were in-class college students in the University of South Florida at Sarasota/Manatee. Two other groups were made up of high school graduates and college graduates who work for the Manatee and Sarasota District schools. The final group was surveyed during a multi family picnic on Labor Day weekend. The results of the surveys were tabulated and the respondents were placed in groups according to 2 questions on the back of the surveys that asked the respondents to give their political party affiliation and their religious denomination.

A-102395 is a member of the capuramycin family of antibiotics which was isolated from the culture broth of Amycolatopsis sp. SANK 60206. A-102339 is structurally classified as a nucleoside antibiotic, which like all members of the capuramycin family, inhibits bacterial MraY (translocase I) with IC50 of 11 nM which is the lowest among the capuramycin family. A semisynthetic derivative of capuramycin is currently in clinical trials as an antituberculosis antibiotic, suggesting high potential for using A-102395 as a starting point for new antibiotic discovery. In contrast to other capuramycins, A-102395 has a unique arylamine-containing polyamide side chain. The biosynthetic gene cluster of A-102395 was previously identified and includes 35 putative open reading frames responsible for biosynthesis and resistance. Presently, there are no reports focused on the biosynthesis of this polyamide chain. Here we present the functional assignment and biochemical characterization of seven proteins, Cpr33-38 and Cpr12, that initiate the biosynthesis of the polyamide. Functional characterization of Cpr38, which has sequence similarity to the gene products encoded by pabA and pabB from E. coli, revealed that it functions as a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) synthase catalyzing a two-step reaction involving amidohydrolysis of L-Gln with ammonia channeled and incorporated into chorismic acid to generate ADC. Cpr12, encoded by a gene that was originally proposed to be outside the gene cluster and sharing similarity to proteins annotated as ADC lyase, was revealed to catalyze the elimination of pyruvate to form PABA. Cpr36 is demonstrated to function as a free-standingpeptidyl carrier protein (PCP), which is activated to form holo-protein from the apo-form. Cpr37, which belongs to the adenylation domain protein in the nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS), subsequently activates PABA and loads it to holo-Cpr36 Two proteins Cpr34 and Cpr35 work in concert to catalyze decarboxylative condensation between a thioester linked PABA and malonyl-S-acyl carrier protein (ACP) during aromatic polyketide biosynthesis catalyzed by type II polyketide synthases. Following condensation, Cpr33 acts as 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase that catalyzes reduction to the β-hydroxythioester intermediate. In this scenario, hydride is predicted to be added to the re face to generate the S configuration resulting in the same stereochemical outcome as other 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG) from bacterial type II fatty acid synthases.These findings are critical advancement for interrogating the biosynthesis of the unusual chemical components of the family of antibiotics of capuramycin.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been applied to investigate two aspects of a mixing process for high level nuclear waste tanks. Through CFD the applicability of Poreh’s correlations that are currently used to describe the radial wall jets in the Pulse Jet Mixing (PJM) process were assessed. In addition, simulations were conducted in order to investigate mean hydrodynamic characteristics of sparged non-Newtonian fluids for the use in the PJM process. Three single phase turbulent simulations using the commercial package STAR-CCM+ were successively conducted. A model validated with experimental data was developed and successively altered to see effects of low characteristic ratio and a curved impingement surface. Results suggested that Poreh’s correlations are applicable under PJM conditions and geometry. Lastly, multi-phase Eulerian-Eulerian Simulations were conducted using the commercial software package ANSYS Fluent. Altering the characteristic ratio (h/D) of a sparged non-Newtonian fluid system resulted in a trend of flattening air volume fraction and air axial velocity profiles with decreasing characteristic ratio.

Le milieu karstique, et tout particulièrement sa partie superficielle, est caractérisé par une altération importante responsable sur le site de Lascaux de formations calcaires en plaquettes mais aussi de dissolutions importantes pouvant laisser place à des sables, argiles, etc. La présence de grottes ornées dans ce milieu nécessite la caractérisation du milieu environnant afin de protéger les grottes et contribuer à la conservation des œuvres pariétales. Cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation du milieu karstique à plusieurs échelles au moyen de deux méthodes : la géophysique avec la Tomographie de Résistivité Electrique (TRE), et la caractérisation pétrophysique, à l’échelle du laboratoire, avec la microscopie, la porosimétrie au mercure et des mesures électriques sur échantillons. A l’échelle du massif, nous avons caractérisé l’amont hydraulique de la grotte de Lascaux par un suivi temporel par TRE durant 6 ans et par trois modélisations géostatistique 3D, à trois dates. Le suivi temporel a permis de comprendre le fonctionnement hydrogéologique du site. Le couplage du suivi temporel avec le 3D complété par les mesures sur échantillons a en outre permis de comprendre le fonctionnement d’un drain situé dans l’épikarst susceptible d’alimenter l’émergence à l’entrée de la grotte de Lascaux. La modélisation 3D a aussi permis d’identifier un escarpement du promontoire calcaire au nord-est de la grotte de Lascaux qui laisse place à des formations argilo-sableuse. A l’échelle de la paroi et en lien avec des recherches menées sur la grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, un dispositif original de micro-TRE a été mis en place à la paroi dans une carrière souterraine, permettant une mesure de TRE à une échelle submétrique et une résolution centimétrique. A cette résolution apparaît un effet d’électrode que nous corrigeons lors de l’inversion des données de TRE par l’utilisation d’une Electrode Equivalente Ponctuelle (EEP) placée à une profondeur caractéristique. La paroi étudiée a été soumise à des feux. On montre par un suivi TRE sur plusieurs mois et des analyses pétrophysiques complémentaires que les feux impactent de façon tangible les premiers centimètres de la paroi dont la porosité et la connectivité sont modifiées. On montre en outre que des variations saisonnières de saturation sont mises en évidence à cette petite échelle. Ce dispositif pourrait être appliqué au site de Lascaux pour, à terme, mesurer et prédire les arrivées d’eau à la paroi, en lien ou pas avec la circulation modélisée à l’échelle du massif. Une telle démarche pourrait devenir un outil de conservation de parois rocheuses support d’œuvres pariétales. / The karst environment and especially its superficial part is typified by an important alteration. At the Lascaux site, alteration is responsible for plate limestone and also detrital clayey-sands soils due to dissolution of limestones. The presence of painted caves in this altered environment raises the need to characterize the karst environment in order to protect the caves and contribute to mural paintings conservation. The aim of this PhD thesis is to characterize the karst environment at different scales using two main methods: (1) geophysics and in particular Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and (2), petrophysics at the Lab scale, including microscopy, mercury porosimetry and electrical measurements. At the field scale, we characterized the calcareous surroundings of the Lascaux cave relying on a 6 years-long time-lapse monitoring by ERT complemented by geostatistical 3D reconstructions of the resistivity values. The time-lapse monitoring permitted a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the site. Combining ERT time-lapse monitoring, 3D models of the resistivity distribution and additional measurements on samples allowed to identify a drain within the epikarst, which is most likely responsible for the emergence of water at the Lascaux cave entrance. The 3D modelling of the resistivity values also allowed to identify a scarp of unaltered limestones, northeast of the Lascaux cave, leaving room for clayey-sand detrital formations. In relation to a current research program on the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave, an original micro-ERT acquisition layout was fitted on the wall of an underground quarry, allowing measurements at a sub-metric scale with a centimetric resolution. At such a fine resolution, an unwanted electrode effect appeared. We remedied this electrode effect by inverting ERT data with an Equivalent Electrode Point (EEP) buried in the ground at a characteristic depth. The quarry wall was subjected to fires. Relying on a micro-ERT time-lapse monitoring during few months complemented by petrophysical analyses, we showed that the fires impacted the first centimeters of the quarry wall whose porosity and connectivity were modified. We also showed that seasonal water saturation variations could be detected at such a small scale. Thus, this small scale acquisition layout may ultimately be used at Lascaux to measure and predict water intakes directly at the cave walls in relation, or not, with the water flow modelled at the field scale. Such an approach may become a new tool for the conservation of painted cave walls.

Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure. Right-of-way constraints near bridge abutments are leading to an increased use of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls below the abutment. Previous research has shown that lateral pile resistance can be greatly reduced when piles are placed close to MSE walls but design codes do not address this issue. A full-scale MSE wall was constructed and 24 lateral load tests were conducted on pipe, square and H piles spaced at distances of about 2 to 5 pile diameters from the back face of the wall. The MSE wall was constructed using welded-wire grid and ribbed strip inextensible reinforcements. This paper focuses on four lateral load tests conducted on steel pipe piles located behind a 20-ft section of MSE wall reinforced with welded-wire grids. Results showed that measured lateral resistance decreases significantly when pipe piles are located closer than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. LPILE software was used to back-calculate P-multipliers that account for the reduced lateral resistance of the pile as a function of normalized spacing from the wall. P-multipliers for this study were 0.95, 0.68, and 0.3 for piles spaced 4.3, 3.4 and 1.8 pile diameters from the wall, respectively. Based on results from this study and previous data, lateral pile resistance is relatively unaffected (p-multiplier = 1.0) for piles spaced more than approximately 3.9 pile diameters (3.9D) from the MSE wall. For piles spaced closer than 3.9D, the p-multiplier decreased linearly as distance to the wall decreased. P-multipliers were not affected by differences in reinforcement length to height (L/H) ratio or reinforcing type. Lateral pile loads induce tensile forces in the soil reinforcement such that, as pile load increases the maximum induced tensile force increases. Results also indicate that maximum tensile forces typically occurred in the soil reinforcement near the pile location. Past research results were combined with data from this study and a statistical regression analysis was performed using all data associated with welded-wire grid reinforcements. A regression equations was developed to predict the peak induced tensile force in welded-wire grids based on independent variables including lateral pile load, normalized pile distance (S/D), transverse distance (T/D), L/H ratio, and vertical stress. The equation has an R2 value of 0.79, meaning it accounts for approximately 79% of variation for all welded-wire grid reinforcements tested to date.