Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la conception d'antennes multi-faisceaux. Ces dernières permettent à plusieurs faisceaux de partager la même partie rayonnante et offrent la possibilité d'avoir simultanément un fort gain et une grande couverture angulaire. Pour leur fonctionnement, ces antennes se basent sur des réseaux à formation de faisceaux, qui peuvent être groupés en deux catégories : les réseaux formateurs de faisceaux de type quasi-optique et les réseaux formateurs de faisceaux de type circuit. Plusieurs structures antennaires reposant sur ces types de réseaux à formation de faisceaux sont proposés dans cette thèse : structures pillbox simples intégrant les deux variantes de la technique mono-pulse pour augmenter la résolution angulaire de l'antenne, lentilles de Rotman bicouche et multicouche, pour le cas quasi-optique ; réseaux phasés pour applications SATCOM (projet ANR) et matrice de Butler avec circuit de contrôle des niveaux de lobes secondaires pour le cas circuit. Les différents concepts ont été étudiés dans différentes bandes de fréquences : Ku, K et V. Pour des raisons de coût essentiellement, deux technologies ont été retenues : La technologie SIW (Substrate Integrated Waveguide), qui associe les avantages de la technologie des circuits imprimés et celles de la technologie guide d'ondes. Des efforts particuliers ont été faits pour l'implémentation de structures multicouches car nous arrivons à ce stade à la limite du savoir faire industriel national dans ce domaine. La technique de « Diffusion Bounding » développée au « Ando and Hirokawa lab » du TIT (Tokyo Institute of Technology) et qui consiste à assembler de fines couches métalliques sous haute température et haute pression. Cette technique permet le développement d'antennes en guides creux avec des efficacités supérieures à 80% en bande millimétrique. / This PhD thesis deals with the design of multi-beam antennas. A single radiating aperture is used to generate several beams with high gain and a large field of view. The multi beam operation is achieved by using two topologies of Beam Forming Networks (BFN): quasi optical BFN, and circuit-based BFN. For each category, several solutions have been proposed and validated experimentally. In particular, for the quasi-optical configurations, pillbox structures, mono-pulse antennas in pillbox technology, and multi-layer Rotman lenses have been considered. On the other hand, for circuit-based multi-beam antennas, two solutions have been analyzed: a phased array for SATCOM applications in the framework of a national ANR project and a Butler matrix with controlled side-lobe levels for the radiated beams within a collaboration with the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. The proposed concepts and antenna solutions have been considered in different frequency bands: Ku, K and V. Two technologies have been mainly adopted for the fabrication of the various prototypes: Substrate Integrated Waveguide technology (SIW) which combines the advantages in terms of cost of the printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication process with the efficiency of classical waveguide technology. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the implementation of multilayer SIW structures to overcome and go beyond the current state of the art at national level on PCB fabrication process. Diffusion Bounding Technique, developed at “Ando and Hirokawa lab” at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, which consists of bonding laminated thin metal plates under high temperature and high pressure. This technique allows the fabrication of planar hollow waveguide structures with efficiencies up to 80% in the millimeter wave-band.

Ce manuscrit expose le développement de ressources fondamentales pour les communications quantiques à longues distances basées sur les technologies des fibres optiques télécoms et des guides d'onde optiques non linéaires. Après une introduction générale sur les communications quantiques, cette thèse est structurée en trois parties principales. La première partie illustre le développement de deux sources pour la génération de paires de photons intriqués en polarisation et émis à une longueur d'onde télécom via conversion paramétrique spontanée (SPDC) dans des guides d'ondes non linéaires intégrés sur niobate de lithium périodiquement polarisé. Les sources s'appuient respectivement sur un accord de phase de type-II et un accord de phase de type-0 et sur des solutions de filtrage et d'interférométrie mises en place après le cristal non linéaire. Dans la seconde partie, sont discutées les réalisations de deux sources de photons uniques annoncés haut débit. La première s'appuie sur le multiplexage spatial sur puce de photons uniques annoncés. La seconde exploite le multiplexage temporel passif grâce à l'utilisation d'un laser télécom cadencé à 10 GHz. Enfin, nous présentons une approche tout-optique visant la synchronisation de sources distantes de paires de photons intriqués, agencées selon une architecture de type relais quantique distribué. Cette technique innovante repose sur l'utilisation d'un laser télécom impulsionnel en tant qu'horloge optique de référence. Cette horloge autorise la synchronisation de l'émission de paires de photons dans la bande C des télécoms en deux lieux distants. Des résultats préliminaires d'interférence à deux photons sont montrés et discutés. / This manuscript reports the development of fundamental resources for long distance quantum communication based on fibre telecom technology and non-linear optical waveguides. After a general introduction on quantum communication, the thesis is structured along three parts. The first part illustrates the development of two photonic polarization entanglement sources suitable for quantum networking. Both sources generate paired photons at telecom wavelength via spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides (PPLN/W). They rely on type-II and type 0 phase matching, respectively. In the second part, two high quality heralded single photon sources are highlighted. The first one relies on on-chip generation and spatial multiplexing of heralded single photons towards achieving higher bit rates. The second one takes advantage of passive temporal multiplexing of a single SPDC process. Finally, an all-optical approach towards efficient and accurate synchronization of remote entangled photon pair sources within quantum relay architecture over long distances is presented. This particular synchronization technique highlights the use of ultra-fast picosecond pulsed telecom fiber laser, operating at 2.5 GHz repetition rate, acting as a master optical clock, enabling to accurately synchronize the emission of photon pairs in the telecom C-band of wavelengths at two remote locations. This innovative approach is applied for synchronizing two remote PLLN/W based sources operated at 2.5 GHz, and preliminary results on two-photon interference obtained with single photons coming from each source are shown and discussed.

Cílem diplomové práce je navrhnout konstrukční řešení držáků vzorků pro vysokofrekvenční elektron paramagnetickou resonanci. Předmětem návrhu je vytvořit jednoduchý zamykací systém pro spojování mikrovlnného vlnovodu a držáku vzorku. Dále navrhnout systém s řešením držáku pro více vzorků. Toto unikátní provedení držáku povede k několikanásobné úspoře celkového času měření vzorků. Poslední návrh spočívá v optimalizaci držáku vzorku s možností naklápění osy, kterou lze díky přímému napojení na piezoelektrický rotátor pootáčet s přesností na miliradiány. Oba typy držáku vzorku jsou navrženy s ohledem na automatizaci měření.

V současnosti jsme svědky stále zvyšujících se nároku na rychlost přenosu a zpracování signálu a kapacitu pamet’ových zařízení. Proto se pozornost výzkumných pracovníku zaměřuje k plně optickým zařízením, která by mohla splnit zmíněné požadavky. Jednou z intenzívně zkoumaných možností je využití mikroprstencových optických rezonátoru. Při výzkumu je nutné využít numerických metod, které simulují šíření optického záření v dané struktuře. K tomuto účelu existuje celá rada metod, které se liší v efektivitě výpočtu, použitých aproximacích, i možnostech použití. Cílem této práce bylo vyvinout dvě jednoduché a praktické numerické metody pro modelování šíření pulzního záření v nelineárních vlnovodných strukturách. Přítom bylo požadováno, aby, na rozdíl od obecně známé a často využívané metody konečných diferencí v časové oblasti (FD-TD), bylo možné metody snadno aplikovat při studiu nelineárních struktur založených na mikroprstencových rezonátorech. Proto vyvinuté metody používají některé aproximace, zejména aproximaci pomalu proměnné obálky. Výhodou metod je vysoká rychlost a skromné požadavky na výpočetní zdroje. Obě metody vycházejí ze zkutečnosti, že naprostá většina nelineárních struktur založených na mikroprstencových rezonátorech se skládá ze dvou základních prvku: obyčejných vlnovodu a vlnovodných vazebních clenu. První metoda řeší vázané parciální diferenciální rovnice, které popisují šíření obálky pulzu ve struktuře. Přitom je použito tzv. „up-wind“ schéma vhodné pro parciální diferenciální rovnice popisující šíření vln. Druhá metoda vychází z první; rozdíl je v popisu vazby mezi dvěma vlnovody. Pokud se v první metodě uvažuje realistická vazba rozložená na určité délce, pak druhá metoda je založena na představě vazby nacházející se v jednom místě. Díky tomu je možné integrovat příslušné rovnice a dosáhnout výrazného urychlení výpočtu. Kvazianalytický charakter druhé metody umožňuje dále snadnou klasifikaci různých typu ustálených řešení. Vzhledem k těmto vlastnostem byla druhá metoda využita k výzkumu samovolné generace optických pulzu ve strukturách skládajících se z vázaných prstencových rezonátoru. Obě metody, které byly vyvinuty během této práce, představují rychlé a fyzikálně názorné alternativy k metodě FD-TD, a tak lze očekávat, že mohou hrát důležitou roli při výzkumu nelineárních vlnovodných struktur.

Following the intensive development of isolated (i.e., not coupled with on-chip waveguide) vertically rolled-up microtube ring resonators (VRU-MRRs) for both active and passive applications, a variety of microtube-based devices has been realized. These include microcavity lasers, optical sensors, directional couplers, and active elements in lab-on-a-chip devices. To provide more advanced and complex functionality, the focus of tubular geometry research is now shifting toward (i) refined vertical light transfer in 3D stacks of multiple photonic layers and (ii) to make microfluidic cooling system in the integrated optoelectronic system. Based on this motivation, this PhD research is devoted to the demonstration and the implementation of monolithic integration of VRU-MRRs with photonic waveguides for 3D photonic integration and their optofluidic applications. Prior to integration, high-quality isolated VRU-MRRs on the flat Si substrate are firstly fabricated by the controlled release of differentially strained titanium-dioxide (TiO2) bilayered nanomembranes. The fabricated microtubes support resonance modes for both telecom and visible photonics. The outcome of the isolated VRU-MRRs is a record high Q (≈3.8×10^3) in the telecom wavelength range with optimum tapered optical fiber resonator interaction. To further study the optical modes in the visible and near infrared spectral range, μPL spectroscopy is performed on the isolated VRU-MRRs, which are activated by entrapping various sizes of luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) within the windings of rolled-up nanomembranes based on a flexible, robust and economical method. Moreover, it is realized for the first time, in addition to serving as light sources that NPs-aggregated in isolated VRU-MRRs can produce an optical potential well that can be used to trap optical resonant modes. After achieving all the required parameters for creating a high-quality TiO2 VRU-MRR, the monolithic integration of VRU-MRRs with Si nanophotonic waveguides is experimentally demonstrated, exhibiting a significant step toward 3D photonic integration. The on-chip integration is realized by rolling up 2D pre-strained TiO2 nanomembranes into 3D VRU-MRRs on a microchip which seamlessly expanded over several integrated waveguides. In this intriguing vertical transmission configuration, resonant filtering of optical signals at telecom wavelengths is demonstrated based on ultra-smooth and subwavelength thick-walled VRU-MRRs. Finally, to illustrate the usefulness of the fully integrated VRU-MRRs with photonic waveguides, optofluidic functionalities of the integrated system is investigated. In this work, two methods are performed to explore optofluidic applications of the integrated system. First, the hollow core of an integrated VRU-MRR is uniquely filled with a liquid solution (purified water) by setting one end of the VRU-MRRs in contact with a droplet placed onto the photonic chip via a glass capillary. Second, the outside of an integrated VRU-MRR is fully covered with a big droplet of liquid. Both techniques lead to a significant shift in the WGMs (Δλ≈46 nm). A maximum sensitivity of 140 nm/refractive index unit, is achieved. The achievements of this PhD research open up fascinating opportunities for the realization of massively parallel optofluidic microsystems with more functionality and flexibility for analysis of biomaterials in lab-on-a-tube systems on single chips. It also demonstrates 3D photonic integration in which optical interconnects between multiple photonic layers are required.

This paper demonstrates an approach for passive alignment and assembly of link components for board-level very-short range optical interconnects. This interchip optical link is based on planar polymeric multimode waveguides and glassbased electro-optical transceivers. The main aim of the work is the investigation of assembly processes of link components in order to fulfill the tolerance requirements using passive alignment. The optical characterization in regard to the optical coupling between link components will define the tolerances for the alignment process. This optical analysis is based on measurements of spatial coupling characteristics. The influence of assembly tolerances on the coupling efficiency is investigated. Flip-chip assembly of electro-optical devices on the glass interposer and of the glass interposer on optical overlay is presented to prove the implementation of the concept.

This paper discusses the technology development for integration of parallel optical interconnects on board-level, including the active and passive optical components as well as the electrical integrated circuitry. The inter-chip link is based on planar polymeric optical multimode waveguides with integrated out-of-plane coupling optics and optical transceiver subassemblies based on glass interposer. Integration of polymeric waveguides on flexible substrates will be shown since the realization of an overlay optical substrate enhances the yield and testability of the final hybrid electrooptical printed circuit board (EOPCB). Realized on-board waveguides feature low insertion loss (minimum attenuation coefficient of below 0.1 dB/cm). For short planar waveguides (Lwaveguide = 9 cm) error free transmission (BER < 10-12) up to 30 Gbit/s was achieved. The development of glass interposer passive optical coupling structures for VCSEL-based short-distance links will be described.

Manipulating light by controlling surface plasmons on metals is being discussed as a means for bridging the size gap between micrometer-sized photonic circuits and nanometer-sized integrated electronics. Plasmonic waveguides based on metal nanoparticles are of particular interest for circumventing the diffraction limit, thereby enabling high-speed communication over short-range distances in miniaturized micro-components. However, scalable, inexpensive fine-tuning of particle assemblies remains a challenge and near-field probing is required to reveal plasmonic interactions. In this thesis, self-assembled waveguides should be produced on DNA scaffolds. DNA origami is an extremely versatile and robust self-assembly method which allows scalable production of nanostructures with a fine control of assemblies at the nanoscale. To form the plasmonic waveguides, six-helix bundle DNA origami nanotubes are used as templates for attachment of highly monodisperse and monocrystalline gold nanoparticles with an inter-particle distance of 1-2 nm. In the first part of this thesis, the effects of parameters which are involved in assembly reactions are systematically investigated. The assembly yield and binding occupancy of the gold nanoparticles are determined by an automated, high-throughput image analysis of electron micrographs of the formed complexes. As a result, unprecedented binding site occupancy and assembly yield are achieved with the optimized synthesis protocol. In addition, waveguides with different sizes of gold nanoparticles and different inter-particle distances, quantum dots attachments to the waveguides and multimerization of the waveguides are successfully realized. In the second part of this thesis, direct observation of energy transport through a self-assembled waveguide towards a fluorescent nanodiamond is demonstrated. High-resolution, near-field mapping of the waveguides are studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy. The experimental and simulation results reveal that energy propagation through the waveguides is enabled by coupled surface plasmon modes. These surface plasmon modes are probed at high spatial and spectral resolutions. The scalable self-assembly approach presented here will enable the construction of complex, sub diffraction plasmonic devices for applications in high-speed optical data transmission, quantum information technology, and sensing. / Die Manipulation des Lichts durch die Kontrolle von Oberflächenplasmonen auf metallischen Oberflächen und Nanopartikeln gilt als vielversprechende Methode zur Überbrückung der Größen-Lücke zwischen Mikrometer-großen photonischen und nanometer-großen elektronischen Schaltkreisen. Plasmonische Wellenleiter basierend auf metallischen Nanopartikeln sind vom besonderen Interesse, da sie die Umgehung des Beugungslimits und somit eine Hochgeschwindigkeitskommunikation über kurze Distanzen in immer kleiner werdenden Schaltkreisen ermöglichen könnten. Allerdings ist die skalierbare und kostengünstige Anordnung von Partikeln eine große Herausforderung und es werden Nahfelduntersuchungen benötigt um plasmonische Interaktionen detektieren zu können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Selbstassemblierung von multi-partikel Wellenleitern auf DNA Gerüsten. Die Verwendung von DNA-Origami bietet eine äußerst vielseitige Plattform zur skalierbaren Herstellung von Nanostrukturen mittels Selbstassemblierung und ermöglicht eine präzise Kontrolle der Anordnungen im Nanobereich. Für den Aufbau der plasmonischen Wellenleiter werden DNA-Origami Nanoröhren, bestehend aus sechs Helices als Templat für die Anbindung von monodispersen und monokristallinen Goldnanopartikeln mit einem interpartikulären Abstand von 1-2 nm verwendet. Im ersten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit werden die beeinflussenden Faktoren dieser Assemblierungsreaktion systematisch untersucht. Die Ausbeute der assemblierten Strukturen und die Besetzung der Bindungsstellen werden durch eine automatisierte und effiziente Bildanalyse von Elektronenmikroskopieaufnahmen ausgewertet. Durch die Entwicklung eines optimierten Syntheseprotokolls werden bisher unerreichte Assemblierungsausbeuten ermöglicht. Zusätzlich erfolgen die experimentelle Realisierung von Strukturen mit verschieden großen Goldnanopartikeln und unterschiedlichen interpartikulären Abständen, sowie die Anbindung von Quantenpunkten an die Wellenleiter und eine Verknüpfung der assemblierten Strukturen. Der zweite Abschnitt dieser Dissertation befasst sich mit der Untersuchung des Energietransports in selbstassemblierten Wellenleitern über einen fluoreszierenden Nanodiamanten. Dazu erfolgen hochaufgelöste Nahfeldmessungen der Wellenleiter mittels Elektronenenergieverlustspektroskopie und Kathodolumineszenz-mikroskopie. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse und zusätzlich durchgeführte Simulationen bestätigen eine durch gekoppelte Oberflächenplasmonenmoden induzierte Weitergabe der Energie innerhalb des Wellenleiters. Diese Oberflächenplasmonenmoden werden bei hoher räumlicher und spektraler Auflösung untersucht. Das hier umgesetzte Konzept der Selbstassemblierung wird den Aufbau komplexer plasmonischer Geräte für Anwendungen im Bereich der optischen Hochgeschwindigkeitsdatenübertragung, der Quanteninformations-technolgie und der Sensorik ermöglichen.

This dissertation presents the novel creation of a hybrid D-fiber electro-optic polymer electric field sensor. The sensor is made by removing a portion of the cladding from a D-shaped optical fiber, thus exposing the core to interaction with external stimulus. Then, an electro-optic polymer is deposited, partially replacing the core of the fiber. Next, the polymer is poled to endow it with electro-optic properties. This sensor is packaged in order to restore its mechanical strength. Because D-fiber is not intrinsically compatible with standard optical equipment it is fusion spliced to standard polarization maintaining fiber. Finally the sensor is tested for electro-optic sensitivity. The hybrid D-fiber electric field sensors designed and fabricated in this work meet the requirements of mechanical strength, temporal stability, minimal perturbation of the electric field by the sensor, and a small and flexible cross-sectional area so that it can be embedded into the device under test. A fully packaged hybrid electro-optic polymer D-fiber electric field sensor which is capable of detecting electric fields of 50 V/m at a frequency of 6 GHz is produced. The sensor's electro-optic response is shown to be temporally stable. Additionally, the sensor is physically robust, and physically and electrically non-intrusive. This work also adds a thorough understanding of the design and fabrication of D-fiber waveguides with a polymer material deposited in the core. Several new fabrication techniques are developed and presented. A path to greater electric field sensitivity is outlined for future research.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La fotónica de silicio es una tecnología emergente clave en redes de comunicación e interconexiones de centros de datos de nueva generación, entre otros. Su éxito se basa en la utilización de plataformas compatibles con la tecnología CMOS para la integración de circuitos ópticos en dispositivos pequeños para una producción a gran escala a bajo coste. Dentro de este campo, los interferómetros integrados juegan un papel crucial en el desarrollo de diversas aplicaciones fotónicas en un chip como sensores biológicos, moduladores electro-ópticos, conmutadores totalmente ópticos, circuitos programables o sistemas LiDAR, entre otros. Sin embargo, es bien sabido que la interferometría óptica suele requerir caminos de interacción muy largos, lo que dificulta su integración en espacios muy compactos. Para mitigar algunas de estas limitaciones de tamaño, surgieron varios enfoques, incluyendo materiales sofisticados o estructuras más complejas, que, en principio, redujeron el área de diseño pero a expensas de aumentar los pasos del proceso de fabricación y el coste. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo proporcionar soluciones generales al problema de tamaño típico de los interferómetros ópticos integrados, con el fin de permitir la integración densa de dispositivos basados en silicio. Para ello, aunamos los beneficios tanto de las guías de onda bimodales como de las estructuras periódicas, en términos de la mejora del rendimiento y la posibilidad para diseñar interferómetros monocanal en áreas muy reducidas. Más específicamente, investigamos los efectos dispersivos que aparecen en estructuras menores a la longitud de onda y en las de cristal fotónico, para su implementación en diferentes configuraciones interferométricas bimodales. Además, demostramos varias aplicaciones potenciales como sensores, moduladores y conmutadores en tamaños ultra compactos de unas pocas micras cuadradas. En general, esta tesis propone un nuevo concepto de interferómetro integrado que aborda los requisitos de tamaño de la fotónica actual y abre nuevas vías para futuros dispositivos basados en funcionamiento bimodal. / [CA] La fotònica de silici és una tecnologia emergent clau en xarxes de comunicació i interconnexions de centres de dades de nova generació, entre altres. El seu èxit es basa en la utilització de plataformes compatibles amb la tecnologia CMOS per a la integració de circuits òptics en dispositius diminuts per a una producció a gran escala a baix cost. Dins d'aquest camp, els interferòmetres integrats juguen un paper crucial en el desenvolupament de diverses aplicacions fotòniques en un xip com a sensors biològics, moduladors electro-òptics, commutadors totalment òptics, circuits programables o sistemes LiDAR, entre altres. No obstant això, és ben sabut que la interferometría òptica sol requerir camins d'interacció molt llargs, la qual cosa dificulta la seua integració en espais molt compactes. Per a mitigar algunes d'aquestes limitacions de grandària, van sorgir diversos enfocaments, incloent materials sofisticats o estructures més complexes, que, en principi, van reduir l'àrea de disseny però a costa d'augmentar els processos de fabricació i el cost. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu proporcionar solucions generals al problema de grandària típica dels interferòmetres òptics integrats, amb la finalitat de permetre la integració densa de dispositius basats en silici. Per a això, combinem els beneficis tant de les guies d'ones bimodals com de les estructures periòdiques, en termes de funcionament d'alt rendiment per a dissenyar interferòmetres monocanal compactes en àrees molt reduïdes. Més específicament, investiguem els efectes dispersius que apareixen en estructures menors a la longitud d'ona i en les de cristall fotònic, per a la seua implementació en diferents configuracions interferomètriques bimodals. A més, vam demostrar diverses aplicacions potencials com a sensors, moduladors i commutadors en grandàries ultres compactes d'unes poques micres cuadrades. En general, aquesta tesi proposa un nou concepte d'interferòmetre integrat que aborda els requisits de grandària de la fotònica actual i obri noves vies per a futurs dispositius basats en funcionament bimodal. / [EN] Silicon photonics is a key emerging technology in next-generation communication networks and data centers interconnects, among others. Its success relies on the ability of using CMOS-compatible platforms for the integration of optical circuits into small devices for a large-scale production at low-cost. Within this field, integrated interferometers play a crucial role in the development of several on-chip photonic applications such as biological sensors, electro-optic modulators, all-optical switches, programmable circuits or LiDAR systems, among others. However, it is well known that optical interferometry usually requires very long interaction paths, which hinders its integration in highly compact footprints. To mitigate some of these size limitations, several approaches emerged including sophisticated materials or more complex structures, which, in principle, reduced the design area but at the expense of increasing fabrication process steps and cost. This thesis aims at providing general solutions to the long-standing size problem typical of optical integrated interferometers, in order to enable the densely integration of silicon-based devices. To this end, we combine the benefits from both bimodal waveguides and periodic structures, in terms of high-performance operation and compactness to design single-channel interferometers in very reduced areas. More specifically, we investigate the dispersive effects that arise from subwavelength grating and photonic crystal structures for their implementation in different bimodal interferometric configurations. Furthermore, we demonstrate various potential applications such as sensors, modulators and switches in ultra-compact footprints of a few square microns. In general, this thesis proposes a new concept of integrated interferometer that addresses the size requirements of current photonics and open up new avenues for future bimodal-operation-based devices. / Financial support is also gratefully acknowledged through postdoctoral FPI grants from Universitat Politècnica de València (PAID-01-18). European Commission through the Horizon 2020 Programme (PHC-634013 PHOCNOSIS project). The authors acknowledge funding from the Generalitat Valenciana through the AVANTI/2019/123, ACIF/2019/009 and PPC/2020/037 grants and from the European Union through the operational program of the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) of the Valencia Regional Government 2014–2020. / Torrijos Morán, L. (2021). Photonic Applications Based on Bimodal Interferometry in Periodic Integrated Waveguides [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172163 / Compendio