This dissertation analyzes the trading effects and the politics of antidumping. The first essay empirically examines the influence of partisanship on antidumping. I show that an increase in the leftist orientation of the government makes labor intensive industries less likely to file an antidumping petition. I also demonstrate that the increase in the leftist orientation of the government is associated with an increase in the likelihood of an affirmative antidumping outcome for the petitions of labor intensive industries. The second essay investigates the effect of past exporting relationships of the firms, whose products are targeted by antidumping duties, on their export flows to alternative markets. My estimations show that facing an antidumping duty on a product leads to a 18% increase in the exports of the firm for that product to the alternative countries where the firms previously exported the same product and a 8% increase to the countries where the firms exported another product. On the contrary, I fail to find a significant effect of antidumping duties on the exports of the particular product to third countries to which the firm did not export before. Further, I show that a firm’s probability to start exporting the duty imposed product in a different destination increases by 8-10% if the firm already exported another product to that destination. However, I find no such evidence for the countries to which the firm did not export before. The third essay empirically analyzes the effect of potential antidumping claims, resulting from an antidumping investigation in the domestic market, on the quality of exported products to the target countries. My findings suggest that retaliation threats increase the quality of firms’ shipments for the named industries’ products to the target countries by 11%. This effect is also significantly increasing in the share of the exports of the named industries’ products shipped to the target country in the firms’ total exports. Further, I show that this effect is 4 % higher for the exporters serving the developed countries and 3% higher for ones serving the heavy antidumping users.

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經濟全球化帶動了全球服務貿易的發展，使其在各國經濟的地位日漸重要，服務貿易的發展及服務貿易競爭力之分析與研究便成為重要議題。自蘇聯解體以來，俄羅斯服務業逐漸成長，帶動了服務貿易的發展，無論是總量或成長率皆呈現上升趨勢，同時，俄羅斯於2012年加入WTO，更為其服務貿易之發展帶來契機。 　　本研究以質化方法探討俄羅斯服務貿易之發展現況，並分析俄羅斯加入WTO時對服務貿易所作之承諾，最後再以貿易競爭力指標（TC指數）輔以顯示性比較優勢指標（RCA指數），對俄羅斯2006年至2015年之服務貿易競爭力做實證分析。 　　研究結果顯示，這段時間內俄羅斯服務貿易各項主要指標乃由進口所主導，並呈現貿易逆差之局勢；而俄羅斯加入WTO時，對於其發展較落後的服務貿易項目如金融服務設定有較多的保護措施及年限，對於其發展較佳之服務貿易項目如運輸服務則開放較多。此外，在服務貿易競爭力方面，俄羅斯整體服務貿易國際競爭力與出口競爭力皆偏弱，且在傳統服務貿易產業上較具有比較優勢。其中，商品相關服務及運輸服務是俄羅斯較具國際競爭力之項目，營造服務則具有較佳之出口競爭力；此外，金融服務、專利及知識產權服務則是俄羅斯國際競爭力最弱之項目。 / Economic globalization has furthered the development of trade in services around the world, such that it has come to play an increasingly important role in national economies. Therefore, the development and competitiveness of trade in services has become an important issue to be analyzed and researched. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the constant growth of the service sector has led to the development of trade in services, which has an upward trend both in total volume and growth rate. Meanwhile, the accession of Russia to the WTO in 2012 has brought even more opportunities for the development of trade in services. In this study, a qualitative method is used to explore the current state of the development of trade in services and to analyze the commitments that Russia made in relation to trade in services upon its accession to the WTO. Finally, the Trade Competitiveness Index (TC Index) is used in combination with the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA Index) to empirically analyze Russia’s trade competitiveness between 2006 and 2015. The results demonstrate that the main indexes of Russia’s trade in services were dominated by imports during this period, as well as present its state of trade deficit. Following Russia’s accession to the WTO, the Russian government has on the one hand set more safeguard measures and a longer duration for trade in service items which are less developed, such as financial services, and on the other hand, opened the trade in service items which are better developed, such as transport. In addition, in terms of the competitiveness of trade in services, Russia is weaker both in overall international competitiveness of trade in services and export competitiveness, and enjoys greater comparative advantage in the traditional sectors of trade in services, among which goods-related services and transport are items of greater international competitiveness and construction are of greater export competitiveness. However, financial services, along with charges for the use of intellectual property are the items for which Russia experiences the weakest international competitiveness.

Agriculture in the Law of World Trade Organization Regulation on international agricultural trade is one of the most sensitive fields of international trade regulation by the agreements of the WTO. The current law is contained in the Agreement on Agriculture and it is the first regulation of the foreign trade in agricultural products in the WTO scheme. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the important aspects of the current law. The thesis also addresses the context in which the Agreement on Agriculture takes effect, especially from the viewpoint of its influence on developing countries. Various chapters also briefly deal with the possible content of the future Agreement on Agriculture according to the most recent results of the Doha development round negotiations. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The introductory chapter is dedicated to the beginnings of international agricultural trade regulation and to the negotiations of the Uruguay round that resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organization and in the conclusion of the Agreement on Agriculture. The second chapter analyzes general provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture and the relations of the Agreement with other agreements that form the basis of the World Trade Organization. The third chapter deals with the...

Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga användningen av Country of Origin och dess relevans på den globala marknaden genom att undersöka om en landsimage kan relateras till varumärke istället för produkt. Uppsatsen har en deduktiv ansats då den grundar sig på tidigare teori inom området Country of Origin, positionering samt varumärkesstrategier. En kvalitativ undersökning i form av djupintervjuer med valda företag genomfördes för att kunna besvara uppsatsen syfte. Slutsatserna till uppsatsen är att Country of Origin inte längre är en relevant strategi eftersom varumärkets landsimage är mer relevant än produktens härkomst. För att bättre passa dagens marknadsförutsättningar behöver COO därför modifieras och ge företag konkreta riktlinjer vid användningen av marknadsstrategin eftersom landsimage fortfarande anses vara relevant, men då i relation till varumärket.

Univ., Diss--Trier, 1999. / Literaturverz. S. 159 - 165.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 1999. / Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache.

Magister Legum - LLM

The main goal of this thesis is to describe crucial moments in the development of the WTO organization by focusing on key ministerial conferences and negotiations among influential members of this organization. The main goal is therefore to evaluate results and impacts of these ministerial conferences, to describe newly applied rules of international trade in selected trade areas and changes in the negotiation power among members of newly formed informal groups within the organization structures. The thesis is divided into four chapters, each of which describes a milestone which had a significant importance in the development of the WTO organization. The first chapter, called "The Uruguay round", is mainly focusing on the key initiators and players of the whole round of negotiations, on the results and impacts on further WTO development. The second chapter, called "The third ministerial conference in Seattle", is looking for the causes of the negotiations' failure and first strong disagreements among members which were notable since then. The third chapter , called "The fourth ministerial conference in Doha", is describing the process of the Doha negotiations by focusing on the crucial players, informal groups and on issues of the highest importance to most of the WTO members, i.e. trade in agricultural and nonagricultural products. The fourth chapter, called "The July package 2008", is analyzing the content of the proposed package. Even though the WTO members were able to reach conformity in some trade areas several crucial issues have remained unsolved which led to a collapse of the July negotiations and to a non-closure of the whole Doha round.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 1999. / Literaturverz. S. [511] - 545. Literaturverz. S. [511] - 545.