Proefschrift--Rotterdam, 1991. / Bibliogr. p. 203-232. Résumé néerlandais p. 243-248. Index.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo apontar alguns indícios de uma transformação epistêmica a partir dos escritos de três economistas marginalistas: Menger, Jevons e Walras. Trata-se de um estudo dos discursos do saber econômico do final do século XIX, orientado por um uso do pensamento de Michel Foucault. O texto foi dividido em um capítulo de introdução, três de desenvolvimento e um capítulo de considerações finais. A introdução deste estudo dedicou-se à apresentação de um quadro geral da Economia Política da primeira metade do século XIX. A partir do pensamento de David Ricardo e também de Karl Marx, foi possível reconstituir o contexto teórico no qual um saber baseado na teoria do valor-trabalho e constituído por uma antropologia fundante é capaz de ordenar sua intelecção pela figura do homem. Esta introdução teve como propósito a apresentação do cenário teórico no qual o pensamento marginalista pôde se constituir. O primeiro capítulo de desenvolvimento do estudo tratou da caracterização do chamado momento marginalista, pontuando sua singularidade frente ao pensamento econômico do século XIX. Também foi exibida neste capítulo a teoria marginalista do valor, como uma ruptura com a teoria do valor-trabalho. Com esta análise, indicou-se a pretensão dos marginalistas de refundação da Ciência Econômica. Para além disso, a emergência de uma teoria do valor ancorada nos julgamentos individuais dos agentes econômicos propiciou o destaque de três características marcantes do pensamento marginalista: a constituição de novas bases para a cientificidade do saber econômico, uma nova orientação do eixo temporal, bem como um deslocamento do lugar ocupado pelo homem na inteligibilidade da economia. O segundo capítulo centrou-se no estudo da troca e dos preços nos escritos dos autores marginalistas. Esta leitura permitiu compreender o papel de destaque que a esfera da circulação de bens passou a ter no momento marginalista. No mais, também foi salientado como a maneira de constituição dos preços pôde representar uma forma de governo da pluralidade dos julgamentos individuais de valor. Com esta análise se indicou a maneira pela qual essa Ciência Econômica dos marginalistas produziu sua validade universal. O último capítulo de desenvolvimento deste trabalho debruçou-se sobre a concepção de mercado emergente no momento marginalista. Com o estudo do equilíbrio geral do mercado e da Lei de Walras, caracterizou-se o mercado como uma máquina capaz de ordenar toda a economia. Ao fim deste capítulo indicou-se o aparecimento desta concepção de mercado como um acontecimento, capaz de tomar o lugar ocupado pelo homem na ordenação saber econômico. Como considerações finais, apontou-se no momento marginalista a constituição de um saber que funda sua cientificidade no governo da multiplicidade de julgamentos individuais de valor. Também foi pontuado como o pensamento marginalista foi capaz de ordenar a economia de modo a atribuir às expectativas no futuro a constituição de sua conjuntura presente. Por fim, indicou-se que o mercado no momento marginalista funciona como uma máquina que se alimenta da liberdade fundadora do valor. Estes três eixos: a ciência, o tempo e o mercado, foram destacados neste estudo como indícios de uma transformação epistêmica. / The overarching goal of this masters dissertation is to uncover indications of an epistemic transformation found within the writings of three marginalist economists: Menger, Jevons and Walras. The diagnosis of this phenomenon was entirely guided by Foucaults thought framework. This text is divided into an introductory chapter, three development chapters, and closing remarks. The introductory chapter presents a general framework of the Political Economy in the early 19th century. Building from David Ricardos and Karl Marxs lines of thought, it was possible to reconstruct a theoretical framework guided by the labor theory of value and constituted by foundational anthropology enabling its understanding through the figure of man. In this introduction, the goal was to present the theoretical context in which marginalist thought can be built. The first development chapter addresses the characterization of the marginalist moment, punctuating its singularity from the perspective of the 19th century economic framework. Furthermore, this chapter presents the marginalist theory of value, as a rupture from the labor theory of value. This analysis revealed the marginalists pretention of economics refoundation. In addition, the emergence of a value theory based on the individual judgments of each economic agent propitiated the constitution of new bases for the scientificity of economic knowledge, a new orientation to the time axis, as well dislocation of the place occupied by man in the intelligibility of the economy. The second chapter focuses on trade and pricing in the writings of marginalist authors. Through this study, an understanding emerged of the prominent role that the circulation of goods played in the \"marginalist moment\". Moreover, a case is made for how price determination has represented a form of governance of the plurality of individual judgments of value. This analysis revealed how Economic Science of the marginalists established its universal validity. The last chapter of this work focuses on how market conceptualization ultimately emerged in the \"marginalist moment\". In light of the markets general equilibrium and Walras Law, the market is characterized in this chapter as a machine capable of commanding the entire economy. At the end of this chapter, market conceptualization is indicated as an event capable of taking mans place at the economic knowledges ordination. The final remarks present the argument that the \"marginalist moment\" marks the establishment of a knowledge framework that bases its scientificity on the governance of the multiplicity of individual judgments of value. It is also punctuated how marginalist thinking was able to command the economy with the goal of attributing the constitution of its current situation to future expectations. Lastly, the market in the \"marginalist moment\" is presented as a machine that feeds on the founding freedom of value. These three axes: science, time and the market, were highlighted in this study as signs of an epistemic transformation.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur le débat concernant le rôle de l'initiative individuelle et de l'intervention publique dans l'économie politique et sociale de Léon Walras. Dans une première partie on analyse d'abord la philosophie d'Auguste Walras qui a posé les bases d'une véritable démarche scientifique pour l'économie politique et la théorie de la propriété et la communauté au XIXe siècle. Léon Walras réalisera son propre projet d'économie politique et sociale par un nouvel apport vers une vision tripartite, offrant ainsi une vision d'ensemble des trois sciences (économie pure, économie appliquée, économie sociale). Le rôle de l'initiative individuelle et de l'intervention publique dans l'économie politique de Leon Walras sera précisé en deux temps: d’abord la théorie de la répartition et ensuite celle de la production, considérées comme une première et seconde question sociale. La deuxième partie, présentant une continuation logique de notre thèse propose des exemples concrets à la fois pour comprendre le modèle théorique walrasien mais également pour examiner l'actualité de ses propos. L'importance conférée à l'intervention publique sera étudiée dans les travaux de Léon Walras portant sur la propriété intellectuelle, la nationalisation des terres et les chemins de fer. / This doctoral thesis relates to the debate on the role of initiative and public participation in the political and social economy of Leon Walras.In the first part the analysis focuses on the philosophy of August Walras who laid the foundation of a real scientific approach to the political and economic theory of property and community in the 19th century. Leon Walras elaborates his own project of political and social economy through a new contribution to a triple vision offering an entire insight by three sciences (pure, applied and social economics). The role of personal initiative and public participation in the political economy of Leon Walras will be revealed through: the redistribution theory and the production theory known as the first and second social question. The second part, following the logic of the thesis, proposes concrete examples in order to understand Walras' theory model as well as to study the topicality of these terms. The importance conferred on public participation will be explored in the works of Leon Walras on intellectual property, nationalization of land and railroad.

Diss.--Wien--Wirtschaftsuniversität, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. 233-250. Sur la page de titre figure "Milton Friedmann"

This note demonstrates that the shocks explicitly modeled as well as those implicitly present in stochastic macro-models must obey a restriction derived from Walras' law. In the standard case of statistical independence of real and monetary shocks there must be a financial shock to bond demand that mirrors those shocks, bond holdings thus acting in fact as buffer stocks. As an example the choice of the optimal monetary instrument is examined for the converse case of buffer-stock money and compared with the standard case. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Future enterprises will be characterized by a focus on total quality, globalization, an object-oriented approach, and a business process-oriented approach. The globalization will lead to the 'virtual enterprise'. The virtual enterprise can obtain a competitive position by defining and reengineering its business processes. However, such reengineering requires an enterprise model. Also, as manufacturing is growing more difficult and competition gets more power, there are more useful to have practical realization of theoretic models. Traditional market theory is based on Walras model. There are lots of mathematic results, explaining some processes of competition of market. Programming realization would be a useful tool for simulating real economical processes. Realization on the internet would give possibility to show the algorithm on distance studies. The quality of service is defined by the average time lost by customers while waiting for services. Formal expressions of other quality measures are difficult. A customer prefers the server with lesser total service cost. The total cost includes the service price plus waiting losses. A customer goes away, if the total cost exceeds a certain critical level. A flow of customers is stochastic. Service times are stochastic, too. There is no known analytical solution for this model. The results are obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation. The first market model considers a simple case. Here the server rate depends on a single resource that... [to full text]

Wirtschaftsuniv., Diss.--Wien, 2004.

Los diferentes procesos de liberalización de los sistemas eléctricos en el ámbito internacional coinciden en la búsqueda de la optimización y eficiencia operativa, sin embargo, en muchos casos estos objetivos no se han cumplido. Dos causas importantes de estas ineficiencias son la aplicación de inadecuados mecanismos de subasta en los mercados diarios de energía y la reducida participación de la demanda en los procesos definitorios de precios. El trabajo desarrollado en la presente tesis se centra en el diseño de dos nuevas metodologías de subasta iterativas, aplicables a los mercados diarios de energía, que posibiliten una participación activa de la demanda en los procesos de casación, con la intención clara de que su participación no se limite a una respuesta en función del precio de mercado, si no que por el contrario, el precio de mercado sea función directa de su participación. Estas nuevas metodologías buscan incrementar la eficiencia general del mercado diario, disminuir la volatilidad de sus precios y disuadir a los agentes generadores de ejercer poder de mercado; y por consiguiente mejorar la eficiencia del sistema en su conjunto. Las nuevas metodologías iterativas desarrolladas en esta tesis son: Mecanismo de Subasta Uniforme Iterativa Mecanismo basado en el principio del subastador Walrasiano, donde el Operador de Mercado define a través de un proceso iterativo el precio de la energía en el mercado para cada periodo horario. Este mecanismo estimula una mayor revelación de costos y valoraciones en los agentes que participan en el mercado, logrando así incrementar la eficiencia económica general del mercado, mitiga además el efecto del poder de mercado por parte de las compañías generadoras. La validación de este mecanismo de subasta se realizó mediante un experimento económico a fin de captar realidades cognitivas entre los jugadores humanos y la institución de mercado analizada. / Valencia Salazar, I. (2011). Diseño e implementación de una metodología de subasta iterativa aplicada a mercados eléctricos competitivos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/13258

This paper deals with the integration of Walras' law into Keynesian macroeconomics and the attempts at a consistent specification of period models (beginning- vs. end-of-period-equilibrium). Three examples are examined where neglect of a consistent specification led to erroneous results: (1) the identification of the IS-condition with equilibrium of the "flow market" for bonds, (2) superficial treatments of the liquidity trap, and (3) the assumptions on the stochastic structure of monetary and real shocks in determining the optimal monetary instrument. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

La thèse se propose de réexaminer le concept de concurrence dans une sélection de textes classiques de la tradition économique française du 18ème siècle et du 19ème siècle.L’examen des textes fondateurs de Boisguilbert et de Cantillon, montre que le concept de concurrence recouvre deux contenus différents.- D’une part, la concurrence qui s’exerce sur un site de marché, du côté long du marché, et qui prend la forme d’un comportement conflictuel de rabais ou d’enchères monétaires.- D’autre part, la concurrence qui s’exerce ensuite à partir des signaux prix constitués sur le site de marché, et qui prend la forme de décisions quantitatives, de réallocations des marchandises, des capitaux et des hommes. Cette deuxième signification va peu à peu supplanter la première jusqu’à faire disparaître le concept même de rencontre de marché, notamment dans l’œuvre de Turgot (avec le marché général). Cette même tendance apparaît dans l’analyse mathématique d’Isnard, alors même que Canard propose une approche mathématique de la rencontre conflictuelle de marché.Au début du 19ème siècle, influencé par Smith modifiant la définition de la demande, Say confirme la disparition, tandis que Sismondi ne parvient pas à dissocier les processus concurrentiels.Par la suite, les auteurs de l’école française, au premier rang desquels Garnier et Molinari vont alors parachever le processus d’occultation des processus concurrentiels du premier type, malgré la tentative iconoclaste de Walras qui tente, sans succès selon nous, d’en rendre compte avec le tâtonnement. Au final, la recherche montre que l’absence de prise de conscience de la dualité du concept de concurrence, a rendu invisible le changement de direction de l’analyse de la rencontre de marché, vers 1760. Une reconnaissance de cette dualité pourrait donc réorienter efficacement les recherches contemporaines. / The thesis offers to re-examine the concept of competition in a selection of traditional texts of the French economic tradition of the 18th and 19th century.The examination of the founding texts of Boisguilbert and Cantillon, shows that the concept of competition covers two different contents.- On the one hand, the competition which is exerted on the site of a marketplace, on the long side of the marketplace, and which takes the form of conflictual behavior of outbidding or underbidding price.- On the other hand, the competition which is exerted from indications of price signal on the site of marketplace, and which takes the form of quantitative decisions, of réallocations of the goods, capital and men. This second significance gradually will supplant the first, until it made disappear the concept itself of encounter of market, in particular in the work of Turgot (with the general market). This same tendency appears in the mathematical analysis of Isnard, while at the same time Canard introduces a mathematical approach of the conflictual encounter of market.At the beginning of the 19th century, influenced by Smith amending the definition of the demand, Say confirms this disappearance, while Sismondi does not manage to dissociate the competitive processes. Thereafter, the authors of the French school, first and foremost Garnier and Molinari are then going to complete the blanking process of the competitive behaviour of the first type, in spite of the iconoclastic attempt of Walras which tries, unsuccessfully according to us, to give an account of it, with the concept of tâtonnement (groping).Finally, research shows that the absence of awareness of the duality of the concept of competition, made invisible the change of direction in the analysis of the encounter of market, in about 1760. A recognition of this duality could thus successfully reorientate contemporary research.