In this study, the two-dimensional cutting stock problem (2DCSP) is considered. This is a problem that occurs in the cutting of a number of smaller rectangular pieces or items from a set of large stock rectangles. It is assumed that the set of large objects is sufficient to accommodate all the small items. A heuristic procedure is developed to solve the two-dimensional single stock-size cutting stock problem (2DSSSCSP). This is the special case where the large rectangles are all of the same size. The major objective is to minimize waste and the number of stock sheets utilized. The heuristic procedures developed to solve the 2DSSSCSP are based on the generation of cutting pattern. The Wang algorithm and a specific commercial software package are made use of to generate these patterns. The commercial software was chosen from a set of commercial software packages available in the market. A combinatoric process is applied to generate sets of cutting patterns using the Wang algorithm and the commercial software. The generated cutting patterns are used to formulate an integer linear programming model which is solved using an optimization solver. Empirical experimentation is carried out to test the heuristic procedures using data obtained from both small and real world application problem instances. The results obtained shows that the heuristic procedures developed produce good quality results for both small and real life problem instances. It is quite clear that the heuristic procedure developed to solve the 2DSSSCSP produces cutting patterns which are acceptable in terms of waste generated and may offer useful alternatives to approaches currently available. Broadly stated, this study involves investigating available software (commercial) in order to assess, formulate and investigate methods to attempt to benchmark software systems and algorithms and to employ ways to enhance solutions obtained by using these software systems. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Wang Xiaobo is a Post-Mao novelist whose works have prompted tremendous attention from the intellectuals and the public after his death. The straightforward representation of sex in his fiction is often considered as one of the sources that contribute to his “liberal spirit”. This is because many of Wang Xiaobo’s stories full of sexual depictions are set during the Cultural Revolution. But Wang Xiaobo’s ambiguous manipulation of the relationship between sex and the power makes his resistance to authoritarianism a tricky issue. On the one hand, his nonchalant attitude to both sex and politics can be interpreted as a mocking of the Maoist ideology. On the other hand, the author’s detachment from the political background and the protagonist’s sexual carnival in the rural areas can be considered as indifferent to the Cultural Revolution. The engagement with Maoist ideology in the theoretical framework of suppression/revolt cannot give a satisfactory answer to the role of sex in his fiction. This thesis amends this framework by taking other elements than Maoist discourse into consideration. / Graduate

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2002

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1961. / Also available in print.

This dissertation proposes a phenomenological investigation into value and feeling in classical and "neo-" Confucianism, particularly in the works of Mencius and Wang Yangming, in light of the German phenomenologist Max Scheler's clarification of human experience and theory of value. The phenomenological method and attitude, which seek essence by resorting to concrete personal and interpersonal experience rather than relying on the presuppositions of conceptual systems, offers a fresh and insightful perspective from which to examine the experiential pattern of morals in Confucian tradition. In order to illustrate how moral feelings and values establish each other, I examine the feeling-value correlations of love, sympathy and ren, shame and righteousness, respect and ritual propriety, and approval and wisdom, developed from Mencius' discussion on four initial moral emotions. This work not only clarifies the optimal experience of moral feelings, but also points out the concrete contents of what Wang Yangming calls the pure knowing of Heavenly principle. This phenomenological presentation of Confucian values, especially as mediated by Wang with some clarification through Scheler's thought, opposes both the dogmatic and relativist conceptions of principle (li) and the abstract interpretations of "pure knowing" (liang zhi) as having no concrete content, and thus it is relevantly applicable in directing our moral lives. The clarification of experience in different traditions is significant for research in both phenomenology and Chinese philosophy, and the experiential analysis made possible by this approach offers greater possibilities for mutual understanding among various cultures in the world.

清代乾嘉时期書家王文治（1730-1802）為帖派健將，以一手瀟灑流麗的書法垂譽書史，有"淡墨探花"之稱。其學書歷程漫長、取法廣博，由明末董其昌（1555-1636）開始上溯晉唐，終以王羲之（303-361）為代表的晉人書風作最終堂奧，更直言"書以右軍為宗"。在眾多書法經典中，尤對《蘭亭序》情有獨鍾，認為"禊敘一帖關乎書法源流"，將之置於最關鍵的位置，成為一生臨習不斷的典範。其一生所見、所學、所跋《蘭亭》版本眾多，又以"定武蘭亭"致為鍾愛，自言研究超過二十年。此種書學取態，非但是個人性情之因，亦與當時皇家和文人圈締造的蘭亭風尚有關。 / 本文核心共包含四個篇章：第一章"蘭亭風尚"，從清代前中期皇家和文人圈對《蘭亭序》的刻藏、研究和臨寫，來窺看當時的蘭亭之風。指出時人對蘭亭修禊的效仿已變成雅集的一種，是蘭亭風尚中最為突出的表現之一。第二章"蘭亭情結"，重組三次武昌借園的修禊，集中環繞乾隆五十八年（癸丑，1793）春舉行的"借園修禊"。從王文治的《蘭亭》集詩及書畫題跋中，尤其挪用"歲在癸丑，暮春之初"的年款，探究他對《蘭亭》的深厚情結。第三章"蘭亭品鑒"，先論王文治在考據時風下不依考據，純以"品韻"鑒別書畫的因由與方法；繼而梳理他品鑒過的《蘭亭》版本，分析他"禊敘一帖關乎書法源流"之論背後的含義，並討論他對不同《蘭亭》版本的看法。最後，指出不論何本王文治都視為原帖化身，將之與王羲之緊扣。第四章"蘭亭之路"，則重塑王文治在書壇董趙書風籠罩下，以董其昌為起步，借鑒歷代書家學王之徑，逼近王羲之，進入《蘭亭序》的臨池自運過程。特別詳細分析他如何通過對《蘭亭》的臨寫、集詩和集聯來演繹《蘭亭》，將之化入腕底，最終自出機杼，在清代書壇芸芸帖學高手中脫穎而出。從王文治對《蘭亭序》的取態和學習，可窺看在金石考據學方興未艾、碑學萌芽的時代，《蘭亭》的魅力和位置，從而更全面瞭解十八世紀中國書壇面貌，比起傳統認識上的碑興帖衰，來得更多元並蓄。 / This dissertation is a study of the 18th century Chinese calligrapher, Wang Wenzhi (1730-1802). Being famous for his elegant and graceful brushwork with relatively light ink tone, Wang Wenzhi advocated the Model-book School (tiexue) throughout his life. He regarded the late Ming master Dong Qichang (1555-1636) as his primary source in the study of the Two Wangs tradition. Starting from the works of Dong Qichang and the other calligraphy masters preceding him, he finally traced back to the style of Wang Xizhi (303-361), who was his target. Among all the classical works of calligraphy, the Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Gathering (Lanting xu) by Wang Xizhi was his favorite, which he regarded, more than any other, to be the origin of Chinese calligraphy. Wang Wenzhi has seen, studied, and practiced a large number of different versions of the Lanting xu in his life. This interesting phenomenon is closely related to his time, which was a "Lanting fashion" period. / This dissertation includes four chapters. The first one reconstructs the "Lanting fashion" in the 18th century. During this period, both emperors and scholars had great interests in collecting, reproducing and copying the Lanting xu. They also loved to follow and imitate the Orchid Pavilion gathering. The second chapter focuses on the three literati gatherings in the Jie Garden in Wuchang during the 1790s. It especially focuses on how Wang Wenzhi expressed his passion for the Lanting xu during the third gathering in 1793. The third chapter studies Wang Wenzhi’s principle of connoisseurship in calligraphy and painting, and analyses his attitude towards different versions of the Lanting xu. The fourth chapter is about how he learned from and practiced copying the Lanting xu. This dissertation, finally tries to argue that the practice of calligraphy in the 18th century was more varied and diversified than previously thought, the Model-book School being at its most glorious. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 陳冠男 = Wang Wenzhi and Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Gathering / Chan Kwun Nam. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-202). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chen Guannan = Wang Wenzhi and Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Gathering / Chan Kwun Nam.

Von der Natur geschaffene Polymere faszinieren Polymerforscher durch ihre spezielle auf eine bestimmte Aufgabe ausgerichtete Funktionalität. Diese ergibt sich aus ihrer Bausteinabfolge uber die Ausbildung von Uberstrukturen. Dazu zählen zum Beispiel Proteine (Eiweiße), aus deren Gestalt sich wichtige Eigenschaften ergeben. Diese Struktureigenschaftsbeziehung gilt ebenso für funktionelle synthetische Makromoleküle. Demzufolge kann die Kontrolle der Monomersequenz in Polymeren bedeutend für die resultierende Form des Polymermoleküls sein. Obwohl die Synthese von synthetischen Polymeren mit der Komplexität und der Größe von Proteinen in absehbarer Zeit wahrscheinlich nicht gelingen wird, können wir von der Natur lernen, um neuartige Polymermaterialien mit definierten Strukturen (Sequenzen) zu synthetisieren. Deshalb ist die Entwicklung neuer und besserer Techniken zur Strukturkontrolle von großem Interesse für die Synthese von Makromolekülen, die perfekt auf ihre Funktion zugeschnitten sind. Im Gegensatz zu der Anzahl fortgeschrittener Synthesestrategien zum Design aus- gefallener Polymerarchitekturen – wie zum Beispiel Sterne oder baumartige Polymere (Dendrimere) – gibt es vergleichsweise wenig Ansätze zur echten Sequenzkontrolle in synthetischen Polymeren. Diese Arbeit stellt zwei unterschiedliche Techniken vor, mit denen die Monomersequenz innerhalb eines Polymers kontrolliert werden kann. Gerade bei den großtechnisch bedeutsamen radikalischen Polymerisationen ist die Sequenzkontrolle schwierig, weil die chemischen Bausteine (Monomere) sehr reaktiv sind. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften zweier Monomere (Styrol und N-substituiertes Maleinimid) geschickt ausgenutzt, um in eine Styrolkette definierte und lokal scharf abgegrenzte Funktionssequenzen einzubauen. Uber eine kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisationsmethode (ATRP) wurden in einer Ein-Topf-Synthese über das N-substituierte Maleinimid chemische Funktionen an einer beliebigen Stelle der Polystyrolkette eingebaut. Es gelang ebenfalls, vier unterschiedliche Funktionen in einer vorgegebenen Sequenz in die Polymerkette einzubauen. Diese Technik wurde an zwanzig verschiedenen N-substituierten Maleinimiden getestet, die meisten konnten erfolgreich in die Polymerkette integriert werden. In dem zweiten in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ansatz zur Sequenzkontrolle, wurde der schrittweise Aufbau eines Oligomers aus hydrophoben und hydrophilen Segmenten (ω-Alkin-Carbonsäure bzw. α-Amin-ω-Azid-Oligoethylenglycol) an einem löslichen Polymerträger durchgeführt. Das Oligomer konnte durch die geschickte Auswahl der Verknüpfungsreaktionen ohne Schutzgruppenstrategie synthetisiert werden. Der lösliche Polymerträger aus Polystyrol wurde mittels ATRP selbst synthetisiert. Dazu wurde ein Startreagenz (Initiator) entwickelt, das in der Mitte einen säurelabilen Linker, auf der einen Seite die initiierende Einheit und auf der anderen die Ankergruppe für die Anbindung des ersten Segments trägt. Der lösliche Polymerträger ermöglichte einerseits die schrittweise Synthese in Lösung. Andererseits konnten überschüssige Reagenzien und Nebenprodukte zwischen den Reaktionsschritten durch Fällung in einem Nicht-Lösungsmittel einfach abgetrennt werden. Der Linker ermöglichte die Abtrennung des Oligomers aus jeweils drei hydrophoben und hydrophilen Einheiten nach der Synthese. / Polymer scientists are impressed by polymers created by nature. This is caused by their structure which is aimed to fulfill very special functions. The structure is primary built by sequential covalent linking of building units. Secondly, supramolecular aggregation leads to three-dimensional alignment. The sequence of the building blocks has a high influence on the higher molecular arrangement. Proteins are only one example for supramolecular structures which have special functions because of their supramolecular arrangement. This structure-property relationship is also possible for synthetic polymers. For this reason the control of monomer sequences in synthtic polymers is just as important for the resulting structure of a synthetic polymer molecule. Even though the synthesis of polymers with complex strucures and sizes as in nature is impossible in near future. But the development of new and better techniques for sequence control in synthetic polymers is of high importance to create well defined macromolecular structures which are tailor-made for their function. In contrast to a lot of advanced synthethis strategies for the design of complex polymer architechtures (e.g. brushes, stars, or dendrimers) their are less approaches for a monomer sequence control in synthetic polymers. This work presents two different techniques for controlling the monomer sequence inside a polymer. Especially in technologically significant radical polymerization it is difficult to control the monomer sequence because radical species are very reactive and the addition of a monomer to the radical function is not selective. The first approach makes use of the properties of two monomers (styrene and N-substituted maleimides) to add chemical funtions locally inside a polystyrene chain. By addition of N-functionalized maleimides during the polymerization of styrene chemical functions could be added at any desired position inside the polystyrene chain. This technique was tested on 20 different N-substituted maleimides. Most of them were incorporated successfully into the polymer chain. The second monomer sequence control approach is a stepwise synthesis of an oligomer made of short alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments on a soluble polymer support. Two building blocks were used: ω-alkyne carboxylic acid (A-B) and α-amine-ω-azide oligoethylene glycol (C-D). The linking of the segments was done by applying two very efficient chemical reactions, namely 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of terminal alkynes (A) and azides (D) and amidification of carboxylic acids (B) with primary amines (C). These two reactions proceed chemoselectively in an ABCD multifunctional mixture without a protection chemistry strategy. The polystyrene support was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of an azido-functionalized ATRP initiator containing a labile p-alkoxybenzyl ester linker. Depending on the choise of solvent, the soluble polymer support was used in solution during the coupling reactions or was precipitated for an easy removal of excessive reagents and by-products. The acid-labile linker could be cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid treatment to obtain a hydrophilic/hydrophobic block copolymer.

汪兆銘（精衛）為近代中國上一極受爭議的歷史人物，他的一生經歷，幾乎涵蓋了半部的民國史，從早期同盟會革命運動開始，汪便是國民黨內的重要人物，許多中國現代的歷史事件都與汪氏有關。受到其後來與日本合作成立偽政權事影響，導致後人對其歷史評價不一，至今仍缺乏對其之專題研究以供定論之參考。在汪氏畢生的政治生涯中，曾參與六個「國民政府」，都曾扮演極重要的角色。而且多與蔣介石在國民黨內之間權力的爭衡和政見異同息息相關。是以兩人分裂抗衡之時期之外，亦有妥協合作的時期。兩人之間的合作有兩次，第一次是民國14年廣州國民政府時期，後因「中山艦事變」而分離；第二次是民國21年以後南京國民政府時期，至24年國民黨四屆六中全會時汪氏被刺後出現分歧。這段時期，正是國難嚴重，致力救亡圖存時期。兩人合作，共同應付國難。至於完全分裂是在27年底汪氏在投敵而至另組「國民政府」之後。本研究之主旨在探討汪、蔣二次合作的緣起與過程，及汪氏參與南京國民政府時期的表現。當時中國主要問題是在於「對日」。故本文循「對日」問題為主線，以民國20年(1931)至民國25年(1936)為斷限，作為研究的範圍。除第一章為前言及第六章為結論外，第二章〈汪兆銘參與南京國民政府之經過〉，敘述汪兆銘參與南京國民政府的過程，以便說明汪、蔣何以二次合作。第三章〈一面抵抗一面交涉〉，敘述汪兆銘的「一面抵抗、一面交涉」對日政策的由來，及其實行的經過與挫折。第四章〈汪兆銘與國民政府的安內攘外〉，敘述汪、蔣合作下的「安內攘外」政策，說明汪氏「救亡圖存」之主張與分析對日妥協綏靖的外交。第五章〈汪蔣合作走向分歧〉，敘述汪、蔣合作關係的後期演變及分歧的因果。

Nous étudions dans ce mémoire les propriétés des ensembles de pavages engendrés par des jeux de tuiles de Wang exhibant une ou plusieurs directions de déterminisme local, en accordant une importance toute particulière aux jeux déterministes dans les quatre directions diagonales simultanément, dits 4-way déterministes. Après avoir proposé une construction alternative d’un jeu de tuiles apériodique 4-way déterministe, nous étudions plusieurs problèmes de décision sur ces objets et complétons en particulier le résultat d’indécidabilité du problème du pavage dans le cadre 4-way déterministe établi par Lukkarila en montrant l’indécidabilité du problème du pavage périodique 4-way déterministe. Nous montrons également que des familles complexes de coloriages du plan telles que celles engendrées par les substitutions restent sofiques dans un cadre 4-way déterministe. Nous proposons une bi-déterminisation des constructions de jeux de tuiles point-fixe de Durand, Romashchenko et Shen et en tirons quelques premières applications. Enfin, nous considérons l’opportunité d’élargir le rayon de la règle locale de déterminisme afin de limiter les directions d’expansivité et ainsi de permettre la construction localement déterministe de systèmes de particules et collisions non triviaux. Nous introduisons un nouveau modèle syntaxique commode afin de travailler à rayon deux et revisitons des problématiques de Lukkarila dans ce cadre. / In this thesis, we study some properties of the sets of tilings generated by Wang tilesets that exhibit one or more directions of local determinism, focusing in particular on tilesets that are simultaneously deterministic in the four diagonal directions, referred to as 4-way deterministic. After having exposed an alternative construction of a 4-way deterministic aperiodic tileset, we study several decision problems on these objects and complete in particular Lukkarila’s result of undecidability of the Domino Problem in the 4-way deterministic setting proving the undecidability of the 4-way deterministic periodic Domino Problem. We also prove that some complex families of colorings of the plane such that those generated by substitutions remain sofic in the 4-way deterministic setting. We propose a bi-determinization of the constructions by Durand, Romashchenko and Shen of fixed-point tilesets and give some first applications. Finally, we investigate the idea of extending the radius of the local rule of determinism in order to reduce the set of directions of expansiveness and thus allow the local realization of non-trivial particles and collisions systems. We introduce a new and convenient syntactic model to deal with radius two and revisit some of Lukkarila’s problems in this setting.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-02T14:20:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Milfont Rameh.pdf: 1805419 bytes, checksum: 3c0a871188e0dc9ff8282000ec45fc1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T14:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Milfont Rameh.pdf: 1805419 bytes, checksum: 3c0a871188e0dc9ff8282000ec45fc1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The method of unsupervised data classification proposed by Domany and coworkers is based on mapping the problem onto an inhomogeneous granular magnetic system whose properties can be investigated through some Monte Carlo Method. The array containing the data consists of n numeric attributes corresponding to points in an n-dimensional Euclidean space. Each data item is associated with a Potts spin. The interaction between such spins decays exponentially with the distance. This favors the alignment of the spins associated with similar objects. The physical system corresponds to a disordered ferromagnet which, in turn, is described by a Hamiltonian of a q-states Potts model. It is expected that the magnetic system exhibits three temperature-dependent regimes. For very low temperatures the system is completely ordered. At the other extreme, high temperatures, the system shows no magnetic order. In an intermediate range of temperatures, the spins within certain regions remain tightly coupled, forming grains. However, a grain does not influence the behavior of another grain. That is, the grains are non-correlated and this intermediate state is named a superparamagnetic phase. The transition from one regime to another can be identified by peaks in the specific heat versus temperature curve. We apply the method to several artificial and real-life data sets, such as classification of flowers, summary medical data and identification of images. We measure the spin-spin correlation at several temperatures to classify the data. In disagreement with the Domany and coworkers claims we found that the best classification of the data occurred outside the superparagnetic phase. / O método de agrupamento de dados não supervisionado proposto por Domany e colaboradores baseia-se no mapeamento do problema em um sistema magnético granular não homogêneo, cujas propriedades são investigadas através de algum método de Monte Carlo. A matriz que contém os dados é composta por n atributos de valor numérico e corresponde a um ponto em um espaço euclidiano n-dimensional. A cada item de dado é associado um spin de Potts. A interação entre tais spins decai exponencialmente com o aumento da distância entre eles. Isto favorece o alinhamento dos spins associados a objetos similares. O sistema físico corresponde a um ferromagneto desordenado que, por sua vez, é descrito por um hamiltoniano de Potts de q estados. Espera-se que o sistema magnético exiba três regimes quando sua temperatura seja variada. Para temperaturas muito baixas o sistema está completamente ordenado. No outro extremo, em altas temperaturas, o sistema não apresenta qualquer ordem magnética. Numa faixa intermediária de temperaturas, spins dentro de certas regiões permanecem fortemente acoplados, formando grãos. Porém, um grão não influencie o comportamento de outro grão. Ou seja, os grãos estão não correlacionados. Este estado intermediário caracteriza um estado superparamagnético. A transição de um regime para outro pode ser identificada por picos na curva de calor específico versus temperatura. Aplicamos o método aos conjuntos de dados reais da planta íris e de dados médicos, conhecido por BUPA, aos dados sintéticos conhecidos por Ruspini e a um conjunto de dados, gerado por nós, que consiste de duas figuras tridimensionais sobrepostas, um esfera e um toro. Procedemos a classificação dos dados através da correlação spin-spin em diversas temperaturas. O principal resultado foi a verificação que nem sempre o agrupamento realizado na fase superparamagnética é o ideal.