In the course of past decades, the African Union has sought to strengthen continental security integration and joint governance, wherefore many early warning and security institutions emerged. However, little research has been done to explore the institutional landscape. This thesis aims to bridge the literacy gaps and investigate the ways African early warning institutions constitute challenges or prospects to security integration efforts. The continental level evaluates how integration is affected through various African early warning institutions. The regional level analyses how early warning institutions' methodologies influence sub-regional integration efforts. Lastly, the national level elaborates why African national intelligence and security sectors are determined by authoritarian governance. Similar to the three (continental, regional, national) research questions, this thesis is divided into three levels of analysis. First, the continental level evaluates the Continental Early Warning Systems' institutional struggle with its Regional Early Warning Systems and other organisations within and beyond the African Peace and Security Architecture. Second, the regional level examines the concepts and methodologies behind the six Regional Early Warning Systems for common features and differences....

IntroductionApproximately 5-10% of the general population report an antibiotic allergy. It has been reported that labeling of medical records with antibiotic hypersensitivity are often incorrect. As a result, antibiotic treatment choice will be increasingly difficult resulting in prolonged hospital visit, increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, increased frequency of side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance.AimThe primary aim was to investigate to what extent medical records were labelled with antibiotic allergy and whether these labels were adequately documented. The secondary aim was to investigate the difference in the impact of the label on the doctors’ choice of antibiotics depending on whether the doctor worked at a clinic of infectious diseases or not.MethodsA retrospective cohort study based on medical records labeled with antibiotic allergy in patients admitted to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases and the Emergency Ward at the Clinic of Medicine between 1st of January to 30th of June 2018.ResultsOf the total 1720 patients there were 132 (7,7%) patients marked with antibiotic allergy. Of these, only 21 patients (15.8%) were correctly labelled. There was no significant difference in the impact of the label on the choice of prescription between the two wards.ConclusionA substantial number of medical journals have a label for antibiotic allergy and the quality of the label is often poor with only 21 (15.8%) correct documented labels. We argue the need of education on antibiotic allergy and how to label and medical records.

Introduktion: Minskat antal vårdplatser och en ökad ålder på befolkningen gör att trycket på vården ökar. I takt med detta ökar också risken för att patientsäkerheten inte kan upprätthållas. NEWS är ett bedömnings- och screeninginstrument var syfte är att öka patientsäkerheten genom att standardisera bedömningar av vitala parametrar för att effektivt kunna förhindra kritiska tillstånd. Sjuksköterskor kan använda NEWS tillsammans med sin kliniska bedömning för att utföra en adekvat bedömning av patienters aktuella hälsotillstånd. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att använda National Early Warning Score som bedömningsinstrument för att bedöma patienters hälsostatus. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på Polit och Becks (2017) nio steg med induktiv ansats. Relevanta sökord mot syftet identifierades och systematiska artikelsökningar genomfördes i Cinahl och PubMed. Sökningarna resulterade i 11 artiklar relevanta för studien som kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Polit och Becks (2017) granskningsmallar. I databearbetningen framkom tre teman. Resultat: Tre teman framkom utifrån sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att använda NEWS som bedömningsinstrument för att bedöma patienters hälsostatus, dessa var NEWS som stöd och hinder i klinisk bedömning, NEWS påverkan på arbetsbelastningen, samt hur sjuksköterskors utbildning och yrkeserfarenhet kunde kombineras med NEWS. Resultatet visade att NEWS är ett bra stöd till sjuksköterskors kliniska bedömning. Detta stödjer främst sjuksköterskor med kortare erfarenhet, men kan ändå vara ett bra stöd till sjuksköterskor med längre erfarenhet. Slutsats: Erfarna sjuksköterskor ansåg att sjuksköterskor med kortare erfarenhet än de själva kan behöva stöd i sin kliniska helhetsbedömning samt kommunikation, och då är NEWS ett bra komplement. Sjuksköterskorna i litteraturstudien var inte enade om arbetsbelastningen ökade eller inte vid användandet av NEWS.

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad han alcanzado prevalencias epidémicas a nivel mundial. Una de las estrategias propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para revertir el sobrepeso y la obesidad, es utilizar el etiquetado nutricional frontal. Por ello, en el año 2018 en el Perú se aprobó el Manual de Advertencias Publicitarias (MAP), para que los productos ultra-procesados lleven en su empaque entre 1-3 Advertencias Octogonales (AO), según lo requieran. En el MAP se establecen dos parámetros. El primer parámetro entró en vigencia en enero del 2019 y el segundo entrará en vigencia en septiembre del 2021. Cabe resaltar que el presente estudio se inició en marzo del 2018, es decir, antes de que entrara en vigencia la implementación de las AO. Objetivo: Determinar la proporción de productos ultra-procesados que declararían al menos una advertencia octogonal para septiembre del 2021, en cumplimiento de la Ley N° 30021. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio exploratorio en el que se analizaron 786 fotografías de etiquetas de productos ultra-procesados. Según el perfil de nutrientes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, se clasificó en 10 categorías. El contenido nutricional (energía, azúcar, grasas totales, grasas saturadas y sodio) de los productos ultra-procesados se calculó en 100 gramos o mililitros de producto. Los parámetros finales establecidos en el MAP, se usaron para evaluar la cantidad de AO que declararían los productos ultra-procesados en caso de no modificar su formulación para septiembre del 2021. Resultados: Se encontró que 88,1% de los productos ultra-procesados llevarían al menos una AO para septiembre del 2021. El 46,2% llevaría una AO, el 38,2% llevarían dos AO, mientras que el 3,7% declararía las tres AO. De los productos ultra-procesados que llevarían una AO, el 80,7% declararía la frase “ALTO EN AZÚCAR”, mientras de los que llevarían dos AO, el 65,6% declararía las frases “ALTO EN GRASAS SATURADAS” y “ALTO EN AZÚCAR”. Conclusión: El 88,1% de los productos ultra-procesados llevarían al menos una AO para septiembre del 2021, en cumplimiento de la Ley N° 30021. / Introduction: Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic prevalences worldwide. One of the strategies proposed by the World Health Organization to reverse overweight and obesity, is to use frontal nutritional labeling. That is why, in 2018 in Peru the Manual of Advertising Warnings (MAW) was approved so that ultra-processed products carry in their packaging between 1-3 Octagonal Warnings (OW), as required. The MAP establishes two parameters. The first parameter entered into force in January 2019 and the second will enter into in September 2021. It should be noted that this study began in March 2018, that is, before the AO implementation went into effect. Objective: Determine the proportion of ultra-processed products that would declare at least one Octagonal Warning by September 2021, in compliance with Law N° 30021. Materials and Methods: Exploratory study in which 786 photographs of labels of ultra-processed products were analyzed. According to the nutrient profile of the Pan American Health Organization, it was classified into 10 categories. The nutritional content (energy, sugar, total fat, saturated fat and sodium) of the ultra-processed products was calculated in 100 grams or milliliters of product. The final parameters established in the MAP were used to evaluate the amount of OW that would be declared by ultra-processed products in case of not modifying their formulation for September 2021. Results: It was found that 88.1% of the ultra-processed products would carry at least one OW by September 2021. 46.2% would wear an OW, 38.2% would wear two OW, while 3.7% would declare the three OW. Of the ultra-processed products that would carry an OW, 80.7% would declare the phrase “HIGH IN SUGAR”, while of those that would take two OW, 65.6% would declare the phrases “HIGH IN SATURATED FATS” and “HIGH IN SUGAR”. Conclusions: The 88.1% of ultra-processed products would carry at least one OW by September 2021, in compliance with Law N°. 30021. / Tesis

Vad är atmosfär och hur skapas det? I den här analysen undersöks atmosfär i förhållande till musikgenren doom och då utifrån ett insider-perspektiv. Insider-perspektivet är det subkulturella perspektiv som genrens anhängare ingår i, vilket innefattar ett specifikt sätt att tala, tänka och uttrycka sig i förhållande till genrens kulturella uttryck. Inom musikgenren doom behandlas atmosfär som ett insiderbegrepp för att förklara upplevelsen av musiken och vilka känslor den förmedlar. En förutsättning för den här undersökningen utgår från att atmosfär förmedlar förutbestämda känslor genom musiken som förstås via en kulturellt betingad uppfattning. Syftet med undersökningen är att kartlägga vilka komponenter som behöver ingå i konstruktionen av tre olika soundscape utifrån tre förutbestämda teman och hur dessa gemensamt bildar en specifik atmosfär. Analysens resultat återknyter till undersökningens utgångspunkt. Det finns specifika komponenter som ingår i konstruktionen av ett tematiskt soundscape som reflekteras i den atmosfär som upplevs, oberoende av om lyssnaren är en insider eller outsider. Med outsider avses någon som inte är en anhängare (insider) till genren och därmed inte har samma kännedom eller kunskap som en insider har. För alla komponenter föreligger en grundläggande kulturell förståelse för vilka känslor som representeras och som sedermera utgör respektive tema. Emellertid fanns det parametrar i komponenterna som var problematiska att mäta genom traditionella musikvetenskapliga metoder. Dessa förmedlades inte lika tydligt och var i större utsträckning beroende av den kontext de förekom i och utgjorde inte några egna komponenter.  I slutsatsen framgår en gemensam komponent för temats betydelse under konstruktionen av soundscape: atmosfär är inte beroende av en förståelse för språk eller hur väl sången artikuleras. Det handlar inte om vad som sjungs, utan hur det sjungs. Atmosfär är produkten av att lyssna aktivt och förmedlas först när det uppmärksammas av lyssnaren.

Objective: Systems that can warn the driver of a possible collision with a vulnerable road user (VRU) have significant safety benefits. However, incorrect warning times can have adverse effects on the driver. If the warning is too late, drivers might not be able to react; if the warning is too early, drivers can become annoyed and might turn off the system. Currently, there are no methods to determine the right timing for a warning to achieve high effectiveness and acceptance by the driver. This study aims to validate a driver model as the basis for selecting appropriate warning times. The timing of the forward collision warnings (FCWs) selected for the current study was based on the comfort boundary (CB) model developed during a previous project, which describes the moment a driver would brake. Drivers’ acceptance toward these warnings was analyzed. The present study was conducted as part of the European research project PROSPECT (“Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists”). Methods: Two warnings were selected: One inside the CB and one outside the CB. The scenario tested was a cyclist crossing scenario with time to arrival (TTA) of 4 s (it takes the cyclist 4 s to reach the intersection). The timing of the warning inside the CB was at a time to collision (TTC) of 2.6 s (asymptotic value of the model at TTA = 4 s) and the warning outside the CB was at TTC = 1.7 s (below the lower 95% value at TTA = 4 s). Thirty-one participants took part in the test track study (between-subjects design where warning time was the independent variable). Participants were informed that they could brake any moment after the warning was issued. After the experiment, participants completed an acceptance survey. Results: Participants reacted faster to the warning outside the CB compared to the warning inside the CB. This confirms that the CB model represents the criticality felt by the driver. Participants also rated the warning inside the CB as more disturbing, and they had a higher acceptance of the system with the warning outside the CB. The above results confirm the possibility of developing wellsaccepted warnings based on driver models. Conclusions: Similar to other studies’ results, drivers prefer warning times that compare with their driving behavior. It is important to consider that the study tested only one scenario. In addition, in this study, participants were aware of the appearance of the cyclist and the warning. A further investigation should be conducted to determine the acceptance of distracted drivers.

<div>An Autonomous vehicle depends on the combination of latest technology or the ADAS safety features such as Adaptive cruise control (ACC), Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Automatic Parking, Blind Spot Monitor, Forward Collision Warning or Avoidance (FCW or FCA), Lane Departure Warning. The current trend follows incorporation of these technologies using the Artificial neural network or Deep neural network, as an imitation of the traditionally used algorithms. Recent research in the field of deep learning and development of competent processors for autonomous or self driving car have shown amplitude of prospect, but there are many complexities for hardware deployment because of limited resources such as memory, computational power, and energy. Deployment of several mentioned ADAS safety feature using multiple sensors and individual processors, increases the integration complexity and also results in the distribution of the system, which is very pivotal for autonomous vehicles.</div><div><br></div><div>This thesis attempts to tackle two important adas safety feature: Forward collision Warning, and Object Detection using the machine learning and Deep Neural Networks and there deployment in the autonomous embedded platform.</div><div><br></div><div><div>This thesis proposes the following: </div><div>1. A machine learning based approach for the forward collision warning system in an autonomous vehicle.<br></div><div>2.3-D object detection using Lidar and Camera which is primarily based on Lidar Point Clouds. </div><div><br></div><div>The proposed forward collision warning model is based on the forward facing automotive radar providing the sensed input values such as acceleration, velocity and separation distance to a classifier algorithm which on the basis of supervised learning model, alerts the driver of possible collision. Decision Tress, Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Stochastic Gradient Descent, and a Fully Connected Neural Network is used for the prediction purpose.</div><div><br></div><div>The second proposed methods uses object detection architecture, which combines the 2D object detectors and a contemporary 3D deep learning techniques. For this approach, the 2D object detectors is used first, which proposes a 2D bounding box on the images or video frames. Additionally a 3D object detection technique is used where the point clouds are instance segmented and based on raw point clouds density a 3D bounding box is predicted across the previously segmented objects.</div></div>

<div>Self driving cars becoming more popular nowadays, which transport with it's own intelligence and take appropriate actions at adequate time. Safety is the key factor in driving environment. A simple fail of action can cause many fatalities. Computer Vision has major part in achieving this, it help the autonomous vehicle to perceive the surroundings. Detection is a very popular technique in helping to capture the surrounding for an autonomous car. At the same time tracking also has important role in this by providing dynamic of detected objects. Autonomous cars combine a variety of sensors such as RADAR, LiDAR, sonar, GPS, odometry and inertial measurement units to perceive their surroundings. Driver-assistive technologies like Adaptive Cruise Control, Forward Collision Warning system (FCW) and Collision Mitigation by Breaking (CMbB) ensure safety while driving.</div><div>Perceiving the information from environment include setting up sensors on the car. These sensors will collect the data it sees and this will be further processed for taking actions. The sensor system can be a single sensor or multiple sensor. Different sensors have different strengths and weaknesses which makes the combination of them important for technologies like Autonomous Driving. Each sensor will have a limit of accuracy on it's readings, so multi sensor system can help to overcome this defects. This thesis is an attempt to develop a multi sensor multi object tracking method to perceive the surrounding of the ego vehicle. When the Object detection gives information about the presence of objects in a frame, Object Tracking goes beyond simple observation to more useful action of monitoring objects. The experimental results conducted on KITTI dataset indicate that our proposed state estimation system for Multi Object Tracking works well in various challenging environments.</div>

Aposematic species of true bugs (Heteroptera) have multimodal signalization, which warns potential predators. This signalization consists of optical (coloration), chemical (unpalatable or repugnant substance) and acoustic (stridulation) warning signals. The aim of this thesis was to test whether the selected chemical substances have antipredatory function towards avian predators. Antipredatory function is anticipated in the chemical substances that form the majority in secretion in many taxa of true bugs (aldehydes and tridecane). In experiments with wild-caught great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) we tested if chemical substances and age of birds have influence on the latency related to the first manipulation with the prey. It was found that both species of tits reacted aversively to the mixture of aldehydes (2-decenal, 2-octenal, 2-hexenal) and to the total secretion of metathoracic glands of Graphosoma lineatum, whereas the mixture of the aldehydes with tridecane did not have any effect. The effect of age was not significant. We also tested the influence of immediate experience with striated shieldbug Graphosoma lineatum on naive great tits and their reactions to the prey with olfactoric signal of the shieldbug. Additionally, we investigated whether tested chemicals cause...

Using an early warning system (EWS) methodology, this thesis analyses the predictability of stock market crises from the perspective of behavioural fnance. Specifcally, in our EWS based on the multinomial logit model, we consider in- vestor sentiment as one of the potential crisis indicators. Identifcation of the relevant crisis indicators is based on Bayesian model averaging. The empir- ical results reveal that price-earnings ratio, short-term interest rate, current account, credit growth, as well as investor sentiment proxies are the most rele- vant indicators for anticipating stock market crises within a one-year horizon. Our thesis hence provides evidence that investor sentiment proxies should be a part of the routinely considered variables in the EWS literature. In general, the predictive power of our EWS model as evaluated by both in-sample and out-of-sample performance is promising. JEL Classifcation G01, G02, G17, G41 Keywords Stock market crises, Early warning system, In- vestor sentiment, Crisis prediction, Bayesian model averaging Title Predicting stock market crises using investor sentiment indicators