Orientador: Paulo Roberto Teixeira de Godoy / Resumo: Os imigrantes e descendentes de alemães do município de Rio Claro – SP na primeira metade do Século XX, sofreram, assim como os alemães do Sul, problemas referentes à construção do inimigo durante as Guerras Mundiais, significando um período de perseguição e preconceito por eles sofridos, cuja intensidade fora escalada não somente pelo governo varguista, mas também pela população ao terem acesso a boatos e falsidades a respeito desse conjunto étnico no Brasil. Para sabermos as histórias que tais imigrantes e descendentes viveram nesse período, a pesquisa utiliza da metodologia da História Oral, a qual através da gravação de relatos daqueles que viveram o período ou a quem fora passadas as histórias, torna-se possível o acesso a uma fonte documental que, devido à consequências naturais da passagem do tempo e da memória, poderiam ser perdidas. Desse modo, em conjunção à metodologia da História Oral, é utilizado uma mescla de teorias e metodologias, as quais visam uma melhor leitura das entrevistas e da situação desta etnia, para tanto, o estudo do relato é abordado através dos conceitos bakhtinianos de “dialogismo”, “vozes do discurso” e “gêneros discursivos” em união à sociologia do corpo de David Le Breton; quanto à sua etnia e identidade os conceitos de “habitus” de Norbert Elias e “etnicidade” de Fredrik Barth são utilizados e, para quando a etnia foi estigmatizada é usado os estudos de Irving Goffman para a compreensão de quando sua identidade fora atacada; além do uso da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The German Immigrants and their descendants from the municipality of Rio Claro - SP in the first half of the twentieth century suffered, as did the southern brazillian Germans, problems regarding the construction of the enemy during the World Wars, meaning a period of persecution and prejudice suffered by them, whose intensity was scaled not only by the Vargas government, but also by the population when they had access to rumors and falsities about this ethnic group in Brazil. To know the stories that such immigrants and descendants lived in this period, the research utilizes the methodology of Oral History, which through the recording of reports of those who lived the period or who were told the stories, it is possible to access a source that, due to the natural consequences of the passage of time and memory, could be lost. Thus, in conjunction with the methodology of Oral History, a mixture of theories and methodologies is used, which aim a better reading of the interviews and the situation of this ethnic group. Therefore, the study of the oral report is approached through Bakhtinian concepts of “dialogism”, “Voices of discourse” and “discursive genres” in union with the sociology of the body of David Le Breton; As for their ethnicity and identity Norbert Elias's concepts of “habitus” and Fredrik Barth's “ethnicity” are used, and for when ethnicity was stigmatized Irving Goffman's studies were used to understand when their identity was attacked; and the use of Halbwachs' Co... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis deals with the Czech castles during the Hussite Wars (1419-1436 and 1467-1485). Its aim was to explore and evaluate a group of selected objects and compare the results with the development of castle architecture in Europe. Research has shown that - in connection with the introduction of early guns in the end of the 14th century - there was a radical change of military tactics and castle architecture. Castles were equipped with a new type of fortifications that were not only resistant to artillery, but also allowed for their efficient firearm defense. Along with the penetration of the Hussite troops into neighboring countries, there came the spread of their military knowledge, which has gradually adopted in entire Central Europe. The local military architecture stands at the beginning of the Medieval fort architecture and precedes, by nearly a hundred years, the Italian and German fortifications. Key-words: Central Europe - Late Middle Age - Early Modern Age - Castle - Fortress - Firearms

For decades, together with his colleague and wife Yetta, Kenneth Goodman has been lionized and vilified by educators and education decision makers on both sides of the Atlantic. Kenneth Goodman was on point of the attack on whole language in The Reading Wars in the mid-1990s. Goodman’s theories are something out of the ordinary in this research field, this study examined his work over decades and the criticism he received throughout the years of working on his theories. The reading war is not yet settled, even though most scholars today favours Phonics, which has become the most popular theory, and which is most often used in studies today. Because of that I felt the need to discuss Goodman’s theories, to see what he, with his work could offer the educators of today. / <p>Godkänt datum 2021-01-17</p>

This dissertation addresses the question of the foreign policy views of the leading spokespeople for the Religious Right in the United States since the end of World War II. The analysis begins with the early years of the Cold War, focusing on the religious overtones that quickly became part of America's efforts at confronting Soviet communism. The fight against "godless" communism led to an increased emphasis on the religious character of the United States. This emphasis on religion elevated the prestige of religious conservatives, granting them a voice in both domestic and foreign policy matters. The dissertation examines how during the 1970s many religious conservatives believed that the United States had entered a period of spiritual decline. This view had a direct impact on their foreign policy views because they connected their perception of this domestic moral decay with their fears concerning what they saw as America's international decline during this same period. The dissertation discusses the specific foreign policy views of religious conservatives on issues such as defense spending, nuclear buildup, détente, foreign aid, and the end of the Cold War. It also describes how those in the Religious Right worked to find common cause with other groups within the growing conservative coalition. An analysis of their specific views demonstrates that religious conservatives often used their views on foreign-policy issues as ways to build stronger ties with, and strengthen their position in, the conservative coalition. Finally, the dissertation shows that the religious beliefs, eschatological views, and political considerations of religious conservatives led those individuals to put great emphasis on the United States' relationship with, and support for the State of Israel throughout the Cold War. After the Cold War ended, members of the religious right continued to emphasize the importance of American-Israeli relations, partially in an effort to maintain some level of relevance and credibility on foreign policy issues, and partially because the new global war on terror realigned American international priorities in a way that once again made Israel a key ally against the "forces of evil" in the world.

During the last decades, the world has become increasingly globalized, leading to an increased interdependence between nations. This development has given rise to an increased vulnerability to turbulence created by external events and made it even harder to find the right strategic fit while managing the trade-offs between global integration and local responsiveness. The purpose of this thesis is, therefore, to understand how external events, namely Trade wars, Brexit and Pandemic affect an MNC's international strategy and how an MNC can adapt its strategy and structure to respond to the turbulent environment. Consequently, this thesis follows a case study-based design which helps to provide an in-depth company view and a strong foundation for the analysis of the strategic considerations made by the case company. The findings show that external events affect the company's capacity to produce, reduces trade opportunities, and prevents the continuous supply. Further, a direct response to the turbulent environment is to adapt the strategy and structure towards an adjusted Regional Strategy, with a focus on interdependence within geographical market clusters. This will create more opportunities to find the integral trade-off between global integration and local responsiveness and consequently respond to the arising regional complexities.

Historians often emphasize the physical features of battleterrain, weaponry, troop formations, earthworks, etc.in assessments of Civil War combat. Most scholars agree that these external combat conditions strongly influenced battle performance. Other historians accentuate the ways in which the mental stresses of soldiering affected combat performance. These scholars tend to agree that fighting effectiveness was influenced by such non-physical combat conditions as unit cohesion, leadership, morale, and emotional stress. Few authors argue that combat's mental influences were more significant in determining success or failure than the physical features of the battlefield. Statistical analysis of the 465 tactical engagements fought by twenty-seven Federal regiments in the First Division of the Army of the Potomac's Second Corps throughout the American Civil War suggests that the mental aspects of battle affected fighting efficiency at least as muchand probably more thancombat's physical characteristics. In other words, the soldiers' attitudes, opinions, and emotions had a somewhat stronger impact on combat performance than their actions, positions, and weaponry.

The mediation of foreign films for Swahili audiences is an established cultural and linguistic practice in Tanzania that combines translation with commentary and story-telling. It helps audiences make sense of films whose original language and cultural background are unfamiliar to them. Today, an industry has grown around translated foreign films of all genres and from all regions. The practice also makes genres accessible that are still under-represented in Tanzanian film production, such as science fiction. The genre’s depiction of a futuristic, technically advanced and strange world presents a challenge to commentators. Through the analysis of a particular episode of the Star Wars saga, I show how the commentator acts as an ethnodramaturg, who through translation, re-narration and intertextual reference explains and re-enacts the strange cultural universe of the source film and brings it closer to the audience.

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam built on the Nile has sparked conflicts for over twelve years now since it was first announced in 2009. But in 2020 when Ethiopia finally started to fill this behemoth of a dam hostilities ramped up between Egypt and Ethiopia. Because around 95% of Egypt's freshwater comes from the Nile and this dam is positioned upstreams of Egypt's vital water source. As such, Egypt did not take lightly to Ethiopia's challenge towards their historical water hegemony and responded with threats of violence and war. To further complicate this situation Egyp is facing an acute water shortage in 2025 and climate change will throw a wrench into the whole situation as droughts and floods will become more frequent as the world grows warmer. The empirical work of this thesis used a process-tracing approach to identify that realistic fears are driving Egypt to react with aggression and seek conflicts. However, Egypt's goal is to achieve cooperation and create a water-sharing agreement with Ethiopia. The problem is that Ethiopia does not want to give up their dam control and is satisfied with the status quo, while Egypt is striving to create a situation where they both have something to gain from cooperation. Be it through threatening to invade Ethiopia and blow the dam up or through their use of international institutions to force Ethiopia into cooperation. In the end, the conflict continues as no cooperation agreement has been signed.

The democratic peace theory assert that democracies never or rarely fight each other in war. It is the closest we have to an empirical law in political science and peace and conflict studies as it contains the intellectual justification that by spreading democracy abroad, we can promote world peace. The aim of this research is to broaden our knowledge on how lasting peace may be established by confirming or rejecting hypothesis ‘democracies do not fight each other’. Essentially, this research is a continuation of Dean Babst statistical testing from 1964, who analysed all major wars fought 1789-1941 and determined whether any were fought between freely elected governments (democracies). This research inherits the same working format, however testing the hypothesis to 21st century wars (2000-2020) and with different operationalization of war and democracy – Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data programme (UCDP) and Regimes of the World (RoW). The adopted research design is quantitative statistical and collects both quantitative and qualitative data to provide context to every state- based war fought and actors involved. In this research, 38 wars are identified to be fought in the 21st century but only 5 are fought between two governments (primary and secondary). 10 governmental oppositions are counted to exist within these 5 wars. 5 of them are fought between democracies and autocracies, while 5 other oppositions are between purely autocracies. The results are that 0 out of 38 wars in 2000-2020 are fought between democracies, and this research can thereby confirm hypothesis to the period and the operationalisation of war and democracy studied.

"The long shadow of the emperor: fear and British press during the Napoleonic Wars (1795 –1815)” was a master thesis that combined the history of emotions with the use of quantitative computational techniques. The main objectives of the project were to detect and analyse the fear around the figure of Napoleon Bonaparte in the British press, between 1795 and 1815, and to check the feasibility of the proposed quantitative techniques for the history of emotions. The methodology consisted of the bibliographic collection of terms, web scrapping techniques, the creation of a database of mentions, and the emotional analysis of the subsequent information. The results showed how the emotion of fear was experienced in the British press, and the great explanatory potential of the methodology proposed by the study. The findings have revealed valuable information about international politics, public opinion, and erroneous assumptions in our current understandings of the Napoleonic Wars.