No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006. / "December, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-127). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (MSc )--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Washing and cleansing in an aqueous washing solution is a complex process involving the interaction of numerous physical and chemical processes. Investigations indicate that various factors present during repeated laundering might have an adverse effect on textile fabrics. Little is known, however, about the effect of the different mechanical wash actions on the deterioration of textiles. The automatic washing machines commonly used in South African households are often broadly classified as top loaders and front loaders. On closer inspection, however, it becomes clear that marked differences exist between the horizontal drum machines (H), vertical drum agitator type (V(A)) and vertical drum impeller type machines (V(/)). The effect of laundering on the wear life of textile fabrics has been extensively investigated, but a serious need for research on the effect of the different mechanical washing actions of the different washing machines on textile fabrics exists on both national and international level. A number of factors have an effect on textile deterioration during washing, e.g. number of washes, temperature of wash liquid, detergent type as well as fabric finishes and water quality. Fabric properties like changes in tensile strength, print deterioration and fraying, as well as electron microscope photographs, were used as indicators of mechanical deterioration to textiles. The broad aim of this exploratory study was firstly, to compare the effect of repeated washing in different domestic automatic washing machines (commonly used in South Africa) on the possible mechanical damage to textile fabrics and, secondly, to compare the soil removal efficiency of the mechanical wash actions of the different machines. An experimental study was therefore decided on. The washing of the test fabrics, as well as the testing, was carried out under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Apart from the different mechanical wash actions of the individual machines, the effect of the variables wash temperature, level of detergent and number of washes, was also investigated. This was done by measuring tensile strength, print deterioration and fraying propensity on samples laundered repeatedly at 40°C or 60°C, with and without detergent in the washing liquid, and comparing the colour change measured on laboratory-soiled test fabrics after washing. Analysis of the mechanical wash actions of the seven washing machines compared in this study indicated conspicuous differences among machines. It can be concluded that the mechanical wash action in the category V(A) machines is the most severe, and causes the highest reduction in tensile strength, the greatest print deterioration and the highest degree of fraying. These machines did not, however, exhibit greater soil removal efficiency than the other two categories of washing machines. The machines from category H did not exhibit a significantly different soil removal efficiency than those from category V(A), but their mechanical wash action proved to be less severe. Category V(/) machines seem to have the most delicate wash action and will probably cause the slightest fabric deterioration over the long term, but unfortunately produces poor soil removal efficiency results. This study also confirmed that washing fabrics in water alone causes more deterioration of tensile strength in fabrics than washing with detergent in the wash solution. Due to the limited scope and exploratory nature of this research/study, certain aspects of automatic washing machine processes could not be tested empirically. Recommendations for future research and implications for consumers were formulated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Was en skoonmaak in 'n waterige oplossing is 'n komplekse proses wat 'n interaksie tussen verskeie fisiese en chemiese prosesse behels. Ondersoeke dui aan dat verskeie van die faktore teenwoordig tydens herhaalde wasprosesse 'n nadelige effek op tekstielstowwe mag he. Baie min is egter bekend oor die effek van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies op die degenerasie van tekstiele. Die outomatiese wasmasjiene wat algemeen in Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings gebruik word, word dikwels breedweg geklassifiseer as bolaaiers en voorlaaiers. By nadere ondersoek word dit egter duidelik dat daar opvallende verskille bestaan tussen die horisontale drom masjiene (H), die vertikale drom roerder tipe ((V)A)) en die vertikale drom stuwer tipe (V(/)) masjiene. Die effek van was op die draleeftyd van tekstielstowwe is uitvoerig ondersoek, maar daar bestaan op beide nasionale en internasionale vlak In ernstige behoefte aan navorsing oor die effek van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies van die verskillende wasmasjiene op tekstielstowwe. Faktore 5005 die aantal wasse, temperatuur van die wasoplossing, detergent tipe, water kwaliteit en tekstielstoftipe en -afwerking(s) het In effek of tekstieldegenerasie gedurende was. Tekstielstofeienskappe 5005 veranderinge in die breeksterkte van die tekstielstof of die tekstielstofmassa per eenheidsarea, agteruitgang van bedrukking, rafeling, sowel as elektronmikroskoop foto's word as aanduiding van meganiese degenerasie t.o.v. tekstiele beskou. Die oorkoepelende doe I van hierdie eksploratiewe studie was eerstens, om die effek te vergelyk van herhaalde was in verskillende outomatiese wasmasjiene (algemeen in gebruik in Suid-Afrika) op die moontlike meganiese beskadiging aan tekstielstowwe, en tweedens, om die doeltreffendheid van vuilverwydering op die wasaksies van die verskillende masjiene te vergelyk. Daar is gevolglik op In eksperimentele studie besluit. Die was van die tekstielstowwe, sowel as die laboratoriumtoetse, is onder gekontroleerde atmosferiese toestande in In laboratorium uitgevoer. Afgesien van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies van die individuele masjiene, is die effek van die veranderlikes westemperetuur, detergentv!ak en aanta! wasse ook ondersoek. Dit is gedoen deur die bepaling van breeksterkte en die meting van die mate van agteruitgang van bedrukking en mate van geneigdheid tot rafeling van kledingstowwe na herhaalde was by 40°C en 60°C, met en sonder detergent in die wasvloeistof. Die kleurverandering na was is ook gemeet op laboratorium gevlekte monsters. Die analise van die meganiese wasaksie van die sewe wasmasjiene wat in hierdie studie vergelyk is, het opvallende verskille tussen masjiene uitgewys. Daar kan tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat die meganiese wasaksie in kategorie V(A) masjiene die ergste is, wat gevolglik die grootste verlaging in breeksterkte en die meeste afieruitgang van bedrukking en rafeling veroorsaak het. Hierdie masjiene het egter nie meer doeltreffende vuilverwydering tot gevolg gehad in vergelyking met die ander kategoriee van wasmasjiene nie. Die masjiene in kategorie H het nie 'n betekenisvolle verskil in doeltreffenheid van vuilverwydering van die van kategorie V(A) getoon nie, maar die meganiese wasaksie was minder straf. Kategorie V(/) masjiene het blykbaar die mees delikate wasaksie en sal moontlik die minste tekstielstof degenerasie oor die langtermyn toon, maar ongelukkig is die resultate t.o. v. die doeltreffendheid van vuilverwydering swak. Die studie bevestig dat die was van tekstielstowwe in water aileen 'n groter verlaging in breeksterkte van tekstielstowwe veroorsaak as wat die geval is wanneer met 'n detergent in die wasvloeistof gewas word. Weens die beperkte omvang en eksploratiewe aard van die studie kon sekere aspekte van die outomatiese wasprosesse nie empiries getoets word nie. Aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing en implikasies vir verbruikers is geformuleer.

A ubiquitous household appliance, the washing machine currently sees a fall in its usage life to a mere 7 years, with valuable and finite resources getting lost to the landfill faster than ever. The reason?  Mechanical obsolescence and barriers in repair that make helpless users as far removed from the process as possible. The goal of my degree project is to create long lasting product and service experiences through easier channels of repair and to design deeper partnerships between humans and the appliances that surround them. I want to be part of a rising sustainability movement that aims for a seismic shift in thinking by creating resilient product experiences.  Can the key to a sustainable future be appliances that last for generations?

Recentemente, uma mudança de paradigma vem impactando toda a engenharia e manufatura na forma de se planejar, projetar, testar e construir produtos. A forma mais tradicional de desenvolvimento, que se caracterizava pelo processo seriado de múltiplos ciclos de design-construção-teste, vem sendo substituída gradativamente por processos de desenvolvimento guiados por simulação computacional. Decorrentes disso, os primeiros protótipos físicos são freqüentemente capazes de atingir os objetivos quando testados. Esta mudança, chamada também de projeto baseado em simulação, permite reduzir drasticamente o tempo de desenvolvimento de produtos e trazer a inovação para o mercado. Este trabalho apresenta uma forma computacional, via técnica de multicorpos, para se analisar a dinâmica de uma lavadora de eixo vertical. É proposto um protótipo virtual no software ADAMS, para estudo dinâmico de uma lavadora durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. O modelo virtual é posteriormente confrontado com dados experimentais, para sua validação. Uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada, com a intenção de capturar as técnicas mais usuais de modelamento e estudo dinâmico em lavadoras, bem como de compreender melhor o papel de seus componentes durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. / Recently a paradigm shift has impacted the engineering and manufacturing in the way of planning, designing, testing and building products. The most traditional way of product development, characterized by multiple cycles of design-build-test, has been substituted by a process based on computational simulation, where the first physical prototypes are capable of delivering the desired performance. This new way of developing products is called simulation based design and allows organizations to reduce drastically the product lead time and bring innovation to the market. This work presents a computational way to analyze the dynamic behavior of a top load washing machine using multibody system (MBS). It\'s proposed a virtual prototype developed in the ADAMS software, for dynamic study of a commercial washing machine during spin cycle. The virtual model is compared to experimental data for validation. An extensive research in the literature has been done in order to find the most usual ways of modeling and analyzing washing machine dynamics during spin.

Recentemente, uma mudança de paradigma vem impactando toda a engenharia e manufatura na forma de se planejar, projetar, testar e construir produtos. A forma mais tradicional de desenvolvimento, que se caracterizava pelo processo seriado de múltiplos ciclos de design-construção-teste, vem sendo substituída gradativamente por processos de desenvolvimento guiados por simulação computacional. Decorrentes disso, os primeiros protótipos físicos são freqüentemente capazes de atingir os objetivos quando testados. Esta mudança, chamada também de projeto baseado em simulação, permite reduzir drasticamente o tempo de desenvolvimento de produtos e trazer a inovação para o mercado. Este trabalho apresenta uma forma computacional, via técnica de multicorpos, para se analisar a dinâmica de uma lavadora de eixo vertical. É proposto um protótipo virtual no software ADAMS, para estudo dinâmico de uma lavadora durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. O modelo virtual é posteriormente confrontado com dados experimentais, para sua validação. Uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada, com a intenção de capturar as técnicas mais usuais de modelamento e estudo dinâmico em lavadoras, bem como de compreender melhor o papel de seus componentes durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. / Recently a paradigm shift has impacted the engineering and manufacturing in the way of planning, designing, testing and building products. The most traditional way of product development, characterized by multiple cycles of design-build-test, has been substituted by a process based on computational simulation, where the first physical prototypes are capable of delivering the desired performance. This new way of developing products is called simulation based design and allows organizations to reduce drastically the product lead time and bring innovation to the market. This work presents a computational way to analyze the dynamic behavior of a top load washing machine using multibody system (MBS). It\'s proposed a virtual prototype developed in the ADAMS software, for dynamic study of a commercial washing machine during spin cycle. The virtual model is compared to experimental data for validation. An extensive research in the literature has been done in order to find the most usual ways of modeling and analyzing washing machine dynamics during spin.

Product-Service Systems (PSS) represents an emerging paradigm in which products and services are integrated to provide enhanced value to customers. By focusing on the specific context of a washing machine, this project explored the opportunities and challenges associated with designing for PSS. This project’s research methodology, which we conducted on behalf of Electrolux AB, employed a combination of literature review, e.g. within Circular Economy (CE), interviews with company employees, as well as interviews and observations of multiple user types to gather insights and perspectives from multiple stakeholders. The purpose of this master thesis project was to develop design principles for PSS and present those in a design proposal for a washing machine bespoke for PSS. Our findings highlight the importance of considering various factors such as user behaviour, considerations of multiple user categories, the environmental impact of products, and circular business models in designing for PSS. The developed principles emphasise the need for on-site reparable and upgradable products, easy installations, seamless integration of digital technologies, energy and resource efficiency, user-centric design, and effective communication channels between users and service providers. The developed design principles and the design proposal provide valuable guidance for designers, manufacturers, and service providers seeking to develop innovative PSS solutions. They offer a platform for creating sustainable, user-centred, and economically viable products and services that meet customers’ evolving needs and preferences. The insights gained from this research can also be partly generalised to other domains and contribute to the wider adoption of PSS as a transformative approach in the fields of product and service design. / Product-Service Systems (PSS) är ett växande paradigm i vilket produkter och tjänster integreras för att öka värdeerbjudandet åt användare. Detta examensarbete fokuserade på det specifika kontextet tvättmaskiner för att analysera de möjligheter och utmaningar som förknippas med att designa produkter för PSS. Forskningsmetodiken för detta examensarbete, vilket utfördes av oss på uppdrag av Electrolux AB, innefattade litteraturstudier inom bland annat området cirkulär ekonomi (CE), intervjuer med både anställda på företaget samt intervjuer och observationer av användare för att samla insikter och perspektiv från flera intressenter. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla designprinciper för PSS och presentera dessa i formen av ett koncept för en skräddarsydd tvättmaskin åt PSS. Vår analys betonade vikten av att kunna förstå och tolka användarmönster, olika typer av användares behov, produkternas miljöpåverkan och cirkulära affärsmodeller när man ska designa produkter för PSS. De framtagna principerna betonar bland annat behovet av god reparer- och uppgraderbarhet på plats hos primäranvändare, underlättade installationer, sömlös integrering av digitala teknologier, effektiv energi- och resurspåverkan, användarcentrerad design, samt effektiva kommunikationskanaler mellan användare och tjänsteleverantörer. Både design principerna och tillika konceptet erbjuder en värdefull och överskådlig inblick åt produktdesigners, tjänstedesigners samt tillverkare som ämnar att skapa framtida PSS-lösningar. Avslutningsvis blev resultaten av detta projekt delvis relevanta för ytterligare produktkategorier och kan bidra till den bredare omställningen till PSS inom områdena produkt- och tjänstedesign.